Ultrasound in Medicine

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ISBN: 9780750305938 | 0750305932
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 1/1/1998

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Ultrasound is becoming the imaging method of choice for diagnostic medicine, & is becoming an increasingly useful tool in surgery & therapeutic medicine. Ultrasound in Medicine is based on the invited lectures presented at the 1997 Mayneord Phillips Summer School. It is a broad-ranging study of medical ultrasound, including ultrasound propagation, interaction with tissue & innovations in the application of ultrasound in medicine. It focuses specifically on the science & technology, the underlying physics & engineering. It examines the most closely related aspects of these basic sciences in clinical application & reviews the success of technological innovations in improving medical diagnosis & treatment. It bridges the gap between tutorial texts widely available for sonographer & medical training & theoretical works on acoustics. It is a unique reference of direct relevance to any student wishing to explore medical ultrasound in depth.

Contributing Authors

xvii

Glossary

xix

Introduction

xxv

Francis A Duck

Acknowledgements

xxx

References

xxx

PART 1 THE PHYSICS OF MEDICAL ULTRASOUND

(88)

Ultrasonic Fields: Structure and Prediction

(20)

Victor F Humphrey

Francis A Duck

Circular plane sources

(6)

Pressure variation on the axis

(3)

Pressure variation off the axis

(1)

Pulsed fields

(3)

Focused fields

(2)

Source amplitude weighting

(2)

Rectangular sources

(3)

Conclusion

(3)

References

(2)

Nonlinear Effects in Ultrasound Propagation

(16)

Andrew C Baker

Nonlinear propagation in medical ultrasound

(3)

Consequences of nonlinear propagation

(12)

Experimental measurements

(4)

Theoretical predictions

(3)

Clinical systems

(2)

References

(3)

Radiation Pressure and Acoustic Streaming

(18)

Francis A Duck

Radiation pressure

(1)

Langevin radiation pressure, PLan

(3)

Radiation stress tensor

(1)

The excess pressure

(1)

Rayleigh radiation pressure, PRay

(2)

Acoustic streaming

(6)

Methods of measuring acoustic streaming

(2)

Observations in vivo of radiation pressure effects

(1)

Streaming

(1)

Observed biological effects apparently related to radiation pressure

(1)

Discussion

(4)

References

(3)

Ultrasonic Properties of Tissues

(32)

Jeffrey C Bamber

Basic concepts

(7)

Attenuation, absorption, scattering and reflection

(4)

Speed of sound

(1)

Nonlinearity

(1)

Transducer diffraction field

(1)

Pulse-echo imaging, speckle and echo texture

(2)

Receiver phase sensitivity

(1)

Measurement methods

(9)

Measurement of the absorption coefficient

(1)

Measurement of the attenuation coefficient

(3)

Measurement of sound speed

(2)

Measurement of scattering

(2)

Measurement of nonlinearity

(1)

Ultrasonic properties of tissues

(16)

Absorption and attenuation

(3)

Sound speed

(2)

Scattering

(5)

Nonlinearity

(1)

References

(6)

PART 2 TECHNOLOGY AND MEASUREMENT IN DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING

(60)

Transducer Arrays for Medical Ultrasound Imaging

(22)

Thomas L Szabo

Piezoelectric transducer elements

(11)

A basic transducer model

(2)

Transducer elements as acoustic resonators

(2)

Transducer array structures

(1)

Transducer models

(3)

Transducer design

(3)

Imaging

102

(1)

Beam-forming

103

(5)

Other imaging modes

108

(1)

Conclusion

109

(4)

References

109

(4)

Current Doppler Technology and Techniques

113

(16)

Peter N T Wells

The Doppler effect

113

(1)

The origin of the Doppler signal

114

(2)

The narrow frequency band technique

116

(4)

The continuous wave Doppler technique

116

(2)

The pulsed Doppler technique

118

(2)

Frequency spectrum analysis

120

(1)

Duplex scanning

120

(1)

Colour flow imaging

121

(5)

Basic principles

121

(2)

Autocorrelation detection

123

(1)

Other Doppler frequency estimators

123

(1)

Time-domain processing

124

(1)

Colour coding schemes

125

(1)

Three-dimensional display

126

(1)

Contrast agents and second harmonic imaging

126

(3)

References

127

(2)

The Purpose and Techniques of Acoustic Output Measurement

129

(20)

T A Whittingham

Why measure acoustic outputs?

129

(1)

Ultrasound damage mechanisms and their biological significance

129

(4)

Heating

130

(1)

Cavitation

131

(2)

Trends in acoustic outputs

133

(1)

Regulations and standards

134

(3)

FDA 510(k) regulations

135

(1)

AIUM/NEMA Output Display Standard

135

(1)

IEC 61157

136

(1)

Is there a need for independent measurements?

137

(1)

Which output parameters should be measured?

137

(1)

The Newcastle portable system for acoustic output measurements at hospital sites

138

(4)

The hydrophone and pre-amplifier

138

(2)

Variable attenuator, power amplifier and power meter

140

(1)

Oscilloscope

141

(1)

Oscilloscope camera, PC and digitisation tablet

141

(1)

The measurement tank

141

(1)

The hydrophone positioning system

142

(1)

The probe mounting system

142

(1)

Calibration and accuracy

142

(1)

The NPL ultrasound beam calibrator

142

(1)

Measurement of acoustic power

143

(2)

Finding worst case values

145

(1)

Worst case Ispta of stationary beams, e.g. pulsed Doppler mode

145

(1)

Worst case Ispta for scanned beam modes, e.g B-mode

146

(1)

Conclusions

146

(3)

References

147

(2)

PART 3 ULTRASOUND HYPERTHERMIA AND SURGERY

149

(48)

Ultrasound Hyperthermia and the Prediction of Heating

151

(26)

Jeffrey W Hand

Ultrasound hyperthermia

151

(14)

Introduction

151

(1)

Ultrasound intensity, attenuation and absorption

152

(2)

Transducers for hyperthermia

154

(9)

High-intensity short-duration hyperthermia

163

(2)

Prediction of heating

165

(6)

Thermal conduction

165

(1)

Pennes' bioheat transfer equation

166

(2)

Other approaches to thermal modelling

168

(3)

Summary

171

(6)

Acknowledgments

172

(1)

References

172

(5)

Focused Ultrasound Surgery

177

(12)

Gail R ter Haar

Mechanisms of lesion production

178

(1)

Thermal effects

178

(1)

Cavitation

179

(1)

Lesion shape and position

179

(1)

Sources of ultrasound

179

(3)

Imaging of focused ultrasound surgery treatments

182

(1)

Ultrasound techniques

182

(1)

Magnetic resonance imaging

182

(1)

Clinical applications

182

(2)

Neurology

182

(1)

Ophthalmology

183

(1)

Urology

183

(1)

Oncology

184

(1)

Other applications

184

(1)

Conclusion

184

(5)

References

184

(5)

Acoustic Wave Lithoripsy

189

(8)

Michael Halliwell

Percutaneous continuous-wave systems

189

(1)

Extracorporeally induced lithotripsy

190

(7)

Types of pressure wave transducer

190

(1)

Positioning systems

191

(1)

Field measurement

192

(4)

References

196

(1)

PART 4 ULTRASOUND AND BUBBLES

197

(64)

An Introduction to Acoustic Cavitation

199

(26)

Timothy G Leighton

The acoustic properties of the bubble

199

(7)

Stiffness and inertia

199

(1)

Resonance

200

(1)

Inertial cavitation

201

(5)

Types of cavitation

206

(4)

The implications of the occurrence of one type of cavitation for the occurrence of another

210

(7)

Alteration of the bubble size by rectified diffusion

210

(2)

Alteration of the acoustic pressure field at the bubble by radiation forces

212

(2)

Nucleation

214

(1)

Population effects

214

(3)

The implications of the occurrence of one type of cavitation for causing change to the medium

217

(2)

Conclusion

219

(6)

References

219

(6)

Echo-Enhancing (Ultrasound Contrast) Agents

225

(16)

David O Cosgrove

Non-bubble approaches

225

(1)

Microbubble agents

226

(10)

History

226

(3)

Safety of contrast agents

229

(1)

Basic principles

230

(1)

Clinical applications

230

(3)

Quantification and functional studies

233

(1)

New uses: agents and techniques

234

(2)

Conclusion

236

(5)

References

236

(5)

Sonochemistry and Drug Delivery

241

(20)

Gareth J Price

Cavitation and its effects

243

(2)

What can ultrasound do for chemists?

245

(7)

Bio-effects and drug delivery

252

(9)

References

256

(5)

PART 5 RESEARCH TOPICS IN MEDICAL ULTRASOUND

261

(46)

Imaging Elastic Properties of Tissue

263

(16)

James F Greenleaf

Richard L Ehman

Mostafa Fatemi

Raja Muthupillai

Introduction

263

(1)

Exogenous transverse waves: imaging with MRE

263

(1)

Stimulated acoustic emission: imaging with USAE

264

(1)

Magnetic resonance elastography (MRE)

264

(6)

Theory

264

(1)

Methods

265

(1)

MRE results

266

(4)

Ultrasound stimulated acoustic emission (USAE)

270

(5)

Theory of USAE

270

(2)

USAE results

272

(3)

Conclusions

275

(4)

MRE

275

(1)

USAE

276

(1)

Acknowledgments

276

(1)

References

276

(3)

The Signal-to-Noise Relationship for Investigative Ultrasound

279

(8)

Christopher R Hill

References

286

(1)

Challenges in the Ultrasonic Measurement of Bone

287

(20)

John G Truscott

Roland Strelitzki

Bone

288

(1)

Ultrasonic measurements suitable for bone

289

(6)

Speed of sound (SOS)

291

(1)

Attenuation

292

(3)

Problems

295

(1)

Effect of structure on broadband ultrasonic attenuation

295

(2)

Problems in the measurement of speed of sound

297

(6)

Time domain (zero-crossing point measurement)

297

(3)

Frequency domain measurements

300

(3)

Discussion

303

(4)

Acknowledgment

305

(1)

References

305

(2)

Index

307

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Ultrasound in Medicine

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