Understanding Emotions

, by Oatley, Keith; Keltner, Dacher; Jenkins, Jennifer M.

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ISBN: 9781405131025 | 1405131020
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 3/6/2006

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This best-selling book is the most highly regarded and engaging text for the emotions course. While retaining its interdisciplinary breadth, historical insights, and engaging format, this new edition adds the expertise of well-respected researcher and dedicated teacher Dacher Keltner. The updated second edition features: earlier coverage of 'what is an emotion', a new section on Integrating Evolutionary and Cultural Approaches, and cutting-edge research on happiness, affective neuroscience, and new systems of communication. It also includes a new design and pedagogical features including Milestones in Research, updated tables, boldfaced terms, and end-of-chapter summaries.

Figures

xiv

Tables

xviii

Preface

Acknowledgments

xxiii

Part I Perspectives on Emotions

(80)

Approaches to Understanding Emotions

(30)

Introduction

(1)

Nineteenth-century founders

(6)

Charles Darwin: the evolutionary approach

(3)

William James: the bodily approach

(1)

Sigmund Freud: the psychoanalytic approach

(2)

Philosophical and literary approaches

(7)

Aristotle: the conceptual approach

(2)

Rene Descartes: the philosophical approach

(1)

George Eliot: the literary approach

(3)

Brain science, psychology, sociology

(10)

Walter Cannon and Walter Hess: brain science

(3)

Magda Arnold and Sylvan Tomkins: new psychological theories

(2)

Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer, and Alice Isen: the new experimenters

(3)

Erving Goffman and Arlie Russell Hochschild: the dramaturgical perspective

(2)

What is an emotion? Preliminary distinctions

(4)

Theorists' conceptions of emotion

(1)

The affective realm: emotions - moods - dispositions

(2)

Summary

(1)

Further reading

(2)

Evolution of Emotions

(24)

Elements of an evolutionary approach to emotions

(5)

Selection pressures

(1)

Adaptation

(4)

Emotions serve functions

(1)

Emotions are species-characteristic patterns of action

(2)

Origins of human emotions

(9)

The social lives of our living primate relatives

(5)

Evidence of human ancestry

(3)

Hunter-gathering ways of life

(1)

Summary of the environment of evolutionary adaptedness

(1)

Emotions as bases of social relationships

(3)

The evolution of language

(1)

Summary

(1)

Further reading

(2)

Cultural Understandings of Emotions

(24)

The construction of emotions in the West

(4)

The elements of a cultural approach to emotion

(6)

The self-construal approach: independent and interdependent selves

(2)

The values approach

(2)

The epistemological approach

(1)

Approaches to studying cultural influences on emotion

(7)

Cross-cultural comparisons

(1)

Ethnographies

(3)

Historical approaches

(3)

Integrating evolutionary and cultural approaches to emotion

(3)

Summary

(1)

Further reading

(2)

Part II Elements of Emotions

(110)

Communication of Emotions

(32)

Five kinds of nonverbal behavior

(3)

Facial expressions of emotion

(13)

Studies of the universality of facial expressions

(3)

Critiques of the studies of universal facial expressions

(1)

Discovering new facial displays of emotions

(4)

Facial expression and the coordination of social interaction

(1)

Cultural variation in facial expressions of emotions

(3)

Vocal communication of emotions

100

(5)

The nature and measurement of vocal communication

101

(1)

Examples of vocal communication: teasing and laughter

101

(1)

The communication of emotions with the voice

102

(3)

Communication of emotions by touch

105

(2)

Four functions of touch

105

(1)

Communicating emotions with touch

106

(1)

Communication of emotion in art

107

(5)

The Romantic hypothesis and four kinds of evidence

108

(2)

Aesthetic emotions in the Natyasastra

110

(2)

Summary

112

(1)

Further reading

113

(2)

Bodily Changes and Emotion

115

(24)

The autonomic nervous system

117

(5)

The parasympathetic and sympathetic branches

118

(2)

Cannon's critique of autonomic specificity

120

(2)

A two-factor theory of emotion

122

(7)

Evidence for autonomic specificity in emotion

124

(2)

The blush

126

(2)

Parasympathetic response and social connection

128

(1)

Emotional experience with reduced bodily input

129

(2)

Action and emotion

131

(2)

Eliciting emotion by bodily action

133

(1)

The somatic marker hypothesis

134

(2)

Summary

136

(1)

Further reading

137

(2)

Emotions and the Brain

139

(26)

How do brain mechanisms of emotion work?

140

(16)

Early research on brain lesions and stimulation

142

(1)

The limbic system

143

(4)

The amygdala as an emotional computer

147

(2)

Prefrontal cortex, emotion, and emotion regulation

149

(2)

Lateralization effects and emotions

151

(5)

Mirror neurons and empathy

156

(1)

Neurochemicals and the emotions

156

(7)

Serotonin and serotonin reuptake inhibitors

158

(1)

Peptide effects on fear

159

(1)

The nucleus accumbens, dopamine, and the opiates

160

(1)

Oxytocin

161

(2)

Integration of neurochemical and anatomical information in emotional behavior

163

(1)

Summary

163

(1)

Further reading

164

(1)

Appraisal, Knowledge, and Experience

165

(26)

Appraisal and emotion

167

(5)

Historical background and definitions

167

(2)

Automatic appraisals of good and bad

169

(3)

Is the bad stronger than the good?

172

(1)

Appraisal theories and distinct emotions

172

(6)

Discrete approaches to appraisal

173

(2)

Dimensional approaches to appraisal

175

(3)

Critiques of appraisal research and new methods for studying appraisal

178

(2)

Cultural variation in appraisal

179

(1)

Knowledge of emotion

180

(6)

Emotion words

181

(2)

Concepts of emotion as prototypes

183

(2)

Categorical properties of emotion knowledge

185

(1)

Experience

186

(3)

Measurement of experience

187

(1)

Specific emotions and core affect

188

(1)

Summary

189

(1)

Further reading

190

(1)

Part III Emotions and Social Life

191

(98)

Development of Emotions in Childhood

193

(32)

The emergence of emotions

194

(7)

Emotions in the first year of life

194

(4)

Dynamic systems

198

(3)

Developmental changes in elicitation of emotion

201

(1)

Infants' perceptions and parents' special expressions

202

(2)

Attachment

204

(3)

Cooperative action and the goal corrected partnership

207

(1)

Construction of the child's relationship with others

208

(6)

Differentiation between self and others

211

(2)

The language of emotions in cooperative action

213

(1)

Emotions in play and games

214

(1)

Children's understanding of emotions as mental states

215

(2)

Emotional competence

217

(5)

Inner and outer emotions

218

(2)

Emotions and relationships, emotions and selfhood

220

(2)

Summary

222

(1)

Further reading

223

(2)

Emotions in Social Relationships

225

(32)

Social goals and social emotions

226

(6)

Three kinds of social motivation: attachment, affiliation, and assertion

228

(1)

Attachment and its separation from affiliation

229

(2)

Emotions as social

231

(1)

Emotions within intimate relationships

232

(8)

Early attachment as a template for later love

232

(1)

Maternal caregiving and affiliative warmth

232

(2)

Affiliation and sexual relating

234

(1)

Principles of sexual love

235

(2)

Anger and contempt in marriage

237

(2)

Friendship and gratitude

239

(1)

Emotions of assertion within groups

240

(8)

Cross-cultural variations in the management of anger

242

(4)

Cultural codes

246

(1)

Gender relations

246

(2)

Emotions between groups

248

(7)

Intergroup conflict

249

(3)

Violence between societies

252

(1)

Disgust and contempt

253

(2)

Summary

255

(1)

Further reading

256

(1)

Emotions and Cognition

257

(32)

Historical perspectives on the interplay between passion and reason

259

(1)

Emotions as prioritizers of thoughts, goals, and actions

260

(2)

Three perspectives on the effects of emotions on cognitive functioning

262

(6)

Emotion congruence

263

(2)

Feelings as information

265

(2)

Processing style

267

(1)

Effects of moods and emotions on cognitive functioning

268

(18)

Perceptual effects

268

(1)

Attentional qualities of emotions

269

(2)

Emotions and memory

271

(3)

A bias for recalling emotionally evocative events

274

(1)

Emotional involvement and eyewitness testimony

274

(3)

Effects of moods and emotions upon remembering

277

(2)

Effects of moods and emotions on judgment

279

(3)

Persuasion

282

(2)

Emotions and moral judgment

284

(2)

Summary

286

(1)

Further reading

286

(3)

Part IV Emotions and the Individual

289

(123)

Individual Differences and Personality

291

(30)

Introduction

292

(1)

Emotion regulation

292

(3)

Attachment

295

(6)

The ``Strange Situation'' and styles of attachment

295

(2)

Internal working models of attachment

297

(2)

Influences on attachment

299

(1)

Effects of attachment

300

(1)

Warmth and the socialization of emotions

301

(7)

Learning to speak about emotions

302

(1)

Effects of modeling

303

(1)

Responding to some emotions but not others

303

(3)

How cultures affect the development of emotionality

306

(1)

Emotion schemas: bridges from childhood to adult relationships

307

(1)

Temperament

308

(5)

Biases of emotion at the core of temperament

308

(1)

Stability of temperament

308

(2)

Genetic basis of temperament

310

(2)

Temperament and parenting

312

(1)

Affective biases, adult personality, and the course of life

313

(6)

Patterns of childhood emotionality that extend to adult life

313

(1)

Emotion is central to adult personality dimensions and traits

314

(1)

Individual differences in emotion shape how we construe the world

315

(1)

Emotional dispositions shape the course of life

316

(3)

Summary

319

(1)

Further reading

320

(1)

Emotions and Mental Health in Childhood

321

(32)

Emotions and disorders

322

(5)

The case of Peter

322

(1)

Classifying childhood disorders

323

(1)

How are emotions involved in children's disorders?

324

(1)

What is disordered?

325

(2)

Prevalence of disorders in childhood

327

(3)

Externalizing disorders

327

(1)

Anxiety disorders

328

(1)

Depressive disorders

329

(1)

The stress-diathesis hypothesis

330

(13)

Risks

330

(9)

Combinations of risks

339

(1)

Bi-directional effects

340

(1)

Protective factors

340

(2)

Effects of genes

342

(1)

Specific genes, maltreatment, and externalizing disorder

343

(1)

Continuity of disorders

344

(3)

Therapy and prevention

347

(3)

Summary

350

(1)

Further reading

351

(2)

Emotions and Mental Health in Adulthood

353

(32)

Psychiatric disorders: symptoms and prevalence

354

(7)

Psychiatric epidemiology

354

(4)

Different kinds of depression and anxiety

358

(3)

Stress and diathesis in the causation of disorders

361

(12)

Stresses: life events and difficulties

361

(4)

Relation between emotions and emotional disorders

365

(1)

Diatheses: vulnerability factors

366

(7)

Factors in recovery and in prolongation

373

(4)

Cognitive processes

373

(2)

Interpersonal effects

375

(2)

Mind over matter?

377

(1)

Emotions and mental health beyond depression and anxiety

377

(5)

Expressed Emotion and relapse in schizophrenia

377

(2)

Psychosomatic illness

379

(3)

Summary

382

(1)

Further reading

382

(3)

Psychotherapy, Consciousness, and Well-being

385

(27)

Psychological therapies and the emotions

386

(3)

The basic idea of psychoanalytic therapy

387

(2)

Therapy's focus on the emotions

389

(10)

Psychoanalysis: unconscious schemas of relating

389

(3)

Cognitive-behavioral therapy: changing emotions by thought

392

(3)

Emotion-focused therapy: changing emotions by emotions

395

(1)

Outcomes of therapy

396

(2)

Psychotherapy without professionals

398

(1)

Consciousness and making sense of emotions

399

(3)

Becoming conscious of emotions in literature

400

(2)

Emotions and art

402

(1)

Emotional creativity

402

(4)

Emotions in drama, ritual, and art

403

(2)

Cultures of understanding

405

(1)

Happiness and well-being

406

(4)

Flow

407

(1)

Positive emotions and subjective well-being

408

(2)

Summary

410

(1)

Further reading

411

(1)

Glossary

412

(13)

References

425

(60)

Subject Index

485

(8)

Author Index

493

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Understanding Emotions

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

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Understanding Emotions

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

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