The Two Red Flags: European Social Democracy

Provides an incisive account of the impact of socialism on the life and politics of Europe and the former Soviet bloc in the twentieth century. Ranging from Britain and France, to Italy and Russia, this book covers the origins of socialism and communism and its various offshoots in those countries where it had the most impact. Here is an exciting and concise history that provides the reader with a real understanding of the forces at work, and the people who were involved - the role and personalities of Stalin, Kruschev, Reagan, Mitterand, Wilson and Blair are all considered.

List of tables

ix

List of abbreviations

xi

Before 1939

1

(17)

1919: Can the RAF bomb Liverpool, Manchester and Glasgow?

1

(1)

1919: `Someone must act as bloodhound!'

2

(1)

Socialism in Milwaukee

3

(1)

Socialism: `Free development of each...condition for free development of all'

4

(2)

1890: `If only Marx were still by my side'

6

(2)

1914: Dogs of war unleashed

8

(2)

Mussolini: `The greatest lawgiver among living men'

10

(1)

1929: `A...headlong rush to sell'

11

(2)

1931: `Bolshevism run mad'

13

(1)

Hendrik de Man and Ernst Wigforss

14

(1)

1936: `Our investments...no trouble' with Franco

15

(3)

War and resistance: 1939--45

18

(6)

1939: `Life went on much as usual'

18

(2)

1941: `Our...ever deceitful enemy'

20

(2)

1945--6: `We are the masters now'

22

(2)

Social Democracy and West European recovery: 1945--58

24

(17)

1945: `Socialist...and proud of it'

24

(2)

1948: `What would become of Germany was still a mystery'

26

(1)

1952: Britain's future, `little more than a German satellite'

27

(2)

Socialism in the Fourth French Republic

29

(3)

Spaak: Belgium's Socialists and the EEC

32

(2)

1948: Italy, `Stalinism against God, Soviet Russia against America'

34

(2)

1957: Bonn, `no experiments!'

36

(2)

`Legitimate and...necessary function' of the private sector

38

(3)

The Stalinist model in Eastern Europe: 1945--61

41

(12)

1948: `Trotsky's mantle falls on Tito's shoulders'

41

(1)

1948: German road `serious theoretical blunder'

42

(2)

1952: Traitor Slansky `in reality loyal Stalinist'

44

(1)

1953: `Eternal glory to the memory of Joseph Stalin'

45

(1)

1953: Berlin, `We really did not know the mood...of the people'

46

(1)

1956: Khrushchev on Stalin's `cult of the individual'

47

(2)

Tito's `New Class'

49

(1)

1956: The tragedy of Hungary

49

(1)

1959: Khrushchev, `We will bury you'

50

(2)

1961: Berlin, `I know the Wall is an ugly thing'

52

(1)

Democratic Socialists, Communists and the New Left: 1956--68

53

(12)

1956: Togliatti, `we cannot speak of a single guide'

53

(1)

1957: New Left `jumble-sale of theoretical elements'

54

(1)

1957: Bevan, `naked into the conference chamber'

55

(2)

1958: Mao, `paper tigers'

57

(1)

1959: Castro, `No dictatorship by one man'

58

(1)

1966: China, `repudiate...reactionary bourgeois academic ``authorities'''

59

(1)

1968: `Fuck you, America!'

60

(1)

Tariq Ali: `City of London and US...running this government'

61

(1)

1968: Cohn-Bendit, `no longer on the people's side'

62

(3)

The climax of European Social Democracy? 1969--82

65

(19)

1964--70: Wilson, Washington's `sincere friend'

65

(1)

1974--9: Labour's economic performance `pitiable'

66

(2)

1969: Brandt led Germans `out of master race tradition'

68

(4)

Austria: `Kreisky - who else?'

72

(1)

1981: Mitterrand's French victory

73

(1)

1981: Papandreou attacks `paternalistic capitalism'

74

(2)

Soares and Gonzales

76

(3)

`Eurocommunism' and the State

79

(1)

The challenge of `embourgeoisement'

80

(4)

The Soviet Empire: stagnation under Brezhnev, 1964--82

84

(7)

1964: The world held its breath

84

(1)

Solzhenitsyn: `A true helper of the Party'

85

(1)

Ceausescu: `Great Genius of the Carpathians'

86

(1)

1980: Gdansk `demands' do not `threaten the foundations of Socialism'

87

(2)

Honecker's `Politbureau dictatorship'

89

(2)

Democratic Socialism in retreat: 1982--92

91

(21)

1981: Reagan, Soviet `evil empire'

91

(1)

1981: PASOK's Contract with the People

92

(2)

1983: Mitterrand's U-turn

94

(3)

1982: Owen, `libertarian tradition of decentralised socialism'

97

(2)

Italy's PSI: `An authoritarian-paternalistic Presidential party'?

99

(2)

1983: Kinnock fights those who `treat realism as treachery'

101

(1)

1982: Revival in Sweden

102

(2)

1983: Socialists hold on in Austria

104

(1)

1982: SPD defeats in Germany

105

(3)

1988: Mitterrand wins a second term

108

(1)

1991: Kuwait, `biggest fire the world has ever known'?

109

(1)

`Like Gorbachev, Kinnock...made a historic contribution'

110

(2)

Gorbachev and the collapse of the Soviet Empire: 1982--92

112

(16)

1984: Moscow in `a dangerously leaderless condition'

112

(3)

1987: Reagan, `Mr Gorbachev, tear down this wall!'

115

(1)

1988: Hungary leads the way

116

(1)

1989: Solidarity rejects `socialist pluralism'

117

(1)

1989: Gorbachev, `Life punishes those who come too late'

118

(3)

1990: Germany reunited

121

(2)

1989: Prague's `velvet revolution'

123

(3)

1991: Gorbachev on the ropes

126

(2)

Resurgence of Social Democracy in Western Europe

128

(27)

1995: Blair, `enterprise of the market'

129

(2)

1997: Blair's New Labour landslide

131

(1)

1997: Jospin, France's future, not `xenophobia and racism'

132

(2)

1998: Austria, no `social dumping'

134

(2)

1998: Sweden, upsurge of the Left Party

136

(2)

1998: Gerhard Schroder's SPD wins

138

(1)

1998: Belgium, `cold, hateful, Machiavellian'

139

(2)

Italy's turmoil

141

(3)

EU: `Greater parliamentary democracy' wanted

144

(2)

Social Democracy based `on values, not on outdated ideology'

146

(4)

1999: Euro, `power...given up with so little fuss'

150

(1)

`Unwarranted influence...by the military-industrial complex'

151

(1)

Financial system `close to...meltdown'

152

(3)

Notes

155

(9)

Chronology

164

(7)

Bibliography

171

(8)

Name index

179

(5)

Subject index

184

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The Two Red Flags: European Social Democracy and Soviet Communism Since 1945

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