Understanding Attachment and Attachment

"This book offers a thorough examination and discussion of the evidence on attachment, its influence on development, and attachment disorders." "Summarising the existing knowledge base in accessible language, this is a comprehensive reference book for professionals including social workers, psychologists, psychiatrists, teachers, lawyers and researchers. Foster and adoptive parents, indeed all parents, and students will also find it of interest."--BOOK JACKET.

Danya Glaser is consultant child and adolescent psychiatrist at the Department of Psychological Medicine, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London. Vivien Prior is senior research fellow at the Behavioural and Brain Sciences Unit at the Institute of Child Health, London.

1 Introduction

9

Part One: Attachment and Caregiving

2 What is Attachment?

15

(9)

An evolutionary perspective

16

(1)

The attachment behavioural system

17

(1)

Activation and termination of attachment behaviour

17

(1)

The development of attachment

18

(3)

Internal working models of attachment representations

21

(1)

Interplay between attachment and other behavioural systems

21

(1)

The exploratory behavioural system and the secure base

22

(1)

A safe or secure haven

22

(1)

Summary

23

(1)

3 The Classifications of Attachment

24

(14)

Organised attachments

25

(2)

Disorganised attachment

27

(2)

From disorganised to controlling attachment behaviour

29

(1)

An alternative classification

30

(1)

The distribution of attachment patterns

30

(2)

Stability or predictability of attachment patterns

32

(4)

Summary

36

(2)

4 What are the Factors Influencing Attachment Organisation (and Disorganisation)?

38

(18)

The contribution of caregiving to attachment organisation

38

(1)

What is caregiving?

38

(3)

Empirical evidence for the role of the caregiver in determining organisation (or disorganisation) of attachment security

41

(5)

The role of the child's temperament and genetic factors in influencing attachment organisation

46

(1)

Temperament factors

46

(1)

Attachment and autism

47

(1)

Specific genes

48

(1)

The intergenerational transmission of attachment

49

(1)

The link between parental state of mind with respect to attachment and infant security

50

(1)

The link between parental state of mind with respect to attachment and parental sensitive responsiveness (B)

51

(1)

The link between parental sensitive responsiveness and infant attachment security (C)

52

(1)

The transmission gap

52

(1)

Bridging the transmission gap

53

(2)

Summary

55

(1)

5 Affectional Bonds and Attachment Figures

56

(15)

What are affectional bonds?

56

(3)

How is an attachment figure defined?

59

(1)

Are professional child-carers attachment figures?

60

(3)

How are the representations of multiple attachment figures structured?

63

(6)

Summary

69

(2)

6 Is Attachment Theory Valid across Cultures?

71

(14)

Ainsworth's Uganda study

71

(1)

The Gusii of Kenya

72

(1)

The Dogon of Mali

72

(1)

The Israeli Kibbutzim

73

(1)

The Hausa of Nigeria

74

(1)

The !Kung San of Botswana

75

(1)

The Efe or Pygmies of Zambia

75

(1)

The academic debate

75

(2)

Comments

77

(4)

Summary

81

(4)

Part Two: Assessments of Attachment and Caregiving

7 Introduction

85

(11)

Attachment

85

(1)

Caregiving

86

(1)

Structure for presentation of assessments

87

(2)

Glossary of research and statistical terms

89

(7)

8 Assessments of Attachment

96

(43)

Assessments of attachment based on observation of the child's behaviour

96

(1)

Separation—reunion procedure

96

(9)

Q-sort methodology

105

(4)

Assessments of attachment based on the child's internal working model/representation

109

(1)

Picture response tasks

109

(4)

Narrative Story Stem techniques (NSSTs)

113

(11)

Interview techniques

124

(15)

9 Assessments of Caregiving

139

Assessments based on observations of caregiving

139

(1)

Maternal Sensitivity Scales

139

(4)

The CARE-Index

143

(2)

Atypical Maternal Behavior Instrument for Assessment and Classification (AMBIANCE)

145

(2)

Caregiver Behavior Classification System

147

(3)

Assessments/measures of caregiving based on the caregiver's internal working model/representation of caregiving or relationship with the child

150

(1)

Parent Development Interview (PDI)

150

(2)

Experiences of Caregiving Interview

152

(7)

Part Three: Correlates of Attachment Organisation with Functioning

10 Which Domains of Functioning are Hypothesised to be Correlated with Attachment and What are the Possible Pathways of its Influence?

159

(7)

Which domains of functioning are hypothesised to be correlated with attachment?

160

(1)

What are the possible pathways of the influence of attachment?

161

(4)

Summary

165

(1)

11 Evidence for Correlations between Attachment Security/Insecurity and the Child's Functioning

166

(17)

Research issues

166

(2)

The evidence

168

(11)

Summary

179

(4)

Part Four: What is Attachment Disorder?

12 Two Versions of Attachment Disorder

183

(5)

International classifications

183

(1)

Another version

184

(3)

Summary

187

(1)

13 Research on Attachment Disorder

188

(30)

Issues regarding research methods

188

(1)

The evidence

189

(1)

Young children in residential nurseries in the UK and their later development

190

(5)

Children from Romanian orphanages adopted in Canada

195

(5)

Deprived children from Romania adopted in the UK

200

(6)

Children living in residential nurseries in Bucharest

206

(6)

US children in high-risk populations and maltreated children

212

(4)

Summary

216

(2)

14 The Nature of Attachment Disorder

218

(13)

No discriminated attachment figure

218

(2)

The nature of the difference between inhibited and disinhibited RAD

220

(3)

Alternative criteria for disorders of attachment

223

(2)

Disorganised and inhibited RAD

225

(1)

Reactive attachment disorder in children over the age of 5?

225

(2)

Summary

227

(4)

Part Five: Attachment Theory-based Interventions (and Some that are Not)

15 Introduction

231

(2)

16 Evidence-based Interventions: Enhancing Caregiver Sensitivity

233

(19)

Bakermans-Kranenburg, van IJzendoorn and Juffer (2003) 'Less is more: meta-analyses of sensitivity and attachment interventions in early childhood'

234

(5)

Cohen et al. (1999) 'Watch, wait and wonder: testing the effectiveness of a new approach to mother--infant psychotherapy'

239

(2)

van den Boom (1994) 'The influence of temperament and mothering on attachment and exploration: an experimental manipulation of sensitive responsiveness among lower-class mothers with irritable infants'

241

(1)

van den Boom (1995) 'Do first-year intervention effects endure? Follow-up during toddlerhood of a sample of Dutch irritable infants'

242

(1)

Benoit et al. (2001) 'Atypical maternal behavior toward feeding-disordered infants before and after intervention'

243

(2)

Toth et al. (2002) 'The relative efficacy of two interventions in altering maltreated preschool children's representational models: implications for attachment theory'

245

(3)

Marvin et al. (2002) 'The Circle of Security project: attachment-based intervention with caregiver—preschool dyads'

248

(2)

Summary

250

(2)

17 Evidence-based Interventions: Change of Caregiver

252

(9)

Rushton and Mayes (1997) 'Forming fresh attachments in childhood: a research update'

252

(2)

Dozier et al. (2001) 'Attachment for infants in foster care: the role of caregiver state of mind'

254

(2)

Steele et al. (2003a) 'Attachment representations and adoption: associations between maternal states of mind and emotion narratives in previously maltreated children'

256

(2)

Hodges et al. Changes in attachment representations over the first year (Hodges et al. 2003b) and second year (Hodges et al. 2005) of adoptive placement: narratives of maltreated children

258

(2)

Summary

260

(1)

18 Interventions with No Evidence Base

261

(6)

Direct intervention with the child

261

(1)

'Attachment therapy'

262

(5)

19 Conclusions Regarding Interventions

267

(2)

References

269

(12)

Subject Index

281

(5)

Author Index

286

(2)

About FOCUS

288

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Understanding Attachment and Attachment Disorders

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

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Understanding Attachment and Attachment Disorders

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

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