Tsung-Mi and the Sinification of Buddhism

Peter N. Gregory is Jill Ker Conway Professor of Religion and East Asian Studies at Smith College.

Acknowledgments

xi

Abbreviations

xiii

Introduction

3

(24)

Part One: Tsung-mi's Life

A Biography of Tsung-mi

27

(66)

Classical Background (780-804)

28

(5)

Ch'an Training and the Scripture of Perfect Enlightenment (804-810)

33

(25)

Ch'eng-kuan and Hua-yen (810-816)

58

(10)

Early Scholarship (816-828)

68

(5)

Literati Connections (828-835)

73

(12)

The Sweet Dew Incident (835)

85

(3)

Later Years and Death (835-841)

88

(5)

Part Two: Doctrinal Classification

Doctrinal Classification

93

(22)

The Hermeneutical Problem in Buddhism

93

(11)

The Chinese Context

104

(11)

Doctrinal Classification in the Hua-yen Tradition

115

(21)

Chih-yen's Classification Schemes

117

(10)

Fa-tsang's Classification Scheme

127

(7)

Tsung-mi's Classification Scheme

134

(2)

The Sudden Teaching

136

(18)

The Sudden Teaching According to Fa-tsang

137

(5)

The Problematical Nature of the Sudden Teaching

142

(2)

The Sudden Teaching and Ch'an

144

(2)

The Sudden Teaching in Tsung-mi's Thought

146

(8)

The Perfect Teaching

154

(19)

The Samadhi of Oceanic Reflection

154

(3)

Two Paradigms

157

(5)

The Shift from Shih-shih wu-ai to Li-shih wu-ai

162

(3)

The Teaching that Reveals the Nature

165

(2)

The Scripture of Perfect Enlightenment

167

(6)

Part Three: The Ground of Practice

A Cosmogonic Map for Buddhist Practice

173

(33)

The Five Stages of Phenomenal Evolution

173

(14)

Nature Origination and Conditioned Origination

187

(5)

Sudden Enlightenment Followed by Gradual Cultivation

192

(4)

Tsung-mi's Ten-Stage Model

196

(10)

The Role of Emptiness

206

(18)

A Cosmogony-Derived P'an-chiao

206

(3)

Tsung-mi's Theory of Religious Language

209

(7)

The Meaning of Awareness

216

(2)

The Tathagatagarbha Critique of Emptiness

218

(6)

Tsung-mi's Critique of Ch'an

224

(31)

Ch'an and the Teachings

224

(6)

Critique of the Different Types of Ch'an

230

(14)

Historical Context

244

(11)

Part Four: The Broader Intellectual Tradition

Confucianism and Taoism in Tsung-mi's Thought

255

(40)

Tsung-mi's Extension of P'an-chiao to the Two Teachings

256

(5)

Tsung-mi's Critique of Confucianism and Taoism

261

(18)

The Teaching of Men and Gods

279

(6)

Tsung-mi's Synthesis of Confucianism and Taoism

285

(8)

Tsung-mi's Intellectual Personality

293

(2)

Tsung-mi and Neo-Confucianism

295

(18)

Chu Hsi's Critique of the Buddhist Understanding of Nature

297

(7)

A Common Problematic

304

(2)

The Problem of Predication

306

(3)

The Structural Parallels

309

(4)

Appendix I A Note on Biographical Sources

313

(2)

Appendix II A Note on Tsung-mi's Writings

315

(12)

Glossary

327

(8)

Bibliography

335

(20)

Index

355

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