Understanding Business Research
, by Weathington, Bart L.; Cunningham, Christopher J. L.; Pittenger, David J.- ISBN: 9781118134269 | 1118134265
- Cover: Hardcover
- Copyright: 8/28/2012
Preface | p. xiii |
Overview of the Research Process | p. 1 |
Research and Business | p. 3 |
Introduction | p. 4 |
Why Is Understanding Research Methods so Important? | p. 4 |
The Role of Science in Business and Everyday Life | p. 4 |
The Scientific Method | p. 5 |
Brief History of the Science of Behavior in the Workplace | p. 6 |
Bacon's Legacy | p. 10 |
Other Important Historical Figures | p. 10 |
Assumptions of Science | p. 12 |
Requirements for Scientific Research | p. 13 |
Chapter Summary | p. 18 |
Chapter Glossary for Review | p. 20 |
References | p. 21 |
Ethics and Research | p. 23 |
Introduction | p. 23 |
What Is Ethics? | p. 24 |
Approaches to Ethical Analysis | p. 26 |
Making Ethical Decisions | p. 29 |
Ethical Business Research | p. 30 |
Components of an Ethical Research Plan | p. 32 |
Research in Action: Ethical Dilemmas | p. 37 |
Chapter Glossary for Review | p. 40 |
References | p. 40 |
The Foundations of Research | p. 41 |
Introduction | p. 41 |
The Hypothesis in Research | p. 42 |
Types of Hypotheses | p. 46 |
Measurement | p. 52 |
Reliability of Measurement | p. 57 |
Validity of Measurement | p. 59 |
Populations and Samples | p. 61 |
Research in Action: Credit or Cash? | p. 65 |
Chapter Summary | p. 68 |
Chapter Glossary for Review | p. 69 |
References | p. 71 |
An Overview of Empirical Methods | p. 73 |
Introduction | p. 74 |
Internal, Statistical, and External Validity | p. 74 |
Survey of Empirical Methods | p. 33 |
Intact Groups Designs and Quasi-Experimental Studies | p. 87 |
Surveys | p. 90 |
Correlational Studies | p. 90 |
Interviews and Case Studies | p. 92 |
Meta-Analysis | p. 93 |
Computers and Statistics | p. 94 |
Research in Action: Price Matters | p. 95 |
Chapter Summary | p. 99 |
Chapter Glossary for Review | p. 101 |
References | p. 103 |
Nuts and Bolts of Research | p. 105 |
Writing the Research Report | p. 107 |
Introduction | p. 107 |
What Do Readers Appreciate in Good Writing? | p. 109 |
Elements of Style | p. 109 |
Special Grammatical Issues | p. 113 |
Academic Integrity | p. 117 |
Parts of the Research Report | p. 122 |
Chapter Summary | p. 135 |
References | p. 136 |
Reviewing the Literature and Forming Hypotheses | p. 137 |
Introduction | p. 138 |
Bibliographic Research | p. 138 |
The Internet as a Source | p. 141 |
Developing a Search Strategy | p. 143 |
Searching the Literature: The Library | p. 144 |
Research in Action: Does Listening to Mozart Make You Smarter? | p. 148 |
Statistical Inference and Testing Hypotheses | p. 150 |
Chapter Summary | p. 154 |
Chapter Glossary for Review | p. 155 |
References | p. 156 |
Sampling: The First Steps in Research | p. 157 |
Introduction | p. 158 |
The Nature of Samples | p. 159 |
Probability Sampling | p. 160 |
Sampling Methods | p. 162 |
Nonprobability Sampling | p. 165 |
Central Limit Theorem | p. 167 |
Applications of the Central Limit Theorem | p. 170 |
Sources of Bias and Error: A Reprise | p. 176 |
Research in Action: Sampling Matters | p. 178 |
Chapter Summary | p. 180 |
Chapter Glossary for Review | p. 181 |
References | p. 182 |
Creating and Using Assessments, Surveys, and Objective Measures | p. 183 |
Introduction | p. 184 |
Purpose of Measurement | p. 184 |
Caveat Assessor | p. 184 |
Creating a Measurement Scale and Developing a Data-Collection Strategy | p. 186 |
Interviews, Questionnaires, and Attitude Surveys | p. 187 |
Question Response Formats | p. 190 |
Writing Good Survey Items | p. 194 |
Determining the Sample Size for a Survey | p. 199 |
Naturalistic Observation | p. 201 |
Research in Action: Analysis of Assaults | p. 207 |
Chapter Summary | p. 212 |
Chapter Glossary for Review | p. 212 |
References | p. 215 |
A Model for Research Design | p. 215 |
Introduction | p. 216 |
A Model for Research Design | p. 216 |
What Is the Independent Variable? | p. 221 |
What Is the Dependent Variable? | p. 223 |
Are There Confounding Variables? | p. 224 |
What Are the Research Hypotheses? | p. 227 |
Mathematical Hypotheses | p. 228 |
Evaluating Hypotheses | p. 229 |
Evaluating Hypotheses: Practical Matters | p. 232 |
Research in Action: Sex Differences and Shopping Behavior | p. 236 |
Research in Action: Changing Attitudes by Writing Essays | p. 236 |
Chapter Summary | p. 237 |
Chapter Glossary for Review | p. 239 |
References | p. 240 |
Common Research Designs | p. 243 |
Correlational Research | p. 245 |
Introduction | p. 246 |
Conceptual Review of Correlation | p. 246 |
Pearson's r | p. 248 |
Interpreting the Correlation Coefficient | p. 248 |
Factors that Corrupt a Correlation Coefficient | p. 250 |
Sample Size and the Correlation Coefficient | p. 253 |
Applications of the Correlation Coefficient | p. 255 |
Regression Analysis | p. 259 |
Introduction to Mediation and Moderation | p. 261 |
Regression to the Mean | p. 262 |
Research in Action: Education and Income | p. 264 |
Chapter Summary | p. 268 |
Chapter Glossary for Review | p. 269 |
References | p. 270 |
Between-Subjects Designs | p. 271 |
Introduction | p. 271 |
Student's t-Ratio for Independent Groups | p. 272 |
Review of Hypothesis Testing | p. 274 |
Testing Statistical Hypotheses | p. 276 |
Common Errors in the Interpretation of p | p. 282 |
The Power of a Test | p. 284 |
Estimating the Sample Size | p. 289 |
Statistics Behind The Research | p. 291 |
Chapter Summary | p. 295 |
Chapter Glossary for Review | p. 296 |
References | p. 296 |
Single-Variable Between-Subjects Research | p. 297 |
Introduction | p. 298 |
Independent Variable | p. 298 |
Cause and Effect | p. 301 |
Gaining Control Over the Variables | p. 301 |
The General Linear Model | p. 303 |
Components of Variance | p. 306 |
The F-Ratio | p. 307 |
H0 and H1 | p. 310 |
F-Ratio Sampling Distribution | p. 310 |
Summarizing and Interpreting ANOVA Results | p. 312 |
Effect Size and Power | p. 313 |
Multiple Comparisons of the Means | p. 315 |
Research in Action | p. 318 |
Chapter Summary | p. 320 |
Chapter Glossary for Review | p. 321 |
References | p. 322 |
Between-Subjects Factorial Designs | p. 325 |
Introduction | p. 326 |
The Logic of the Two-Variable Design | p. 326 |
Advantages of the Two-Variable Design | p. 327 |
Factorial Designs: Variables, Levels, and Cells | p. 331 |
Examples of Factorial Designs | p. 332 |
Main Effects and Interaction | p. 334 |
Designing a Factorial Study | p. 342 |
Identifying Samples and Estimating Sample Size | p. 344 |
Interpreting the Interaction: Advanced Considerations | p. 346 |
Chapter Summary | p. 348 |
Chapter Glossary for Review | p. 348 |
References | p. 349 |
Correlated-Groups Designs | p. 351 |
Introduction | p. 351 |
Logic of the Correlated-Groups Research Design | p. 352 |
Repeated-Measures Design | p. 353 |
Longitudinal Designs | p. 362 |
Matched-Groups Design | p. 365 |
Mixed-Model Design | p. 367 |
Research in Action | p. 368 |
Chapter Summary | p. 370 |
Chapter Glossary for Review | p. 370 |
References | p. 371 |
Special Research Designs | p. 373 |
Research with Categorical Data | p. 375 |
Introduction | p. 375 |
Goodness-of-Fit Test | p. 377 |
X2 Test of Independence | p. 381 |
X2 Test of Homogeneity | p. 384 |
Further Analysis of the x2 | p. 385 |
McNemar Test | p. 388 |
Research in Action: Gambling and Productivity | p. 391 |
Chapter Summary | p. 393 |
Chapter Glossary for Review | p. 394 |
References | p. 394 |
Qualitative and Mixed-Methods Research | p. 397 |
Introduction | p. 398 |
Qualitative Versus Quantitative Research | p. 398 |
Theory and Perspectives Guiding Qualitative Research | p. 399 |
Mixing Methods: Quantitative and Qualitative Combined | p. 400 |
Qualitative and Mixed-Methods Data Collection and Analysis | p. 402 |
Benefits and Challenges of Mixed-Methods Research | p. 408 |
Sources of Published Qualitative and Mixed-Methods Research | p. 411 |
Research in Action: Gender- and Job-Based Differences in Work Stress | p. 412 |
Chapter Summary | p. 414 |
Chapter Glossary for Review | p. 415 |
References | p. 415 |
Statistics Behind the Research, or, "What Was I Supposed to Remember from My Statistics Class Anyway?" | p. 417 |
Statistical Tables | p. 435 |
Index | p. 485 |
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