Turbulent Drag Reduction by Surfactant

An interdisciplinary reference providing a complete breakdown of the theories, techniques and applications of turbulent drag reduction by surfactant additives, from leading researchers in the field Covering the latest developments in the field of drag reduction (DR) by surfactant additives, this book explains the types of additives used, the mechanisms by which DR is achieved and the experimental and numerical techniques needed to understand the topic. Covers turbulent drag reduction, heat transfer reduction, complex rheology and the real-world applications of drag reduction Introduces advanced testing techniques, such as PIV, LDA, and their applications in current experiments, illustrated with multiple illustrations and equations Real-world examples of the topic's increasingly important industrial applications enable readers to implement cost- and energy-saving measures Explains the tools before presenting the research results, to give readers coverage of the subject from both theoretical and experimental viewpoints Consolidates interdisciplinary information on turbulent drag reduction by additives, and is helpful for researchers, students and engineers as a reference

Feng-Chen Li, Harbin Institute of Technology, China Professor Feng-Chen Li received his Ph.D. from Kyoto University in Japan, before becoming one of the members of the turbulence control community. A number of new findings have been achieved from collaborative work with colleagues and he recently initiated a pioneering work on viscoelastic-fluid-based nanofluid. Professor Li has published over 100 publications, including book chapters, journal papers and contributions at international conferences.

Bo Yu, China University of Petroleum (Beijing), China ProfessorBo Yu obtained a Ph.D. degree from Xi'an Jiaotong University. He has been a full professor of the Department of Oil & Gas Storage and Transportation of China University of Petroleum at Beijing since 2005. Hiscurrent research interests include: Turbulent Flow; Computational Fluid Dynamics; Numerical Heat Transfer; Non-Newtonian Fluid Dynamics; Long-distance Transportation Technology of Waxy Crude Oil. Having published more than 50 international journal papers, he also has many awards.

Jin-Jia Wei, Professor, Xi'an Jiao Tong University, China Professor Jin-Jia WEI obtained a Ph.D. degree from Xi’an Jiaotong University in China and another Ph.D degree from Kyushu University. In 2005, he became a full professor of State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering of Xi'an Jiaotong University. His current research interests include: Turbulent Drag Reduction by Surfactant Additives and its Applications for Practical Engineering in the District Heating/Cooling System; Particle-Fluid turbulent flows in pump and pipe system; Enhanced boiling heat transfer; Thermal utilization of solar energy; Computational fluid mechanics and Brownian dynamics simulation. He has published more than150 journal and conference papers.

Yasuo Kawaguchi, Tokyo University of Science, Japan Professor Yasuo Kawaguchi obtained his Ph.D. degree from Kyoto University in Japan. In April 2005, he became a full professor of Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science. His current research interests include: Turbulent Drag Reduction by Surfactant Additives and its Applications for Practical Engineering in the District Heating/Cooling System; Drag reduction of water soluble polymer and is application for economization of ship propulsion; Gas-Solid particle turbulent flows relating to environmental problem, pump and pipe system; Application of laser techniques to thermal and fluid flow. He has published more than150 journal and conference papers.

Preface	p. ix
Introduction	p. 1
Background	p. 1
Surfactant Solution	p. 4
Anionic Surfactant	p. 6
Cationic Surfactant	p. 6
Nonionic Surfactant	p. 7
Amphoteric Surfactant	p. 7
Zwitterionic Surfactant	p. 7
Mechanism and Theory of Drag Reduction by Surfactant Additives	p. 8
Explanations of the Turbulent DR Mechanism from the, Viewpoint of Microstructures	p. 8
Explanations of the Turbulent DR Mechanism from the Viewpoint of the Physics of Turbulence	p. 10
Application Techniques of Drag Reduction by Surfactant Additives	p. 14
Heat Transfer Reduction of Surfactant Drag-reducing Flow	p. 15
Diameter Effect of Surfactant Drag-reducing Flow	p. 15
Toxic Effect of Cationic Surfactant Solution	p. 15
Chemical Stability of Surfactant Solution	p. 15
Corrosion of Surfactant Solution	p. 16
References	p. 16
Drag Reduction and Heat Transfer Reduction Characteristics of Drag-Reducing Surfactant Solution Flow	p. 19
Fundamental Concepts of Turbulent Drag Reduction	p. 19
Characteristics of Drag Reduction by Surfactant Additives and Its Influencing Factors	p. 22
Characteristics of Drag Reduction by Surfactant Additives	p. 23
Influencing Factors of Drag Reduction by Surfactant Additives	p. 27
The Diameter Effect of Surfactant Drag-reducing Flow and Scale-up Methods	p. 31
The Diameter Effect and Its Influence	p. 31
Scale-up Methods	p. 32
Evaluation of Different Scale-up Methods	p. 43
Heat Transfer Characteristics of Drag-reducing Surfactant Solution How and Its Enhancement Methods	p. 47
Convective Heat Transfer Characteristics of Drag-reducing Surfactant Solution Flow	p. 47
Heat Transfer Enhancement Methods for Drag-reducing Surfactant Solution Flows	p. 50
References	p. 59
Turbulence Structures in Drag-Reducing Surfactant Solution Flow	p. 63
Measurement Techniques for Turbulence Structures in Drag-Reducing Flow	p. 64
Laser Doppler Velocimetry	p. 64
PIV	p. 66
Statistical Characteristics of Velocity and Temperature Fields in Drag-reducing Flow	p. 68
Distribution of Averaged Quantities	p. 69
Distribution of Fluctuation Intensities	p. 74
Correlation Analyses of Fluctuating Quantities	p. 77
Spectrum Analyses of Fluctuating Quantities	p. 78
Characteristics of Turbulent Vortex Structures in Drag-reducing Flow	p. 83
Identification Method of Turbulent Vortex by Swirling Strength	p. 84
Distribution Characteristics of Turbulent Vortex in the x-y Plane	p. 85
Distribution Characteristics of Turbulent Vortex in the y-z Plane	p. 87
Distribution Characteristics of Turbulent Vortex in the x-z Plane	p. 90
Reynolds Shear Stress and Wall-Normal Turbulent Heat Flux	p. 96
References	p. 100
Numerical Simulation of Surfactant Drag Reduction	p. 103
Direct Numerical Simulation of Drag-reducing Flow	p. 104
A Mathematical Model of Drag-reducing Flow	p. 104
The DNS Method of Drag-reducing Flow	p. 109
RANS of Drag-reducing Flow	p. 111
Governing Equation and DNS Method of Drag-reducing Flow	p. 114
Governing Equation	p. 114
Numerical Method	p. 117
DNS Results and Discussion for Drag-reducing Flow and Heat Transfer	p. 122
The Overall Study on Surfactant Drag Reduction and Heat Transfer by DNS	p. 122
The Rheological Parameter Effect of DNS on Surfactant Drag Reduction	p. 160
DNS with the Bilayer Model of Flows with Newtonian and Non-Newtonian Fluid Coexistence	p. 173
Conclusion and Future Work	p. 178
References	p. 179
Microstructures and Rheological Properties of Surfactant Solution	p. 183
Microstructures in Surfactant Solution and Its Visualization Methods	p. 183
Microstructures in Surfactant Solution	p. 183
Visualization Methods for Microstructures in Surfactant Solution	p. 187
Rheology and Measurement Methods of Surfactant Solution	p. 189
Rheological Parameters	p. 190
Measurement Method of Rheological Parameters	p. 194
Rheological Characteristics of Dilute Drag-reducing Surfactant Solution	p. 200
Factors Affecting the Rheological Characteristics of Surfactant Solution	p. 207
Surfactant Concentration	p. 207
Temperature	p. 208
Type of Surfactant	p. 208
Characterization of Viscoelasticity of Drag-reducing Surfactant Solution by Using Free Surface Swirling Flow	p. 209
Molecular and Brownian Dynamics Simulations of Surfactant Solution	p. 216
Brief Introduction of Simulation Methods	p. 216
Brownian Dynamics Simulation by Using a WK Potential	p. 221
References	p. 231
Application Techniques for Drag Reduction by Surfactant Additives	p. 233
Problems That Need to Be Solved in Engineering Applications	p. 233
Influencing Factors of Drag-reducing Surfactant Additives on the Heat Transfer Performance of Heat Exchangers and Its Counter-measures	p. 234
Influences of Drag-reducing Surfactant Additives on the Environment	p. 235
Scale-up Problem	p. 236
Separation Techniques for Surfactant Solution	p. 237
Adsorption	p. 238
Ultrafiltration	p. 238
Reverse Osmosis	p. 239
Drag Reduction Stability of Surfactant Solutions	p. 239
Effect of Adsorption	p. 239
Effects of Fe(OH)₃	p. 240
Effects of Cu(OH)₂	p. 241
Recovery of Drag Reduction	p. 241
Applications of Surfactant Drag Reduction	p. 242
Application of Surfactant to Hydronic Heating and Air-Conditioning Systems	p. 242
Surfactant Selection in Actual Applications	p. 251
References	p. 253
Index	p. 255
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.

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Turbulent Drag Reduction by Surfactant Additives

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