Ubuntu Unleashed 2013 Edition Covering 12.10 and 13.04
, by Helmke, Matthew
- ISBN: 9780672336249 | 0672336243
- Cover: Paperback
- Copyright: 12/5/2012
A comprehensive power user's guide to Ubuntu 12.10 -- extensively revamped by a prominent Ubuntu expert! Massive new coverage for intermediate-to-advanced users! Ubuntu for mobile development (e.g. Android), NoSQL databases, virtualization, and much more Thoroughly revised by official Ubuntu Forum admin Matthew Helmke, one of the world's most experienced Linux admins. Includes complete, brand-new Ubuntu Linux 12.10 on DVD For years, Ubuntu Linux Unleashed has been a comprehensive and valuable book for Ubuntu power users of all kinds. Now, a prominent leader of the global Ubuntu community has systematically revised and updated this book to reflect the highly anticipated new Ubuntu 12.10 release. Ubuntu Forum admin Matthew Helmke includes extensive new material for intermediate-to-advanced Linux users, everything they need to know about installation, configuration, system administration, server operations, virtualization, and security. It includes information on topics like Devops, wireless networks, programming in PHP, Perl and others, and covers all of Ubuntu's default software packages, including up-to-date material on new applications, Web development, peripherals, and programming languages. This best-selling Ubuntu book for power users of Ubuntu is gaining new chapters on Unity, NoSQL databases, virtualization on top of Ubuntu, using Ubuntu for Android mobile development, and added coverage of programming languages not previously covered in addition to updates on the newest release. The DVD offers a complete Ubuntu 12.10 distribution.
Matthew Helmke is an active member of the Ubuntu community. He served from 2006 to 2011 on the Ubuntu Forum Council, providing leadership and oversight of the Ubuntu Forums ( www.ubuntuforums.org ), and spent two years on the Ubuntu regional membership approval board for Europe, the Middle East, and Africa. He has written about Ubuntu for several magazines and websites, is a lead author of The Official Ubuntu Book, and coauthored The VMware Cookbook. He works as a senior technical writer for Pearson North America’s Assessment and Information division, documenting assessment software. Matthew first used Unix in 1987 while studying LISP on a Vax at the university. He has run a business using only free and open source software, has consulted, and has a master’s degree in Information Resources and Library Science from the University of Arizona. You can find out more about Matthew at matthewhelmke.com or drop him a line with errata or suggestions at matthew@matthewhelmke.com .
Andrew Hudson is a freelance journalist who specializes in writing about Linux. He has significant experience in Red Hat and Debian-based Linux distributions and deployments and can often be found sitting at his keyboard tweaking various settings and config files just for the hell of it. He lives in Wiltshire, which is a county of England, along with his wife, Bernice, and their son, John. Andrew does not like Emacs.
Paul Hudson is a recognized expert in open-source technologies. He is also a professional developer and full-time journalist for Future Publishing. His articles have appeared in MacFormat, PC Answers, PC Format, PC Plus, and Linux Format . Paul is passionate about free software in all its forms and uses a mix of Linux and BSD to power his desktops and servers. Paul likes Emacs.
Andrew Hudson is a freelance journalist who specializes in writing about Linux. He has significant experience in Red Hat and Debian-based Linux distributions and deployments and can often be found sitting at his keyboard tweaking various settings and config files just for the hell of it. He lives in Wiltshire, which is a county of England, along with his wife, Bernice, and their son, John. Andrew does not like Emacs.
Paul Hudson is a recognized expert in open-source technologies. He is also a professional developer and full-time journalist for Future Publishing. His articles have appeared in MacFormat, PC Answers, PC Format, PC Plus, and Linux Format . Paul is passionate about free software in all its forms and uses a mix of Linux and BSD to power his desktops and servers. Paul likes Emacs.
Introduction 1
Licensing 2
Who This Book Is For 3
Those Wanting to Become Intermediate or Advanced Users 3
Sysadmins, Programmers, and DevOps 4
What This Book Contains 5
Conventions Used in This Book 5
Part I Installation and Configuration
1 Installing Ubuntu and Post-Installation Configuration 7
Before You Begin the Installation 7
Researching Your Hardware Specifications 8
Installation Options 8
Planning Partition Strategies 10
The Boot Loader 10
Installing from DVD or USB Drive 11
Step-by-Step Installation 11
Installing 12
First Update 16
Wubi: The Easy Installer for Windows 16
Shutting Down 18
Finding Programs and Files 19
Software Updater 19
The sudo Command 22
Configuring Software Repositories 23
System Settings 26
Detecting and Configuring a Printer 26
Configuring Power Management in Ubuntu 27
Setting the Time and Date 27
Configuring Wireless Networks 29
Troubleshooting Post-Installation Configuration Problems 31
References 32
Part II Desktop Ubuntu
2 Working with Unity 33
Foundations and the X Server 33
Basic X Concepts 34
Using X 35
Elements of the xorg.conf File 36
Starting X 41
Using a Display Manager 41
Changing Window Managers 42
Using Unity, a Primer 42
The Desktop 43
Customizing and Configuring Unity 48
Power Shortcuts 49
References 50
3 On the Internet 51
Getting Started with Firefox 52
Checking Out Google Chrome and Chromium 53
Choosing an Email Client 55
Mozilla Thunderbird 56
Evolution 56
Other Mail Clients 57
RSS Readers 58
Firefox 58
Liferea 58
Instant Messaging and Video Conferencing with Empathy 59
Internet Relay Chat 60
Usenet Newsgroups 62
Ubuntu One Cloud Storage 64
References 64
4 Productivity Applications 65
Introducing LibreOffice 67
Other Office Suites for Ubuntu 69
Working with GNOME Office 69
Working with KOffice 70
Other Useful Productivity Software 71
Working with PDF 71
Working with XML and DocBook 71
Working with LaTeX 73
Productivity Applications Written for Microsoft Windows 73
References 74
5 Multimedia Applications 75
Sound and Music 75
Sound Cards 76
Adjusting Volume 77
Sound Formats 78
Listening to Music 79
Buying Music in the Ubuntu One Music Store 81
Graphics Manipulation 83
The GNU Image Manipulation Program 83
Using Scanners in Ubuntu 85
Working with Graphics Formats 85
Capturing Screen Images 87
Using Digital Cameras with Ubuntu 88
Handheld Digital Cameras 88
Using Shotwell Photo Manager 88
Burning CDs and DVDs in Ubuntu 89
Creating CDs and DVDs with Brasero 89
Creating CDs from the Command Line 89
Creating DVDs from the Command Line 91
Viewing Video 94
TV and Video Hardware 94
Video Formats 95
Viewing Video in Linux 96
Personal Video Recorders 97
Video Editing 97
References 98
6 Other Ubuntu Interfaces 99
Desktop Environment 100
KDE and Kubuntu 101
Xfce and Xubuntu 102
LXDE and Lubuntu 103
GNOME3 and Gnobuntu 104
References 105
7 Games 107
Ubuntu Gaming 107
Installing Proprietary Video Drivers 108
Installing Games in Ubuntu 109
Warsow 110
Scorched 3D 110
Frozen Bubble 111
SuperTux 112
Battle for Wesnoth 112
Frets on Fire 114
FlightGear 114
Speed Dreams 114
Games for Kids 114
Commercial Games 115
Playing Windows Games 116
References 116
Part III System Administration
8 Managing Software 119
Ubuntu Software Center 119
Using Synaptic for Software Management 120
Staying Up-to-Date 122
Working on the Command Line 123
Day-to-Day Usage 124
Finding Software 127
Compiling Software from Source 128
Compiling from a Tarball 128
Compiling from Source from the Ubuntu Repositories 129
Configuration Management 130
Dotdee 130
OneConf 131
References 131
9 Command-Line Quickstart 133
What Is the Command Line? 134
Accessing the Command Line 135
Text-Based Console Login 136
Logging Out 137
Logging In and Out from a Remote Computer 137
User Accounts 138
Reading Documentation 140
Using Man Pages 140
Using apropros 140
Using whereis 141
Understanding the Linux File System Hierarchy 141
Essential Commands in /bin and /sbin 142
Configuration Files in /etc 143
User Directories: /home 143
Using the Contents of the /proc Directory to Interact with the Kernel 144
Working with Shared Data in the /usr Directory 145
Temporary File Storage in the /tmp Directory 146
Accessing Variable Data Files in the /var Directory 146
Navigating the Linux File System 146
Listing the Contents of a Directory with ls 146
Changing Directories with cd 148
Finding Your Current Directory with pwd 149
Working with Permissions 149
Assigning Permissions 150
Directory Permissions 151
Altering File Permissions with chmod 152
File Permissions with chgrp 153
Changing File Permissions with chown 153
Understanding Set User ID and Set Group ID Permissions 153
Working with Files 155
Creating a File with touch 155
Creating a Directory with mkdir 155
Deleting a Directory with rmdir 156
Deleting a File or Directory with rm 157
Moving or Renaming a File with mv 157
Copying a File with cp 158
Displaying the Contents of a File with cat 159
Displaying the Contents of a File with less 159
Using Wildcards and Regular Expressions 159
Working as Root 160
Understanding and Fixing sudo 160
Creating Users 164
Deleting Users 164
Shutting Down the System 165
Rebooting the System 166
Commonly Used Commands and Programs 166
References 167
10 Command-Line Master Class 169
Why Use the Command Line? 170
Using Basic Commands 171
Printing the Contents of a File with cat 172
Changing Directories with cd 173
Changing File Access Permissions with chmod 175
Copying Files with cp 175
Printing Disk Usage with du 176
Finding Files by Searching with find 177
Searches for a String in Input with grep 179
Paging Through Output with less 180
Creating Links Between Files with ln 182
Finding Files from an Index with locate 184
Listing Files in the Current Directory with ls 184
Reading Manual Pages with man 186
Making Directories with mkdir 187
Moving Files with mv 187
Listing Processes with ps 188
Deleting Files and Directories with rm 188
Printing the Last Lines of a File with tail 189
Printing Resource Usage with top 189
Printing the Location of a Command with which 191
Redirecting Output and Input 191
stdin, stdout, sdterr, and Redirection 193
Comparing Files 194
Finding Differences in Files with diff 194
Finding Similarities in Files with comm. 194
Combining Commands 195
Using Environment Variables 197
Using Common Text Editors 200
Working with nano 201
Working with vi 202
Working with emacs 203
Working with Compressed Files 204
Using Multiple Terminals with byobu 205
References 207
11 Managing Users 209
User Accounts 209
The Super User/Root User 210
User IDs and Group IDs 212
File Permissions 212
Managing Groups 213
Group Listing 213
Group Management Tools 214
Managing Users 216
User Management Tools 216
Adding New Users 218
Monitoring User Activity on the System 222
Managing Passwords 222
System Password Policy 222
The Password File 223
Shadow Passwords 224
Managing Password Security for Users 226
Changing Passwords in a Batch 227
Granting System Administrator Privileges to Regular Users 227
Temporarily Changing User Identity with the su Command 227
Granting Root Privileges on Occasion: The sudo Command 229
Disk Quotas 232
Implementing Quotas 233
Manually Configuring Quotas 233
Related Ubuntu Commands 234
References 235
12 Automating Tasks and Shell Scripting 237
Scheduling Tasks 237
Using at and batch to Schedule Tasks for Later 237
Using cron to Run Jobs Repeatedly 240
Basic Shell Control 242
The Shell Command Line 243
Shell Pattern-Matching Support 245
Redirecting Input and Output 246
Piping Data 247
Background Processing 247
Writing and Executing a Shell Script 248
Running the New Shell Program 249
Storing Shell Scripts for System-wide Access 250
Interpreting Shell Scripts Through Specific Shells 250
Using Variables in Shell Scripts 252
Assigning a Value to a Variable 252
Accessing Variable Values 253
Positional Parameters 253
A Simple Example of a Positional Parameter 253
Using Positional Parameters to Access and Retrieve Variables from the Command Line 254
Using a Simple Script to Automate Tasks 255
Built-In Variables 257
Special Characters 257
Using Double Quotes to Resolve Variables in Strings with Embedded Spaces 258
Using Single Quotes to Maintain Unexpanded Variables 259
Using the Backslash as an Escape Character 260
Using the Backtick to Replace a String with Output 260
Comparison of Expressions in pdksh and bash 261
Comparing Expressions with tcsh 266
The for Statement 270
The while Statement 271
The until Statement 273
The repeat Statement (tcsh) 274
The select Statement (pdksh) 274
The shift Statement 275
The if Statement 275
The case Statement 276
The break and exit Statements 278
Using Functions in Shell Scripts 279
References 280
13 The Boot Process 281
Running Services at Boot 281
Beginning the Boot Loading Process 282
Loading the Linux Kernel 283
System Services and Runlevels 284
Runlevel Definitions 284
Booting into the Default Runlevel 285
Understanding init Scripts and the Final Stage of Initialization 285
Controlling Services at Boot with Administrative Tools 286
Changing Runlevels 286
Troubleshooting Runlevel Problems 287
Starting and Stopping Services Manually 288
Using Upstart 289
References 290
14 System-Monitoring Tools 291
Console-Based Monitoring 291
Using the kill Command to Control Processes 293
Using Priority Scheduling and Control 294
Displaying Free and Used Memory with free 296
Disk Space 297
Disk Quotas 298
Graphical Process and System Management Tools 298
System Monitor 298
Conky 300
Other 305
KDE Process- and System-Monitoring Tools 305
Enterprise Server Monitoring 305
Landscape 306
Other 306
References 306
15 Backing Up 307
Choosing a Backup Strategy 307
Why Data Loss Occurs 308
Assessing Your Backup Needs and Resources 309
Evaluating Backup Strategies 311
Making the Choice 314
Choosing Backup Hardware and Media 314
Removable Storage Media 314
CD-RW and DVD+RW/-RW Drives 315
Network Storage 315
Tape Drive Backup 315
Cloud Storage 316
Using Backup Software 316
tar: The Most Basic Backup Tool 317
The GNOME File Roller 319
The KDE ark Archiving Tool 320
Déjà Dup 320
Back In Time 322
Unison 324
Using the Amanda Backup Application 324
Alternative Backup Software 325
Copying Files 326
Copying Files Using tar 326
Compressing, Encrypting, and Sending tar Streams 327
Copying Files Using cp 327
Copying Files Using mc 328
Using rsync 328
Version Control for Configuration Files 330
System Rescue 332
The Ubuntu Rescue Disc 333
Restoring the GRUB2 Boot Loader 333
Saving Files from a Nonbooting Hard Drive 333
References 334
16 Networking 335
Laying the Foundation: The localhost Interface 336
Checking for the Availability of the Loopback Interface 336
Configuring the Loopback Interface Manually 336
Checking Connections with ping, traceroute, and mtr 338
Networking with TCP/IP 340
TCP/IP Addressing 341
Using IP Masquerading in Ubuntu 343
Ports 344
IPv6 Basics 344
Network Organization 347
Subnetting 347
Subnet Masks 348
Broadcast, Unicast, and Multicast Addressing 348
Hardware Devices for Networking 349
Network Interface Cards 349
Network Cable 351
Hubs and Switches 352
Routers and Bridges 353
Initializing New Network Hardware 353
Using Network Configuration Tools 355
Command-Line Network Interface Configuration 356
Network Configuration Files 360
Using Graphical Configuration Tools 363
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol 365
How DHCP Works 365
Activating DHCP at Installation and Boot Time 366
DHCP Software Installation and Configuration 367
Using DHCP to Configure Network Hosts 369
Other Uses for DHCP 371
Wireless Networking 371
Support for Wireless Networking in Ubuntu 371
Advantages of Wireless Networking 373
Choosing from Among Available Wireless Protocols 373
Beyond the Network and onto the Internet 374
Common Configuration Information 374
Configuring Digital Subscriber Line Access 376
Understanding PPP over Ethernet 376
Configuring a PPPoE Connection Manually 377
Configuring Dial-Up Internet Access 378
Troubleshooting Connection Problems 379
References 380
17 Remote Access with SSH and Telnet 381
Setting Up a Telnet Server 381
Telnet Versus SSH 383
Setting Up an SSH Server 383
SSH Tools 383
Using scp to Copy Individual Files Between Machines 384
Using sftp to Copy Many Files Between Machines 385
Using ssh-keygen to Enable Key-Based Logins 385
Virtual Network Computing 387
References 389
18 Securing Your Machines 391
Understanding Computer Attacks 391
Assessing Your Vulnerability 393
Protecting Your Machine 394
Securing a Wireless Network 395
Passwords and Physical Security 395
Configuring and Using Tripwire 396
Devices 397
Viruses 397
Configuring Your Firewall 398
AppArmor 401
Forming a Disaster Recovery Plan 403
References 404
19 Performance Tuning 405
Hard Disk 405
Using the BIOS and Kernel to Tune the Disk Drives 406
The hdparm Command 407
File System Tuning 408
The tune2fs Command 408
The e2fsck Command 409
The badblocks Command 409
Disabling File Access Time 409
Kernel 410
Apache 411
MySQL 412
Measuring Key Buffer Usage 412
Using the Query Cache 414
Miscellaneous Tweaks 415
Query Optimization 416
References 416
20 Kernel and Module Management 417
The Linux Kernel 418
The Linux Source Tree 419
Types of Kernels 421
Managing Modules 422
When to Recompile 424
Kernel Versions 425
Obtaining the Kernel Sources 426
Patching the Kernel 426
Compiling the Kernel 428
Using xconfig to Configure the Kernel 431
Creating an Initial RAM Disk Image 434
When Something Goes Wrong 435
Errors During Compile 435
Runtime Errors, Boot Loader Problems, and Kernel Oops 436
References 436
Part IV Ubuntu as a Server
21 Sharing Files and Printers 439
Using the Network File System 440
Installing and Starting or Stopping NFS 440
NFS Server Configuration 440
NFS Client Configuration 442
Putting Samba to Work 443
Manually Configuring Samba with /etc/samba/smb.conf 444
Testing Samba with the testparm Command 447
Starting, Stopping, and Restarting the smbd Daemon 448
Mounting Samba Shares 449
Configuring Samba Using SWAT 450
Network and Remote Printing with Ubuntu 453
Creating Network Printers 454
Using the Common UNIX Printing System GUI 456
Avoiding Printer Support Problems 458
References 460
22 Apache Web Server Management 461
About the Apache Web Server 461
Installing the Apache Server 462
Installing from the Ubuntu Repositories 463
Building the Source Yourself 464
Starting and Stopping Apache 467
Starting the Apache Server Manually 467
Using /etc/init.d/apache2 468
Runtime Server Configuration Settings 469
Runtime Configuration Directives 470
Editing apache2.conf 470
Apache Multiprocessing Modules 473
Using .htaccess Configuration Files 473
File System Authentication and Access Control 475
Restricting Access with allow and deny 476
Authentication 477
Final Words on Access Control 479
Apache Modules 480
mod_access 481
mod_alias 481
mod_asis 481
mod_auth 482
mod_auth_anon 482
mod_auth_dbm 482
mod_auth_digest 482
mod_autoindex 483
mod_cgi 483
mod_dir and mod_env 483
mod_expires 483
mod_headers 483
mod_include 484
mod_info and mod_log_config 484
mod_mime and mod_mime_magic 484
mod_negotiation 484
mod_proxy 484
mod_rewrite 484
mod_setenvif 485
mod_speling 485
mod_status 485
mod_ssl 485
mod_unique_id 485
mod_userdir 485
mod_usertrack 485
mod_vhost_alias 485
Virtual Hosting 486
Address-Based Virtual Hosts 486
Name-Based Virtual Hosts 486
Logging 488
References 490
23 Other HTTP Servers 491
Nginx 491
Lighttpd 493
Yaws 494
Cherokee 494
Jetty 495
Thttpd . 495
Apache Tomcat 496
References 496
24 Remote File Serving with FTP 497
Choosing an FTP Server 497
Choosing an Authenticated or Anonymous Server 498
Ubuntu FTP Server Packages 498
Other FTP Servers 498
Installing FTP Software 499
The FTP User 500
Configuring the Very Secure FTP Server 502
Controlling Anonymous Access 503
Other vsftpd Server Configuration Files 504
Using the ftphosts File to Allow or Deny FTP Server Connection 505
References 506
25 Handling Email 507
How Email Is Sent and Received 507
The Mail Transport Agent 508
Choosing an MTA 510
The Mail Delivery Agent 510
The Mail User Agent 511
Basic Postfix Configuration and Operation 512
Configuring Masquerading 514
Using Smart Hosts 515
Setting Message Delivery Intervals 515
Mail Relaying 516
Forwarding Email with Aliases 516
Using Fetchmail to Retrieve Mail 517
Installing Fetchmail 517
Configuring Fetchmail 517
Choosing a Mail Delivery Agent 521
Procmail 521
Spamassassin 521
Squirrelmail 522
Virus Scanners 522
Autoresponders 522
Alternatives to Microsoft Exchange Server 522
Microsoft Exchange Server/Outlook Client 523
CommuniGate Pro 523
Oracle Beehive 524
Bynari 524
Open-Xchange 524
Phpgroupware 524
PHProjekt 524
Horde 524
References 525
26 Proxying, Reverse Proxying, and Virtual Private Networks (VPN) 527
What Is a Proxy Server? 527
Installing Squid 528
Configuring Clients 528
Access Control Lists 529
Specifying Client IP Addresses 533
Sample Configurations 534
Virtual Private Networks (VPN) 536
Setting Up a VPN Client 537
Setting Up a VPN Server 539
References 541
27 Administering Relational Database Services 543
A Brief Review of Database Basics 544
How Relational Databases Work 545
Understanding SQL Basics 547
Creating Tables 548
Inserting Data into Tables 549
Retrieving Data from a Database 550
Choosing a Database: MySQL Versus PostgreSQL 552
Speed 552
Data Locking 552
ACID Compliance in Transaction Processing to Protect Data Integrity 553
SQL Subqueries 554
Procedural Languages and Triggers 554
Configuring MySQL 554
Setting a Password for the MySQL Root User 555
Creating a Database in MySQL 556
Configuring PostgreSQL 558
Initializing the Data Directory in PostgreSQL 558
Creating a Database in PostgreSQL 559
Creating Database Users in PostgreSQL 559
Deleting Database Users in PostgreSQL 560
Granting and Revoking Privileges in PostgreSQL 561
Database Clients 561
SSH Access to a Database 562
Local GUI Client Access to a Database 563
Web Access to a Database 563
The MySQL Command-Line Client 564
The PostgreSQL Command-Line Client 566
Graphical Clients 566
References 567
28 NoSQL Databases 569
Key/Value Stores 571
Berkeley DB 572
Cassandra 572
Memcached and MemcacheDB 573
Redis 573
Riak 574
Document Stores 574
CouchDB 575
MongoDB 575
BaseX 576
Wide Column Stores 576
BigTable 577
HBase 577
Graph Stores 577
Neo4j 578
OrientDB 578
HyperGraphDB 578
FlockDB 578
References 579
29 Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) 581
Configuring the Server 582
Creating Your Schema 582
Populating Your Directory 584
Configuring Clients 586
Evolution 586
Thunderbird 587
Administration 587
References 588
30 Linux Terminal Server Project (LTSP) 589
Requirements 590
Installation 593
Using LTSP 594
References 595
31 Virtualization on Ubuntu 597
KVM 599
VirtualBox 603
VMware 605
Xen 605
References 605
32 Ubuntu in the Cloud 607
Why a Cloud? 608
Software as a Service (SaaS) 609
Platform as a Service (PaaS). 609
Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) 609
Metal as a Service (MaaS) 609
Before You Do Anything 610
Ubuntu Cloud and Eucalyptus 610
Deploy/Install Basics: Public or Private? 612
Public 612
Private 613
A euca2ools Primer 616
Ubuntu Cloud and OpenStack 618
Compute Infrastructure (Nova) 618
Storage Infrastructure (Swift) 619
Imaging Service (Glance) 619
Installation 619
Creating an Image 629
Instance Management 632
Storage Management 633
Network Management 633
An OpenStack Commands Primer 634
Learning More 634
Juju 634
Getting Started 635
Charms 638
Landscape 640
References 640
33 Managing Sets of Servers 641
Juju 641
Puppet 642
Chef 642
CFEngine 643
Landscape 643
References 643
Part V Programming Linux
34 Opportunistic Development 645
Version Control Systems 646
Managing Software Projects with Subversion 646
Managing Software Projects with Bazaar 647
Managing Software Projects with Mercurial 648
Managing Software Projects with Git 649
Introduction to Opportunistic Development 650
Launchpad 651
Quickly 653
Ground Control 657
Bikeshed and Other Tools 661
References 663
35 Helping with Ubuntu Development 665
Introduction to Ubuntu Development 666
Setting Up Your Development System 667
Install Basic Packages and Configure 667
Create a Launchpad Account 668
Set Up Your Environment to Work with Launchpad 668
Fixing Bugs and Packaging 670
Finding Bugs to Fix with Harvest 673
Masters of the Universe 673
References 673
36 Helping with Ubuntu Testing and QA 675
Community Teams 675
Ubuntu Testing Team 676
QA Team 676
Bug Squad 677
Test Drive 677
References 680
37 Using Perl 681
Using Perl with Linux . 681
Perl Versions 682
A Simple Perl Program 682
Perl Variables and Data Structures 684
Perl Variable Types 685
Special Variables 685
Operators 686
Comparison Operators 686
Compound Operators 687
Arithmetic Operators 687
Other Operators 688
Special String Constants 688
Conditional Statements: if/else and unless 689
If. 689
unless 690
Looping 690
For 690
Foreach 691
While 691
until 692
last and next 692
do ... while and do ... until 692
Regular Expressions 693
Access to the Shell 694
Modules and CPAN 695
Code Examples 695
Sending Mail 695
Purging Logs 697
Posting to Usenet 698
One-Liners 699
Command-Line Processing 700
References 700
38 Using Python 703
Python on Linux 704
The Basics of Python 705
Numbers 705
More on Strings 707
Lists 710
Dictionaries 712
Conditionals and Looping 713
Functions 715
Object Orientation 716
Class and Object Variables 717
Constructors and Destructors 718
Class Inheritance 719
The Standard Library and the Python Package Index 721
References 721
39 Using PHP 723
Introduction to PHP 724
Entering and Exiting PHP Mode 724
Variables 724
Arrays 726
Constants 728
References 728
Comments 729
Escape Sequences 729
Variable Substitution 730
Operators 731
Conditional Statements 733
Special Operators 734
Switching 735
Loops 737
Including Other Files 739
Basic Functions 740
Strings 740
Arrays 743
Files 745
Miscellaneous 747
Handling HTML Forms 751
Databases 751
References 754
40 C/C++ Programming Tools for Ubuntu 755
Programming in C with Linux 756
Using the C Programming Project Management Tools Provided with Ubuntu 757
Building Programs with make 757
Using Makefiles 757
Using the autoconf Utility to Configure Code 759
Debugging Tools 760
Using the GNU C Compiler 761
Graphical Development Tools 762
Using the KDevelop Client 762
The Glade Client for Developing in GNOME 763
References 764
41 Using Other Popular Programming Languages 767
Ada 768
Clojure 768
COBOL 769
Erlang 770
Forth 770
Go 771
Fortran 771
Groovy 771
Haskell 772
Java 772
JavaScript 772
Lisp 773
Lua 773
Mono 774
Ruby 774
Rust 775
Scala 775
Scratch 776
Vala 776
References 776
42 Beginning Mobile Development for Android 779
Introduction to Android 780
Hardware 780
Linux Kernel 780
Libraries 780
Android Runtime 780
Application Framework 780
Applications 781
Installing the Android SDK 781
Install Java 781
Install Eclipse 781
Install the SDK 781
Install the ADT Eclipse Plug-In 782
Install Other Components 782
Install Virtual Devices 783
Create Your First Application 784
References 785
Part VI Appendices
A Ubuntu Under the Hood 787
What Is Linux? 787
Why Use Linux? 788
What Is Ubuntu? 790
Ubuntu for Business 791
Ubuntu in Your Home 792
64-Bit Ubuntu 793
Getting the Most from Ubuntu and Linux Documentation 793
Ubuntu Developers and Documentation 795
References 795
B Ubuntu and Linux Internet Resources 797
Websites and Search Engines 798
Web Search Tips 798
Google Is Your Friend 799
Ubuntu Package Listings 799
Certification 799
Commercial Support 800
Documentation 800
Linux Guides 800
Ubuntu 801
Mini-CD Linux Distributions 801
Various Intel-Based Linux Distributions 802
PowerPC-Based Linux Distributions 802
Linux on Laptops and PDAs 802
The X Window System 803
Usenet Newsgroups 803
Mailing Lists 804
Ubuntu Project Mailing Lists 805
Internet Relay Chat 805
Index 807
Licensing 2
Who This Book Is For 3
Those Wanting to Become Intermediate or Advanced Users 3
Sysadmins, Programmers, and DevOps 4
What This Book Contains 5
Conventions Used in This Book 5
Part I Installation and Configuration
1 Installing Ubuntu and Post-Installation Configuration 7
Before You Begin the Installation 7
Researching Your Hardware Specifications 8
Installation Options 8
Planning Partition Strategies 10
The Boot Loader 10
Installing from DVD or USB Drive 11
Step-by-Step Installation 11
Installing 12
First Update 16
Wubi: The Easy Installer for Windows 16
Shutting Down 18
Finding Programs and Files 19
Software Updater 19
The sudo Command 22
Configuring Software Repositories 23
System Settings 26
Detecting and Configuring a Printer 26
Configuring Power Management in Ubuntu 27
Setting the Time and Date 27
Configuring Wireless Networks 29
Troubleshooting Post-Installation Configuration Problems 31
References 32
Part II Desktop Ubuntu
2 Working with Unity 33
Foundations and the X Server 33
Basic X Concepts 34
Using X 35
Elements of the xorg.conf File 36
Starting X 41
Using a Display Manager 41
Changing Window Managers 42
Using Unity, a Primer 42
The Desktop 43
Customizing and Configuring Unity 48
Power Shortcuts 49
References 50
3 On the Internet 51
Getting Started with Firefox 52
Checking Out Google Chrome and Chromium 53
Choosing an Email Client 55
Mozilla Thunderbird 56
Evolution 56
Other Mail Clients 57
RSS Readers 58
Firefox 58
Liferea 58
Instant Messaging and Video Conferencing with Empathy 59
Internet Relay Chat 60
Usenet Newsgroups 62
Ubuntu One Cloud Storage 64
References 64
4 Productivity Applications 65
Introducing LibreOffice 67
Other Office Suites for Ubuntu 69
Working with GNOME Office 69
Working with KOffice 70
Other Useful Productivity Software 71
Working with PDF 71
Working with XML and DocBook 71
Working with LaTeX 73
Productivity Applications Written for Microsoft Windows 73
References 74
5 Multimedia Applications 75
Sound and Music 75
Sound Cards 76
Adjusting Volume 77
Sound Formats 78
Listening to Music 79
Buying Music in the Ubuntu One Music Store 81
Graphics Manipulation 83
The GNU Image Manipulation Program 83
Using Scanners in Ubuntu 85
Working with Graphics Formats 85
Capturing Screen Images 87
Using Digital Cameras with Ubuntu 88
Handheld Digital Cameras 88
Using Shotwell Photo Manager 88
Burning CDs and DVDs in Ubuntu 89
Creating CDs and DVDs with Brasero 89
Creating CDs from the Command Line 89
Creating DVDs from the Command Line 91
Viewing Video 94
TV and Video Hardware 94
Video Formats 95
Viewing Video in Linux 96
Personal Video Recorders 97
Video Editing 97
References 98
6 Other Ubuntu Interfaces 99
Desktop Environment 100
KDE and Kubuntu 101
Xfce and Xubuntu 102
LXDE and Lubuntu 103
GNOME3 and Gnobuntu 104
References 105
7 Games 107
Ubuntu Gaming 107
Installing Proprietary Video Drivers 108
Installing Games in Ubuntu 109
Warsow 110
Scorched 3D 110
Frozen Bubble 111
SuperTux 112
Battle for Wesnoth 112
Frets on Fire 114
FlightGear 114
Speed Dreams 114
Games for Kids 114
Commercial Games 115
Playing Windows Games 116
References 116
Part III System Administration
8 Managing Software 119
Ubuntu Software Center 119
Using Synaptic for Software Management 120
Staying Up-to-Date 122
Working on the Command Line 123
Day-to-Day Usage 124
Finding Software 127
Compiling Software from Source 128
Compiling from a Tarball 128
Compiling from Source from the Ubuntu Repositories 129
Configuration Management 130
Dotdee 130
OneConf 131
References 131
9 Command-Line Quickstart 133
What Is the Command Line? 134
Accessing the Command Line 135
Text-Based Console Login 136
Logging Out 137
Logging In and Out from a Remote Computer 137
User Accounts 138
Reading Documentation 140
Using Man Pages 140
Using apropros 140
Using whereis 141
Understanding the Linux File System Hierarchy 141
Essential Commands in /bin and /sbin 142
Configuration Files in /etc 143
User Directories: /home 143
Using the Contents of the /proc Directory to Interact with the Kernel 144
Working with Shared Data in the /usr Directory 145
Temporary File Storage in the /tmp Directory 146
Accessing Variable Data Files in the /var Directory 146
Navigating the Linux File System 146
Listing the Contents of a Directory with ls 146
Changing Directories with cd 148
Finding Your Current Directory with pwd 149
Working with Permissions 149
Assigning Permissions 150
Directory Permissions 151
Altering File Permissions with chmod 152
File Permissions with chgrp 153
Changing File Permissions with chown 153
Understanding Set User ID and Set Group ID Permissions 153
Working with Files 155
Creating a File with touch 155
Creating a Directory with mkdir 155
Deleting a Directory with rmdir 156
Deleting a File or Directory with rm 157
Moving or Renaming a File with mv 157
Copying a File with cp 158
Displaying the Contents of a File with cat 159
Displaying the Contents of a File with less 159
Using Wildcards and Regular Expressions 159
Working as Root 160
Understanding and Fixing sudo 160
Creating Users 164
Deleting Users 164
Shutting Down the System 165
Rebooting the System 166
Commonly Used Commands and Programs 166
References 167
10 Command-Line Master Class 169
Why Use the Command Line? 170
Using Basic Commands 171
Printing the Contents of a File with cat 172
Changing Directories with cd 173
Changing File Access Permissions with chmod 175
Copying Files with cp 175
Printing Disk Usage with du 176
Finding Files by Searching with find 177
Searches for a String in Input with grep 179
Paging Through Output with less 180
Creating Links Between Files with ln 182
Finding Files from an Index with locate 184
Listing Files in the Current Directory with ls 184
Reading Manual Pages with man 186
Making Directories with mkdir 187
Moving Files with mv 187
Listing Processes with ps 188
Deleting Files and Directories with rm 188
Printing the Last Lines of a File with tail 189
Printing Resource Usage with top 189
Printing the Location of a Command with which 191
Redirecting Output and Input 191
stdin, stdout, sdterr, and Redirection 193
Comparing Files 194
Finding Differences in Files with diff 194
Finding Similarities in Files with comm. 194
Combining Commands 195
Using Environment Variables 197
Using Common Text Editors 200
Working with nano 201
Working with vi 202
Working with emacs 203
Working with Compressed Files 204
Using Multiple Terminals with byobu 205
References 207
11 Managing Users 209
User Accounts 209
The Super User/Root User 210
User IDs and Group IDs 212
File Permissions 212
Managing Groups 213
Group Listing 213
Group Management Tools 214
Managing Users 216
User Management Tools 216
Adding New Users 218
Monitoring User Activity on the System 222
Managing Passwords 222
System Password Policy 222
The Password File 223
Shadow Passwords 224
Managing Password Security for Users 226
Changing Passwords in a Batch 227
Granting System Administrator Privileges to Regular Users 227
Temporarily Changing User Identity with the su Command 227
Granting Root Privileges on Occasion: The sudo Command 229
Disk Quotas 232
Implementing Quotas 233
Manually Configuring Quotas 233
Related Ubuntu Commands 234
References 235
12 Automating Tasks and Shell Scripting 237
Scheduling Tasks 237
Using at and batch to Schedule Tasks for Later 237
Using cron to Run Jobs Repeatedly 240
Basic Shell Control 242
The Shell Command Line 243
Shell Pattern-Matching Support 245
Redirecting Input and Output 246
Piping Data 247
Background Processing 247
Writing and Executing a Shell Script 248
Running the New Shell Program 249
Storing Shell Scripts for System-wide Access 250
Interpreting Shell Scripts Through Specific Shells 250
Using Variables in Shell Scripts 252
Assigning a Value to a Variable 252
Accessing Variable Values 253
Positional Parameters 253
A Simple Example of a Positional Parameter 253
Using Positional Parameters to Access and Retrieve Variables from the Command Line 254
Using a Simple Script to Automate Tasks 255
Built-In Variables 257
Special Characters 257
Using Double Quotes to Resolve Variables in Strings with Embedded Spaces 258
Using Single Quotes to Maintain Unexpanded Variables 259
Using the Backslash as an Escape Character 260
Using the Backtick to Replace a String with Output 260
Comparison of Expressions in pdksh and bash 261
Comparing Expressions with tcsh 266
The for Statement 270
The while Statement 271
The until Statement 273
The repeat Statement (tcsh) 274
The select Statement (pdksh) 274
The shift Statement 275
The if Statement 275
The case Statement 276
The break and exit Statements 278
Using Functions in Shell Scripts 279
References 280
13 The Boot Process 281
Running Services at Boot 281
Beginning the Boot Loading Process 282
Loading the Linux Kernel 283
System Services and Runlevels 284
Runlevel Definitions 284
Booting into the Default Runlevel 285
Understanding init Scripts and the Final Stage of Initialization 285
Controlling Services at Boot with Administrative Tools 286
Changing Runlevels 286
Troubleshooting Runlevel Problems 287
Starting and Stopping Services Manually 288
Using Upstart 289
References 290
14 System-Monitoring Tools 291
Console-Based Monitoring 291
Using the kill Command to Control Processes 293
Using Priority Scheduling and Control 294
Displaying Free and Used Memory with free 296
Disk Space 297
Disk Quotas 298
Graphical Process and System Management Tools 298
System Monitor 298
Conky 300
Other 305
KDE Process- and System-Monitoring Tools 305
Enterprise Server Monitoring 305
Landscape 306
Other 306
References 306
15 Backing Up 307
Choosing a Backup Strategy 307
Why Data Loss Occurs 308
Assessing Your Backup Needs and Resources 309
Evaluating Backup Strategies 311
Making the Choice 314
Choosing Backup Hardware and Media 314
Removable Storage Media 314
CD-RW and DVD+RW/-RW Drives 315
Network Storage 315
Tape Drive Backup 315
Cloud Storage 316
Using Backup Software 316
tar: The Most Basic Backup Tool 317
The GNOME File Roller 319
The KDE ark Archiving Tool 320
Déjà Dup 320
Back In Time 322
Unison 324
Using the Amanda Backup Application 324
Alternative Backup Software 325
Copying Files 326
Copying Files Using tar 326
Compressing, Encrypting, and Sending tar Streams 327
Copying Files Using cp 327
Copying Files Using mc 328
Using rsync 328
Version Control for Configuration Files 330
System Rescue 332
The Ubuntu Rescue Disc 333
Restoring the GRUB2 Boot Loader 333
Saving Files from a Nonbooting Hard Drive 333
References 334
16 Networking 335
Laying the Foundation: The localhost Interface 336
Checking for the Availability of the Loopback Interface 336
Configuring the Loopback Interface Manually 336
Checking Connections with ping, traceroute, and mtr 338
Networking with TCP/IP 340
TCP/IP Addressing 341
Using IP Masquerading in Ubuntu 343
Ports 344
IPv6 Basics 344
Network Organization 347
Subnetting 347
Subnet Masks 348
Broadcast, Unicast, and Multicast Addressing 348
Hardware Devices for Networking 349
Network Interface Cards 349
Network Cable 351
Hubs and Switches 352
Routers and Bridges 353
Initializing New Network Hardware 353
Using Network Configuration Tools 355
Command-Line Network Interface Configuration 356
Network Configuration Files 360
Using Graphical Configuration Tools 363
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol 365
How DHCP Works 365
Activating DHCP at Installation and Boot Time 366
DHCP Software Installation and Configuration 367
Using DHCP to Configure Network Hosts 369
Other Uses for DHCP 371
Wireless Networking 371
Support for Wireless Networking in Ubuntu 371
Advantages of Wireless Networking 373
Choosing from Among Available Wireless Protocols 373
Beyond the Network and onto the Internet 374
Common Configuration Information 374
Configuring Digital Subscriber Line Access 376
Understanding PPP over Ethernet 376
Configuring a PPPoE Connection Manually 377
Configuring Dial-Up Internet Access 378
Troubleshooting Connection Problems 379
References 380
17 Remote Access with SSH and Telnet 381
Setting Up a Telnet Server 381
Telnet Versus SSH 383
Setting Up an SSH Server 383
SSH Tools 383
Using scp to Copy Individual Files Between Machines 384
Using sftp to Copy Many Files Between Machines 385
Using ssh-keygen to Enable Key-Based Logins 385
Virtual Network Computing 387
References 389
18 Securing Your Machines 391
Understanding Computer Attacks 391
Assessing Your Vulnerability 393
Protecting Your Machine 394
Securing a Wireless Network 395
Passwords and Physical Security 395
Configuring and Using Tripwire 396
Devices 397
Viruses 397
Configuring Your Firewall 398
AppArmor 401
Forming a Disaster Recovery Plan 403
References 404
19 Performance Tuning 405
Hard Disk 405
Using the BIOS and Kernel to Tune the Disk Drives 406
The hdparm Command 407
File System Tuning 408
The tune2fs Command 408
The e2fsck Command 409
The badblocks Command 409
Disabling File Access Time 409
Kernel 410
Apache 411
MySQL 412
Measuring Key Buffer Usage 412
Using the Query Cache 414
Miscellaneous Tweaks 415
Query Optimization 416
References 416
20 Kernel and Module Management 417
The Linux Kernel 418
The Linux Source Tree 419
Types of Kernels 421
Managing Modules 422
When to Recompile 424
Kernel Versions 425
Obtaining the Kernel Sources 426
Patching the Kernel 426
Compiling the Kernel 428
Using xconfig to Configure the Kernel 431
Creating an Initial RAM Disk Image 434
When Something Goes Wrong 435
Errors During Compile 435
Runtime Errors, Boot Loader Problems, and Kernel Oops 436
References 436
Part IV Ubuntu as a Server
21 Sharing Files and Printers 439
Using the Network File System 440
Installing and Starting or Stopping NFS 440
NFS Server Configuration 440
NFS Client Configuration 442
Putting Samba to Work 443
Manually Configuring Samba with /etc/samba/smb.conf 444
Testing Samba with the testparm Command 447
Starting, Stopping, and Restarting the smbd Daemon 448
Mounting Samba Shares 449
Configuring Samba Using SWAT 450
Network and Remote Printing with Ubuntu 453
Creating Network Printers 454
Using the Common UNIX Printing System GUI 456
Avoiding Printer Support Problems 458
References 460
22 Apache Web Server Management 461
About the Apache Web Server 461
Installing the Apache Server 462
Installing from the Ubuntu Repositories 463
Building the Source Yourself 464
Starting and Stopping Apache 467
Starting the Apache Server Manually 467
Using /etc/init.d/apache2 468
Runtime Server Configuration Settings 469
Runtime Configuration Directives 470
Editing apache2.conf 470
Apache Multiprocessing Modules 473
Using .htaccess Configuration Files 473
File System Authentication and Access Control 475
Restricting Access with allow and deny 476
Authentication 477
Final Words on Access Control 479
Apache Modules 480
mod_access 481
mod_alias 481
mod_asis 481
mod_auth 482
mod_auth_anon 482
mod_auth_dbm 482
mod_auth_digest 482
mod_autoindex 483
mod_cgi 483
mod_dir and mod_env 483
mod_expires 483
mod_headers 483
mod_include 484
mod_info and mod_log_config 484
mod_mime and mod_mime_magic 484
mod_negotiation 484
mod_proxy 484
mod_rewrite 484
mod_setenvif 485
mod_speling 485
mod_status 485
mod_ssl 485
mod_unique_id 485
mod_userdir 485
mod_usertrack 485
mod_vhost_alias 485
Virtual Hosting 486
Address-Based Virtual Hosts 486
Name-Based Virtual Hosts 486
Logging 488
References 490
23 Other HTTP Servers 491
Nginx 491
Lighttpd 493
Yaws 494
Cherokee 494
Jetty 495
Thttpd . 495
Apache Tomcat 496
References 496
24 Remote File Serving with FTP 497
Choosing an FTP Server 497
Choosing an Authenticated or Anonymous Server 498
Ubuntu FTP Server Packages 498
Other FTP Servers 498
Installing FTP Software 499
The FTP User 500
Configuring the Very Secure FTP Server 502
Controlling Anonymous Access 503
Other vsftpd Server Configuration Files 504
Using the ftphosts File to Allow or Deny FTP Server Connection 505
References 506
25 Handling Email 507
How Email Is Sent and Received 507
The Mail Transport Agent 508
Choosing an MTA 510
The Mail Delivery Agent 510
The Mail User Agent 511
Basic Postfix Configuration and Operation 512
Configuring Masquerading 514
Using Smart Hosts 515
Setting Message Delivery Intervals 515
Mail Relaying 516
Forwarding Email with Aliases 516
Using Fetchmail to Retrieve Mail 517
Installing Fetchmail 517
Configuring Fetchmail 517
Choosing a Mail Delivery Agent 521
Procmail 521
Spamassassin 521
Squirrelmail 522
Virus Scanners 522
Autoresponders 522
Alternatives to Microsoft Exchange Server 522
Microsoft Exchange Server/Outlook Client 523
CommuniGate Pro 523
Oracle Beehive 524
Bynari 524
Open-Xchange 524
Phpgroupware 524
PHProjekt 524
Horde 524
References 525
26 Proxying, Reverse Proxying, and Virtual Private Networks (VPN) 527
What Is a Proxy Server? 527
Installing Squid 528
Configuring Clients 528
Access Control Lists 529
Specifying Client IP Addresses 533
Sample Configurations 534
Virtual Private Networks (VPN) 536
Setting Up a VPN Client 537
Setting Up a VPN Server 539
References 541
27 Administering Relational Database Services 543
A Brief Review of Database Basics 544
How Relational Databases Work 545
Understanding SQL Basics 547
Creating Tables 548
Inserting Data into Tables 549
Retrieving Data from a Database 550
Choosing a Database: MySQL Versus PostgreSQL 552
Speed 552
Data Locking 552
ACID Compliance in Transaction Processing to Protect Data Integrity 553
SQL Subqueries 554
Procedural Languages and Triggers 554
Configuring MySQL 554
Setting a Password for the MySQL Root User 555
Creating a Database in MySQL 556
Configuring PostgreSQL 558
Initializing the Data Directory in PostgreSQL 558
Creating a Database in PostgreSQL 559
Creating Database Users in PostgreSQL 559
Deleting Database Users in PostgreSQL 560
Granting and Revoking Privileges in PostgreSQL 561
Database Clients 561
SSH Access to a Database 562
Local GUI Client Access to a Database 563
Web Access to a Database 563
The MySQL Command-Line Client 564
The PostgreSQL Command-Line Client 566
Graphical Clients 566
References 567
28 NoSQL Databases 569
Key/Value Stores 571
Berkeley DB 572
Cassandra 572
Memcached and MemcacheDB 573
Redis 573
Riak 574
Document Stores 574
CouchDB 575
MongoDB 575
BaseX 576
Wide Column Stores 576
BigTable 577
HBase 577
Graph Stores 577
Neo4j 578
OrientDB 578
HyperGraphDB 578
FlockDB 578
References 579
29 Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) 581
Configuring the Server 582
Creating Your Schema 582
Populating Your Directory 584
Configuring Clients 586
Evolution 586
Thunderbird 587
Administration 587
References 588
30 Linux Terminal Server Project (LTSP) 589
Requirements 590
Installation 593
Using LTSP 594
References 595
31 Virtualization on Ubuntu 597
KVM 599
VirtualBox 603
VMware 605
Xen 605
References 605
32 Ubuntu in the Cloud 607
Why a Cloud? 608
Software as a Service (SaaS) 609
Platform as a Service (PaaS). 609
Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) 609
Metal as a Service (MaaS) 609
Before You Do Anything 610
Ubuntu Cloud and Eucalyptus 610
Deploy/Install Basics: Public or Private? 612
Public 612
Private 613
A euca2ools Primer 616
Ubuntu Cloud and OpenStack 618
Compute Infrastructure (Nova) 618
Storage Infrastructure (Swift) 619
Imaging Service (Glance) 619
Installation 619
Creating an Image 629
Instance Management 632
Storage Management 633
Network Management 633
An OpenStack Commands Primer 634
Learning More 634
Juju 634
Getting Started 635
Charms 638
Landscape 640
References 640
33 Managing Sets of Servers 641
Juju 641
Puppet 642
Chef 642
CFEngine 643
Landscape 643
References 643
Part V Programming Linux
34 Opportunistic Development 645
Version Control Systems 646
Managing Software Projects with Subversion 646
Managing Software Projects with Bazaar 647
Managing Software Projects with Mercurial 648
Managing Software Projects with Git 649
Introduction to Opportunistic Development 650
Launchpad 651
Quickly 653
Ground Control 657
Bikeshed and Other Tools 661
References 663
35 Helping with Ubuntu Development 665
Introduction to Ubuntu Development 666
Setting Up Your Development System 667
Install Basic Packages and Configure 667
Create a Launchpad Account 668
Set Up Your Environment to Work with Launchpad 668
Fixing Bugs and Packaging 670
Finding Bugs to Fix with Harvest 673
Masters of the Universe 673
References 673
36 Helping with Ubuntu Testing and QA 675
Community Teams 675
Ubuntu Testing Team 676
QA Team 676
Bug Squad 677
Test Drive 677
References 680
37 Using Perl 681
Using Perl with Linux . 681
Perl Versions 682
A Simple Perl Program 682
Perl Variables and Data Structures 684
Perl Variable Types 685
Special Variables 685
Operators 686
Comparison Operators 686
Compound Operators 687
Arithmetic Operators 687
Other Operators 688
Special String Constants 688
Conditional Statements: if/else and unless 689
If. 689
unless 690
Looping 690
For 690
Foreach 691
While 691
until 692
last and next 692
do ... while and do ... until 692
Regular Expressions 693
Access to the Shell 694
Modules and CPAN 695
Code Examples 695
Sending Mail 695
Purging Logs 697
Posting to Usenet 698
One-Liners 699
Command-Line Processing 700
References 700
38 Using Python 703
Python on Linux 704
The Basics of Python 705
Numbers 705
More on Strings 707
Lists 710
Dictionaries 712
Conditionals and Looping 713
Functions 715
Object Orientation 716
Class and Object Variables 717
Constructors and Destructors 718
Class Inheritance 719
The Standard Library and the Python Package Index 721
References 721
39 Using PHP 723
Introduction to PHP 724
Entering and Exiting PHP Mode 724
Variables 724
Arrays 726
Constants 728
References 728
Comments 729
Escape Sequences 729
Variable Substitution 730
Operators 731
Conditional Statements 733
Special Operators 734
Switching 735
Loops 737
Including Other Files 739
Basic Functions 740
Strings 740
Arrays 743
Files 745
Miscellaneous 747
Handling HTML Forms 751
Databases 751
References 754
40 C/C++ Programming Tools for Ubuntu 755
Programming in C with Linux 756
Using the C Programming Project Management Tools Provided with Ubuntu 757
Building Programs with make 757
Using Makefiles 757
Using the autoconf Utility to Configure Code 759
Debugging Tools 760
Using the GNU C Compiler 761
Graphical Development Tools 762
Using the KDevelop Client 762
The Glade Client for Developing in GNOME 763
References 764
41 Using Other Popular Programming Languages 767
Ada 768
Clojure 768
COBOL 769
Erlang 770
Forth 770
Go 771
Fortran 771
Groovy 771
Haskell 772
Java 772
JavaScript 772
Lisp 773
Lua 773
Mono 774
Ruby 774
Rust 775
Scala 775
Scratch 776
Vala 776
References 776
42 Beginning Mobile Development for Android 779
Introduction to Android 780
Hardware 780
Linux Kernel 780
Libraries 780
Android Runtime 780
Application Framework 780
Applications 781
Installing the Android SDK 781
Install Java 781
Install Eclipse 781
Install the SDK 781
Install the ADT Eclipse Plug-In 782
Install Other Components 782
Install Virtual Devices 783
Create Your First Application 784
References 785
Part VI Appendices
A Ubuntu Under the Hood 787
What Is Linux? 787
Why Use Linux? 788
What Is Ubuntu? 790
Ubuntu for Business 791
Ubuntu in Your Home 792
64-Bit Ubuntu 793
Getting the Most from Ubuntu and Linux Documentation 793
Ubuntu Developers and Documentation 795
References 795
B Ubuntu and Linux Internet Resources 797
Websites and Search Engines 798
Web Search Tips 798
Google Is Your Friend 799
Ubuntu Package Listings 799
Certification 799
Commercial Support 800
Documentation 800
Linux Guides 800
Ubuntu 801
Mini-CD Linux Distributions 801
Various Intel-Based Linux Distributions 802
PowerPC-Based Linux Distributions 802
Linux on Laptops and PDAs 802
The X Window System 803
Usenet Newsgroups 803
Mailing Lists 804
Ubuntu Project Mailing Lists 805
Internet Relay Chat 805
Index 807
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