Tropical Estuarine Fishes Ecology, Exploitation and Conservation

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ISBN: 9780632056552 | 063205655X
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 12/19/2000

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Tropical estuaries are a vital part of the marine and tropical ecosystem and there is currently a great deal of concern about the impacts of human activities on them. The economic value of estuaries far outweighs their relative size, having the highest value per hectare than any other ecosystem. This book provides a full overview of the exploited fish species and their associated fisheries, on which many countries' economies rely.

Series Foreword

Preface and Acknowledgements

Scope and Definitions

(7)

Introduction

(1)

Defining and classifying estuaries

(1)

Tropical and subtropical estuaries

(1)

Ecology

(1)

Exploitation

(1)

Conservation

(2)

The Diversity of Tropical Estuaries

(32)

Introduction

(2)

Open estuaries

(10)

Regional examples

(1)

East Africa

(3)

West Africa

(1)

Asia

(3)

Australasia

(2)

South America

(1)

Central America

(1)

Gulf of Mexico

(1)

Estuarine coastal waters

(4)

Regional examples

(1)

Gulf of Carpentaria, Australia

(1)

Bay of Bengal

(2)

San Miguel Bay, Philippines

(1)

Gulf of Mexico

(1)

West Africa

(1)

Blind estuaries

(2)

Regional examples

(1)

East Africa

(1)

West Africa

(1)

India

(1)

Southeast Asia

(1)

Coastal lakes

(8)

Regional examples

(1)

East Africa

(3)

West Africa

(1)

India

(1)

South America

(1)

Gulf of Mexico

(1)

Physical factors influencing the nature of tropical estuaries

(3)

Catastrophic events

(3)

Fish Faunas and Communities

(56)

Numbers of species and classification

(2)

The diversity and pattern of life cycles

(7)

Estuarine species

(1)

Subtropics

(1)

Tropics

(3)

Marine migrants

(3)

Anadromous species

(1)

Freshwater migrants

(1)

Species assemblages

(44)

Indo-West Pacific

(1)

East Africa

(7)

South Asia

(1)

Southeast Asia

(2)

Australasia

(10)

Estuarine coastal waters of the Indo-West Pacific

(4)

Tropical East Atlantic

(1)

Ebrie Lagoon, Ivory Coast

(1)

Lagos Lagoon, Nigeria

(1)

Fatala estuary, Guinea

(5)

Comparisons with the east African coast

(1)

Estuarine coastal waters of the Tropical East Atlantic

(1)

Tropical West Atlantic

(1)

Guaratuba Bay, Brazil

(1)

Tortuguero estuary, Costa Rica

(2)

Sinnamary estuary, French Guiana

(1)

Orinoco system, Venezuela

(1)

Estuarine coastal waters

(1)

Terminos Lagoon and Campeche Sound, Gulf of Mexico

(2)

Laguna Madre, Texas, USA

(1)

Mississippi delta region, USA

(1)

Tropical East Pacific

(1)

Rio Claro, Costa Rica

(1)

The coastal lakes of Guerrero State, Mexico

(2)

Jiquilisco Bay, El Salvador

(1)

Zoogeographic comparisons

(3)

Trophic Ecology

(31)

Introduction

(1)

Feeding specialisation or flexibility?

(5)

Gerreidae

(2)

Mugilidae

(1)

Ariidae

100

(1)

Sciaenidae

101

(1)

Eleotridae

101

(1)

Lepidophagy

102

(1)

Ontogenetic changes in diets

102

(6)

Sciaenops ocellatus

103

(1)

Lates calcarifer

103

(2)

Mugilidae

105

(1)

Toxotidae

106

(1)

Rhabdosargus holubi

107

(1)

Trophic levels among estuarine fishes

108

(10)

Herbivorous fishes

108

(1)

Partial herbivores

108

(1)

Herbivorous for part of life history

109

(1)

Obtaining most of nutrition from plants

109

(1)

Iliophagous fishes

110

(1)

Meiofauna feeders

111

(1)

Macrobenthos feeders

112

(1)

Plankton feeders

113

(3)

Piscivorous species

116

(2)

Food webs

118

(9)

Food webs in different types of estuaries

119

(4)

Effects of natural and anthropogenic perturbations on food webs

123

(4)

Reproductive Strategies

127

(30)

Introduction

127

(1)

Sexual allocation

128

(7)

Single sex or hermaphrodite?

128

(7)

Spawning strategies

135

(9)

Methods of spawning

135

(3)

Spawning stimuli

138

(1)

Seasonal stimuli

138

(2)

Proximal stimuli

140

(1)

Spawning sites and behaviour

140

(3)

Spawning in highly variable or extreme environments

143

(1)

Reproductive characteristics of major taxa

144

(9)

Elopiformes

144

(1)

Clupeiformes

145

(1)

Clupeidae

146

(1)

Engraulididae

146

(1)

Ariidae

147

(1)

Mugilidae

148

(1)

Polynemidae

149

(1)

Haemulidae

150

(1)

Carangidae

151

(1)

Gobiidae

151

(1)

Chondrichthys

152

(1)

Ecology of larval fish

153

(4)

Composition, diversity and density of ichthyoplankton assemblages

153

(1)

Factors affecting recruitment and distribution of larvae

154

(3)

Effects of Structure and Hydrology

157

(28)

Introduction

157

(1)

Structure

158

(10)

Vegetation

159

(1)

Mangroves

159

(3)

Seagrasses

162

(3)

Reed beds

165

(1)

Swamp forests

166

(1)

Substrata

167

(1)

Salinity

168

(3)

Turbidity

171

(6)

Distribution in relation to turbidity

173

(2)

The significance of turbidity

175

(2)

Water movements

177

(2)

Currents and tidal influences

177

(1)

Wave action and turbulence

178

(1)

How important are the various structural and hydrological factors?

179

(6)

Mangroves and Estuarine Dependence

185

(17)

Introduction

185

(1)

The validity of the concept of estuarine dependence

185

(3)

Geographical distribution and evolution

188

(2)

Advantages and disadvantages of an estuarine phase in the life cycle

190

(9)

Costs and benefits

190

(1)

Predation

191

(5)

Food supply

196

(2)

Shelter

198

(1)

Estuarine dependency and fisheries production

199

(3)

Estuarine Fisheries

202

(34)

Introduction

202

(1)

Production and productivity

203

(2)

Problems and issues in tropical estuarine fisheries

205

(1)

Types of fisheries

206

(20)

Asian fisheries

207

(1)

The Hilsa fishery, South Asia

207

(4)

The Lake Chilka fishery, India

211

(1)

The Pichavaram fishery, India

212

(1)

The Larut-Matang fishery, Malaysia

213

(1)

African fisheries

214

(1)

The Kosi fishery, South Africa

215

(3)

The Ebrie Lagoon fishery, Ivory Coast

218

(1)

South and Central American fisheries

219

(1)

The Gulf of Nicoya fishery, Costa Rica

219

(2)

The Cienaga Grande de Santa Marta fishery, Colombia

221

(1)

The fisheries of Lake Maracaibo, Venezuela

221

(1)

The Valenca Delta fishery, Brazil

222

(1)

Australasian fisheries

223

(1)

The Barramundi fisheries of Australia and Papua New Guinea

223

(3)

Management

226

(10)

Definitions and Goals

226

(1)

The developing-country situation

226

(3)

Community based management

229

(1)

Asia

229

(1)

Africa

230

(1)

Relationships with aquaculture

231

(1)

Resource allocation

231

(3)

Integrated management

234

(2)

Effects of Fishing

236

(22)

Introduction

236

(1)

Effects of catching fish

236

(14)

Effects of the target species

236

(1)

Southeast Asia

236

(1)

West Africa

237

(3)

Effects of non-target species

240

(1)

Southeast Asia

240

(1)

The Gulf of Carpentaria

241

(1)

Indian coastal waters

242

(1)

Southeast Africa

242

(1)

Australian estuaries

242

(1)

Effects on charismatic fauna

243

(2)

Effects of fish removal on nursery functions

245

(1)

West Africa

245

(2)

Southeast Africa

247

(1)

Effects of removal of species on trophic structure

247

(1)

West Africa

247

(3)

Effects of habitat alteration caused by fishing

250

(5)

Effects on nursery function by removal or alteration of habitats

250

(1)

West Africa

250

(4)

Effects of reductions in water quality caused by fishing

254

(1)

Extinctions

255

(1)

Solutions?

256

(2)

Effects of Industry and Agriculture

258

(29)

Introduction

258

(1)

Physical changes

259

(11)

Effects of dams and weirs

259

(1)

Obstruction

259

(3)

Freshwater retention and changes in flow patterns

262

(1)

Dredging

263

(2)

Mangrove loss

265

(3)

Effects of residential canal estates and marinas

268

(2)

Industrial and agricultural effluents

270

(11)

Persistent organochlorines

272

(2)

Oil and hydrocarbons

274

(2)

Trace metals

276

(2)

Sewage

278

(3)

Effects of large-scale agriculture

281

(2)

Sugar cane

281

(1)

Effects of sugar cane farming

281

(1)

Effects of discharges from sugar cane mills

282

(1)

Oil palm plantations

282

(1)

Mass mortality of fishes

283

(4)

Naturally occurring phenomena

283

(2)

Anthropogenic sources of mortality

285

(2)

Conservation, Rehabilitation and Climate Change

287

(14)

Introduction

287

(1)

Threats, costs and benefits

287

(9)

Dilemmas

288

(2)

Benefits

290

(1)

What is being conserved?

290

(1)

Conservation management

291

(1)

Protected areas

292

(1)

Indicators

293

(2)

Man as part of the ecosystem

295

(1)

Rehabilitation and restoration

296

(2)

Climate change and sea level rise

298

(3)

References

301

(50)

Taxonomic Index

351

(13)

Geographic Index

364

(5)

Subject Index

369

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Tropical Estuarine Fishes Ecology, Exploitation and Conservation

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials