Understanding Evidence

, by Giannelli, Paul C.

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ISBN: 9780820564098 | 0820564095
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 12/1/2005

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Supplemental Materials

Chapter 1 OVERVIEW OF EVIDENCE LAW

(16)

§ 1.01 Introduction

(1)

§ 1.02 Proof at Trial

(3)

§ 1.03 Law of Evidence

(4)

[A] Rules Governing the Content of Evidence

(1)

[1] Relevance Rules

(1)

[2] Competence Rules

(1)

[a] Rules Based on Reliability Concerns

(1)

[b] Rules Based on External Policies

(1)

[B] Rules Governing Witnesses

(3)

[1] Competency of Witnesses

(1)

[2] Examination of Witnesses

(1)

[3] Types of Witnesses

(1)

[a] Lay Witnesses

(1)

[b] Expert Witnesses

(1)

[4] Credibility

(1)

[C] Substitutes for Evidence

(1)

§ 1.04 Federal Rules of Evidence

(2)

[A] Drafting the Rules

(1)

[B] Congressional Intervention

(1)

[C] Amendment of the Rules

(1)

[D] Structure of Federal Rules

(1)

§ 1.05 State Adoption of the Federal Rules

(1)

§ 1.06 Interpreting the Federal Rules: The "Plain Meaning" Debate

(2)

§ 1.07 Themes in the Federal Rules

(1)

§ 1.08 Criminal and Civil Trials

(1)

§ 1.09 Key Points

(2)

Chapter 2 ROLES OF JUDGE AND JURY: FRE 614

(6)

§ 2.01 Introduction

(1)

§ 2.02 Role of the Judge

(1)

§ 2.03 Court-called Witnesses

(1)

§ 2.04 Court Questioning of Witnesses

(1)

§ 2.05 Judicial Commenting on Evidence

(1)

§ 2.06 Jury Questioning of Witnesses

(1)

§ 2.07 Key Points

(1)

Part A: Procedural Framework at Trial

Chapter 3 STAGES OF TRIAL

(20)

§ 3.01 Introduction

(1)

§ 3.02 Pretrial Stages: Civil Cases

(5)

[A] Pleadings

(1)

[B] Pretrial Conference

(1)

[C] Discovery

(3)

[1] Depositions

(1)

[2] Experts

(2)

[3] Requests for Admissions

(1)

[D] Summary Judgment

(1)

§ 3.03 Pretrial Stages: Criminal Cases

(6)

[A] Charging Instruments

(1)

[B] Preliminary Hearing

(1)

[C] Grand Jury

(2)

[D] Discovery

(2)

§ 3.04 Jury Selection and Voir Dire

(1)

§ 3.05 Order of Trial Proceedings

(5)

[A] Opening Statment

(1)

[B] Case-in-chief

(2)

[C] Rebuttal and Surrebuttal

(1)

[D] Closing Argument

(3)

[E] Jury Instructions

(1)

§ 3.06 Jury Deliberation, Verdicts and Posttrial Motions

(1)

[A] Exhibits in the Jury Room

(1)

[B] Post-verdict Hearings and Motions

(1)

§ 3.07 Key Points

(2)

Chapter 4 BURDENS OF PROOF

(10)

§ 4.01 Introduction

(1)

§ 4.02 Allocation of Burdens

(1)

§ 4.03 Burden of Persuasion

(5)

[A] "Preponderance of Evidence" Standard

(1)

[B] "Clear and Convincing Evidence" Standard

(1)

[C] "Beyond a Reasonable Doubt" Standard

(2)

[D] Affirmative Defenses

(1)

§ 4.04 Burden of Production

(3)

[A] Directed Verdicts in Civil Cases

(1)

[B] Directed Verdicts in Criminal Cases

(1)

[C] Affirmative Defenses

(1)

§ 4.05 Key Points

(1)

Chapter 5 PRESUMPTIONS AND INFERENCES: FRE 301

(14)

§ 5.01 Introduction

(1)

§ 5.02 Definitions of Presumptions and Inferences

(2)

§ 5.03 Rationale for Presumptions

(1)

§ 5.04 Effect of Presumptions

(2)

[A] Thayer Theory of Presumptions

(1)

[B] Morgan Theory of Presumptions

(1)

[C] Other Approaches

(1)

§ 5.05 Federal Rule 301

(1)

§ 5.06 Conflicting Presumptions

(1)

§ 5.07 Choice of Law

(1)

§ 5.08 Selected Presumptions

(1)

§ 5.09 Criminal Presumptions

(5)

[A] Criminal Presumptions Defined

(1)

[B] Constitutionality of Criminal Presumptions

(3)

§ 5.10 Key Points

(2)

Chapter 6 OBJECTIONS AND OFFERS OF PROOF: FRE 103

(20)

§ 6.01 Introduction

(1)

§ 6.02 Objections: Rule 103(a)(1)

(5)

[A] Specificity: Grounds

(1)

[B] Specificity: Parts of Documents

(1)

[C] "Continuing" or "Running" Objections

(1)

[D] Timeliness of Objections

(2)

[1] Motions to Strike

(1)

[2] "Connecting Up"

(1)

[3] Motions to Suppress

(1)

[4] Depositions

(1)

§ 6.03 Offers of Proof: Rule 103(a)(2)

(2)

[A] Form of Offer of Proof

(1)

[B] Exceptions to Offer-of-proof Requirement

(1)

§ 6.04 Motions in Limine

(2)

[A] "Definitive" Rulings

(1)

[B] Motions to Suppress Compared

(1)

§ 6.05 Required Testimony: Luce v. United States

(1)

§ 6.06 "Drawing the Sting": Ohler v. United States

(1)

§ 6.07 Invited Error Rule

(1)

§ 6.08 Meeting "Fire with Fire"

(1)

§ 6.09 Record of Offer and Ruling: FRE 103(b)

(1)

§ 6.10 Hearings Out of the Jury's Presence: FRE 103(c)

(1)

§ 6.11 Plain Error Rule: FRE 103(d)

(1)

§ 6.12 Harmless Error

(2)

§ 6.13 Appellate Review of Admissibility Decisions

(1)

§ 6.14 Bench Trials

(1)

§ 6.15 Common Law "Exceptions" to Evidence

(1)

§ 6.16 Key Points

(3)

Chapter 7 PRELIMINARY QUESTIONS OF ADMISSIBILITY: FRE 104

(10)

§ 7.01 Introduction

(1)

§ 7.02 Preliminary Questions: General Rule: FRE 104(a)

(2)

[A] Application of Evidence Rules

(1)

[B] Burden of Proof on Preliminary Issues

(1)

§ 7.03 Conditional Relevancy: FRE 104(b)

(3)

§ 7.04 Hearing of Jury: FRE 104(c)

(1)

[A] Confessions

(1)

[B] Other Preliminary Matters

(1)

§ 7.05 Testimony by Accused: FRE 104(d)

(1)

[A] Scope of Cross-examination

(1)

[B] Trial Use

(1)

§ 7.06 Weight and Credibility: FRE 104(e)

(1)

§ 7.07 Key Points

(3)

Chapter 8 LIMITED ADMISSIBILITY: FRE 105

(10)

§ 8.01 Introduction

(1)

§ 8.02 Evidence Admissible for One Purpose

(1)

§ 8.03 Evidence Admissible against One Party

(3)

[A] Severance

(1)

[B] Redaction

(1)

[C] Codefendant's Testimony

100

(1)

[D] Recognized Hearsay Exception

100

(1)

[E] Other Bruton Issues

101

(1)

§ 8.04 Restricting Evidence to Its "Proper Scope"

101

(1)

§ 8.05 Procedural Issues

102

(1)

[A] Mandatory and Discretionary Instructions

102

(1)

[B] Timing of Instructions

102

(1)

[C] Failure to Request Instructions

102

(1)

§ 8.06 Effectiveness of Limiting Instructions

103

(1)

§ 8.07 Relationship with Rule 403 and the Hearsay Rule

104

(1)

§ 8.08 Key Points

104

(3)

Part B: Relevancy

Chapter 9 RELEVANCY AND ITS COUNTERPARTS: FRE 401-403

107

(32)

§ 9.01 Overview of Relevancy Rules

107

(1)

§ 9.02 Consequential ("Material") Facts Defined

108

(2)

§ 9.03 "Relevancy" Defined

110

(6)

[A] Admissibility vs. Sufficiency

112

(1)

[B] Basis for Relevancy Determination

113

(1)

[C] Direct and Circumstantial Evidence

113

(2)

[D] "Inference upon Inference" Rule

115

(1)

[E] "Background" Evidence

115

(1)

§ 9.04 Admissibility of Relevant Evidence: Rule 402

116

(3)

[A] United States Constitution

117

(1)

[B] Federal Statutes

118

(1)

[C] Other Procedural Rules

119

(1)

§ 9.05 Rule 403 "Balancing"

119

(9)

[A] Estimating Probative Value

120

(1)

[B] Rule 403 "Dangers"

120

(3)

[1] Unfair Prejudice

120

(1)

[2] Confusion of Issues

121

(1)

[3] Misleading the Jury

122

(1)

[4] Surprise

123

(1)

[C] Rule 403 "Considerations"

123

(1)

[D] Probative Value vs. Dangers an Considerations

124

(3)

[1] Jury Instructions

125

(1)

[2] Alternative Proof

125

(1)

[3] Stipulations

126

(1)

[E] Appellate Review

127

(1)

§ 9.06 Similar Happenings; Other Accidents

128

(1)

§ 9.07 Adverse Inferences

129

(4)

[A] Admissions by Conduct: Flight, Alias, etc.

130

(1)

[B] Destruction of Evidence (Spoliation)

131

(1)

[C] Failure to Produce Evidence

132

(1)

[D] "Missing Witness" Rule

133

(1)

§ 9.08 Out-of-court Experiments

133

(1)

§ 9.09 Demonstrative Evidence

134

(1)

§ 9.10 Key Points

134

(5)

Chapter 10 CHARACTER EVIDENCE: FRE 404, 405, 412-15

139

(24)

§ 10.01 Introduction

139

(1)

§ 10.02 Rationale for Prohibiting Character Evidence

140

(1)

§ 10.03 Methods of Proof: FRE 405

140

(3)

[A] Reputation Evidence

141

(1)

[B] Opinion Evidence

141

(1)

[C] Specific Instances Reflecting Character

142

(1)

§ 10.04 Accused's Character: FRE 404(a)(1)

143

(4)

[A] Pertinent Trait

144

(1)

[B] Prosecution Rebuttal Character Evidence

144

(1)

[C] Prosecution Cross-examination

145

(2)

[D] Self-defense Cases

147

(1)

§ 10.05 Accused's Character in Sex Offense Cases: FRE 413-15

147

(4)

[A] Sex Offense Cases: FRE 413

148

(2)

[B] Child Molestation Cases: FRE 414

150

(1)

[C] Civil Suits: FRE 415

150

(1)

§ 10.06 Victim's Character in Self-Defense Cases: FRE 404(a)(2)

151

(1)

[A] Special Rule in Homicide Cases

151

(1)

[B] "Communicated" Character Distinguished

152

(1)

§ 10.07 Rape Shield Law: FRE 412

152

(7)

[A] Exception: Origin of Semen, Pregnancy, or Disease

154

(1)

[B] Exception: Past Sexual Activity with Accused

155

(1)

[C] Exception: Constitutionally-required

155

(3)

[D] Procedure

158

(1)

[E] Civil Cases

158

(1)

§ 10.08 Character Evidence in Civil Cases

159

(1)

§ 10.09 Character as Element of a Cause of Action or Defense

159

(1)

§ 10.10 Key Points

160

(3)

Chapter 11 OTHER-ACTS EVIDENCE: FRE 404(b)

163

(16)

§ 11.01 Introduction

163

(1)

[A] Common Misconceptions

163

(1)

§ 11.02 Rule 404(b) Analysis

164

(1)

§ 11.03 Determining "Materiality" under Rule 401

165

(5)

[A] Proof of Identity; Modus Operandi

166

(1)

[B] Proof of Mens Rea: Intent, Knowledge

167

(1)

[C] Proof of Corpus Delicti

168

(1)

[D] Interrelated Acts ("Res Gestae")

169

(1)

§ 11.04 Determining Admissibility Under Rule 403

170

(2)

[A] Disputed Issues

170

(1)

[B] Stipulations

171

(1)

[C] Jury Instructions

171

(1)

§ 11.05 Accused's Participation in Other Act: FRE 104(b)

172

(1)

§ 11.06 Other-acts Evidence Offered by the Accused

172

(1)

§ 11.07 Entrapment Cases

173

(1)

§ 11.08 Notice Requirement

174

(1)

§ 11.09 Double Jeopardy and Collateral Estoppel

175

(1)

§ 11.10 Due Process

176

(1)

§ 11.11 Other-acts Evidence in Civil Cases

177

(1)

§ 11.12 Related Issues

177

(1)

§ 11.13 Key Issues

178

(1)

Chapter 12 HABIT EVIDENCE: FRE 406

179

(6)

§ 12.01 Introduction

179

(1)

§ 12.02 Habit and Character Distinguished

179

(2)

§ 12.03 Routine Business Practices

181

(1)

[A] Custom to Establish Standard of Care

182

(1)

§ 12.04 Determining Admissibility under Rule 403

182

(1)

§ 12.05 Methods of Proof

183

(1)

§ 12.06 Key Points

183

(2)

Chapter 13 SUBSEQUENT REMEDIAL MEASURES: FRE 407

185

(10)

§ 13.01 Introduction

185

(1)

§ 13.02 Rationale

185

(1)

§ 13.03 "Remedial Measures" Defined

186

(1)

§ 13.04 Timing of Remedial Measures

187

(1)

§ 13.05 Third-party Remedial Measures

187

(1)

§ 13.06 Required Remedial Measures

187

(1)

§ 13.07 Strict Liability Cases

188

(2)

§ 13.08 Admissibility for Other Purposes

190

(2)

[A] Ownership and Control

190

(1)

[B] Feasibility of Precautionary Measures

191

(1)

[C] Impeachment

191

(1)

§ 13.09 Key Points

192

(3)

Chapter 14 COMPROMISES AND OFFERS: FRE 408

195

(8)

§ 14.01 Introduction

195

(1)

§ 14.02 Rationale

195

(1)

§ 14.03 Scope of Rule 408

196

(1)

[A] Statements

196

(1)

[B] Criminal Cases

196

(1)

§ 14.04 "Dispute" Requirement

197

(1)

§ 14.05 Third-party Compromises

198

(1)

§ 14.06 Admissibility for Other Purposes

199

(1)

[A] Bias

199

(1)

[B] Obstruction of Justice

199

(1)

[C] Prior Inconsistent Statements

200

(1)

§ 14.07 Discovery

200

(1)

§ 14.08 Key Points

201

(2)

Chapter 15 MEDICAL PAYMENTS: FRE 409

203

(2)

§ 15.01 Introduction

203

(1)

§ 15.02 Rationale

203

(1)

§ 15.03 Admissibility for Other Purposes

204

(1)

§ 15.04 Key Point

204

(1)

Chapter 16 CRIMINAL PLEAS AND OFFERS: FRE 410

205

(8)

§ 16.01 Introduction

205

(1)

§ 16.02 Withdrawn Guilty Pleas

205

(1)

§ 16.03 Nolo Contendere Pleas

206

(1)

§ 16.04 Criminal Rule 11 "Voluntariness" Statements

206

(1)

§ 16.05 Plea Discussions

207

(2)

[A] Statements to Police

207

(1)

[B] Broken Agreements

208

(1)

[C] Offered against Prosecution

208

(1)

§ 16.06 Admissibility against Third Parties

209

(1)

§ 16.07 Exceptions

209

(2)

[A] Rule of Completeness

210

(1)

[B] Perjury and False Statement Prosecutions

210

(1)

[C] Impeachment

210

(1)

§ 16.08 Waiver

211

(1)

§ 16.09 Key Points

212

(1)

Chapter 17 INSURANCE: FRE 411

213

(4)

§ 17.01 Introduction

213

(1)

§ 17.02 Rationale

213

(1)

§ 17.03 Admissibility for Other Purposes

214

(1)

[A] Ownership and Agency

214

(1)

[B] Bias

214

(1)

§ 17.04 Key Points

215

(2)

Part C: Witnesses

Chapter 18 WITNESS COMPETENCY: FRE 601, 603, 605, 606

217

(16)

§ 18.01 Introduction: FRE 601

217

(1)

§ 18.02 Oath Requirement: FRE 603

218

(1)

§ 18.03 Mental Competency

219

(1)

§ 18.04 Ability to Communicate

220

(1)

§ 18.05 Child Competency and Testimony

221

(3)

[A] Closed-circuit Testimony

223

(1)

[B] Videotape Depositions

223

(1)

§ 18.06 Dead Man Statutes

224

(1)

§ 18.07 Competency of Judge: FRE 605

224

(1)

§ 18.08 Competency of Jurors: FRE 606

225

(2)

[A] Juror as Witness

225

(1)

[B] Impeachment of Verdicts and Indictments

226

(1)

§ 18.09 Competency of Attorneys

227

(1)

§ 18.10 Choice of Law

228

(1)

§ 18.11 Key Points

229

(4)

Chapter 19 SEQUESTRATION OF WITNESSES: FRE 615

233

(8)

§ 19.01 Introduction

233

(1)

§ 19.02 Exception: Parties

233

(1)

§ 19.03 Exception: Designated Officers and Employees

234

(1)

§ 19.04 Exception: Essential Persons

235

(1)

§ 19.05 Exception: Crime Victims

236

(1)

§ 19.06 Out-of-court Separation of Witnesses

236

(1)

§ 19.07 Out-of-court Separation of Attorney and Client

237

(1)

§ 19.08 Sanctions

238

(1)

§ 19.09 Key Points

239

(2)

Chapter 20 EXAMINATION OF WITNESSES: FRE 611

241

(10)

§ 20.01 Introduction

241

(1)

§ 20.02 Judicial Control of Trial

241

(2)

[A] Harrassment and Undue Embarrassment

242

(1)

[B] Testimony in Narrative Form

243

(1)

[C] Continuances

243

(1)

§ 20.03 Leading Questions

243

(3)

[A] Direct Examination

243

(3)

[1] Exceptions

245

(1)

[B] Cross-examination

246

(1)

§ 20.04 Scope of Cross-examination

246

(1)

§ 20.05 Redirect and Recross-Examination

247

(1)

§ 20.06 Other Common Objections

247

(1)

§ 20.07 Preparation ("Coaching") of Witnesses

248

(1)

§ 20.08 Key Points

249

(2)

Chapter 21 REFRESHING RECOLLECTION: FRE 612

251

(6)

§ 21.01 Introduction

251

(1)

§ 21.02 Rationale

251

(2)

§ 21.03 Right of Inspection

253

(1)

[A] Pretrial Refreshment

253

(1)

§ 21.04 Jencks Act

254

(1)

§ 21.05 Privileged Material; Work Product

254

(1)

§ 21.06 Sanctions

254

(1)

§ 21.07 Recorded Recollection Distinguished

255

(1)

§ 21.08 Key Points

255

(2)

Chapter 22 WITNESS CREDIBILITY: FRE 607-609, 613

257

(40)

§ 22.01 Introduction

258

(1)

[A] Stages of Credibility

257

(1)

[B] Types of Impeachment

257

(1)

[C] Extrinsic Evidence ("Collateral Matters")

258

(1)

§ 22.02 Prohibition on Bolstering

259

(2)

[A] General Rule

259

(1)

[B] Exceptions

259

(2)

[1] Pretrial Identifications

259

(1)

[2] Fresh Complaints

260

(1)

[3] Cooperation (Plea) Agreements

260

(1)

§ 22.03 Impeachment of Own Witness: FRE 607

261

(2)

[A] Voucher Rule

261

(1)

[B] Problem: Prior Inconsistent Statements

262

(1)

§ 22.04 Bias Impeachment

263

(3)

[A] Right of Confrontation

265

(1)

[B] Foundational Requirement

266

(1)

[C] Extrinsic Evidence

266

(1)

§ 22.05 Impeachment: Sensory and Mental Defects

266

(1)

§ 22.06 Untruthful Character Impeachment: Overview

267

(1)

§ 22.07 Untruthful Character — Reputation and Opinion: FRE 608(a)

268

(1)

§ 22.08 Untruthful Character — Prior Conviction: FRE 609

269

(10)

[A] Overview

269

(1)

[B] Conviction Defined; Arrests; No-contest Pleas

270

(1)

[C] Rationale

270

(1)

[D] "Felony" Convictions: The Accused

271

(2)

[1] Relevant Factors

272

(1)

[2] Balancing of Factors

273

(1)

[E] "Felony" Convictions: Other Witnesses

273

(1)

[F] Crimes of Dishonesty and False Statement ("Crimen Falsi")

274

(1)

[G] Ten-year Limit, FRE 609(b)

275

(1)

[H] Pardon and Annulment: FRE 609(c)

276

(1)

[I] Juvenile Adjudications: FRE 609(d)

276

(1)

[J] Pendency of Appeal: FRE 609(e)

277

(1)

[K] Methods of Proof

277

(1)

[L] Motions in Limine; Appeals

278

(1)

[M] Unconstitutional Convictions

278

(1)

§ 22.09 Untruthful Character — Prior Acts: FRE 608(b)

279

(2)

§ 22.10 Prior Inconsistent Statements: FRE 613

281

(6)

[A] Hearsay Rule and Inconsistent Statements

281

(1)

[B] Inconsistency Requirement

282

(1)

[C] Foundational Requirements

283

(1)

[D] Extrinsic Evidence ("Collateral Matters")

284

(1)

[E] Statements in Opinion Form

285

(1)

[F] Prior Inconsistent Conduct

285

(1)

[G] Impeachment by Silence

285

(1)

[H] Constitutional Issues

286

(1)

§ 22.11 Specific Contradiction

287

(1)

§ 22.12 Learned Treatise

288

(1)

§ 22.13 Religious Belief: FRE 610

288

(1)

§ 22.14 Rehabilitation

289

(1)

[A] Untruthful Character: FRE 608(a)(2)

289

(1)

[B] Prior Consistent Statements

289

(1)

§ 22.15 Key Points

290

(7)

Chapter 23 LAY WITNESSES: FRE 602 AND 701

297

(10)

§ 23.01 Introduction

297

(1)

§ 23.02 Firsthand Knowledge Rule: FRE 602

297

(2)

[A] Standard of Proof: Prima Facie

298

(1)

[B] Relationship to Hearsay Rule

298

(1)

§ 23.03 Opinion Rule: FRE 701

299

(6)

[A] Overview

299

(2)

[B] Common Law "Fact-Opinion" Formulation

301

(1)

[C] Rule 701

302

(2)

[D] Overlap Between Lay and Expert Opinions

304

(1)

[E] Application to Out-of-court Statements

304

(1)

§ 23.04 Key Points

305

(2)

Chapter 24 EXPERT TESTIMONY: FRE 702, 704, 706

307

(44)

§ 24.01 Introduction

307

(1)

§ 24.02 Subject Matter Requirement: An Overview

307

(1)

§ 24.03 Subject Matter: Expertise Not Needed

308

(2)

§ 24.04 Subject Matter: Reliability of Expert Evidence

310

(12)

[A] Frye "General Acceptance" Test

312

(2)

[B] Relevancy Approach

314

(1)

[C] Daubert Reliability Test

314

(10)

[1] Daubert Factors

315

(3)

[2] Appellate Review

318

(1)

[3] Technical Expertise

319

(1)

[4] Impact of Daubert

320

(2)

[5] Procedural Issues

322

(1)

§ 24.05 Qualifications Requirement

322

(2)

§ 24.06 Ultimate Issue Rule: FRE 704

324

(3)

[A] Mental States

326

(1)

§ 24.07 Court-appointed Experts: FRE 706

327

(1)

§ 24.08 Polygraph Evidence

328

(2)

§ 24.09 Hypnotic Evidence

330

(3)

[A] Out-of-court Hypnotic Statements

330

(1)

[B] Hypnotically-refreshed Testimony

330

(2)

[C] Mental Condition Testimony

332

(1)

§ 24.10 Fingerprint Evidence

333

(1)

§ 24.11 Questioned Documents; Handwriting

334

(2)

§ 24.12 DNA Profiling

336

(2)

[A] DNA Technology

336

(1)

[B] Admissibility

337

(1)

§ 24.13 Eyewitness Identifications

338

(1)

§ 24.14 Battered Woman Syndrome

339

(2)

[A] Research

339

(1)

[B] Admissibility

340

(1)

§ 24.15 Rape Trauma Syndrome

341

(3)

[A] Research

341

(1)

[B] Admissibility

342

(2)

§ 24.16 Child Sexual Abuse Accommodation Syndrome

344

(2)

[A] Research

344

(1)

[B] Admissibility

345

(1)

§ 24.17 Right to Defense Experts

346

(1)

§ 24.18 Key Points

347

(4)

Chapter 25 BASES OF EXPERT TESTIMONY: FRE 703 AND 705

351

(10)

§ 25.01 Introduction

351

(1)

§ 25.02 Opinion Based on Personal Knowledge

352

(1)

§ 25.03 Opinion Based on Admitted Evidence ("Record Facts")

352

(2)

[A] Hypothetical Questions

352

(2)

[B] "Modified" Hypothetical Questions

354

(1)

§ 25.04 Opinion Based on Nonrecord Facts: "Reasonable Reliance" Requirement

354

(3)

[A] Determining Admissibility: Judge's Role

356

(1)

[B] Hearsay Use

356

(1)

[C] Right of Confrontation

357

(1)

§ 25.05 Expert Opinions and "Background" Hearsay

357

(2)

§ 25.06 Opinion Based Upon Opinion

359

(1)

§ 25.07 Key Points

359

(2)

Part D: Real and Demonstrative Evidence

Chapter 26 REAL AND DEMONSTRATIVE EVIDENCE

361

(10)

§ 26.01 Introduction

361

(1)

§ 26.02 Real Evidence

361

(5)

[A] Condition of Object

361

(1)

[B] Readily Identifiable Objects: FRE 901(b)(4)

362

(1)

[C] Chain of Custody: FRE 901(b)(1)

[1] Length of Chain of Custody

363

(1)

[2] Links of Chain of Custody

364

(1)

[D] Standard of Proof

365

(1)

§ 26.03 Charts, Models and Maps

366

(1)

§ 26.04 In-court Exhibitions

367

(1)

§ 26.05 In-court Demonstrations

367

(1)

§ 26.06 Jury Views

368

(1)

§ 26.07 Key Points

369

(2)

Chapter 27 PHOTOGRAPHS, TAPES, AND VOICE IDENTIFICATIONS

371

(14)

§ 27.01 Introduction

371

(1)

§ 27.02 Photographs

371

(4)

[A] "Pictorial Communication" Theory

371

(1)

[B] "Silent Witness" Theory

372

(1)

[C] Posed Scenes

373

(1)

[D] Digital Enhancement

373

(1)

[E] Internet Downloading

374

(1)

[F] Gruesome Photographs

374

(1)

§ 27.03 Videotapes and Movies

375

(1)

[A] Videotape Evidence

375

(1)

[B] "Day-in-the-life" Videotapes

376

(1)

§ 27.04 Computer Animations and Simulations

376

(3)

[A] Computer Animations

376

(2)

[B] Computer Simulations

378

(1)

§ 27.05 Voice Identification: FRE 901(b)(5)

379

(1)

§ 27.06 Telephone Conversations: FRE 901(b)(6)

380

(1)

[A] Outgoing Calls

380

(1)

[B] Incoming Calls

381

(1)

§ 27.07 Sound Recordings

381

(2)

[A] Inaudibility

382

(1)

[B] Transcripts

382

(1)

§ 27.08 Key Points

383

(2)

Part E: Writings

Chapter 28 AUTHENTICATION OF WRITINGS: FRE 901-903

385

(12)

§ 28.01 Introduction

385

(1)

§ 28.02 General Rule

385

(1)

[A] Standard of Proof: Prima Facie

386

(1)

[B] Relationship with Civil Rules

386

(1)

§ 28.03 Witness with Knowledge: FRE 901(b)(1)

386

(1)

§ 28.04 Nonexpert Opinion on Handwriting: FRE 901(b)(2)

387

(1)

§ 28.05 Comparison by Trier or Expert: FRE 901(b)(3)

387

(1)

§ 28.06 Distinctive Characteristics: FRE 901(b)(4)

388

(1)

[A] Reply Rule

389

(1)

§ 28.07 Public Records and Reports: FRE 901(b)(7)

389

(1)

§ 28.08 Ancient Documents: FRE 901(b)(8)

390

(1)

§ 28.09 Process or System: FRE 901(b)(9)

390

(1)

§ 28.10 Statute or Rule Methods: FRE 901(b)(10)

391

(1)

§ 28.11 Self-authenticating Documents: FRE 902

391

(4)

[A] General Rule

391

(1)

[B] Domestic Public Documents with Seal

391

(1)

[C] Domestic Public Documents without Seal

392

(1)

[D] Foreign Public Documents

392

(1)

[E] Certified Copies of Public Records

392

(1)

[F] Official Publications

393

(1)

[G] Newspapers and Periodicals

393

(1)

[H] Trade Inspections and the Like

394

(1)

[I] Acknowledged Documents

394

(1)

[J] Commercial Paper and Related Documents

394

(1)

[K] Presumptions Created by Law

394

(1)

[L] Certified Domestic Business Records

395

(1)

[M] Certified Foreign Business Records

395

(1)

§ 28.12 Subscribing Witnesses: FRE 903

395

(1)

§ 28.13 Key Points

396

(1)

Chapter 29 RULE OF COMPLETENESS: FRE 106

397

(6)

§ 29.01 Introduction

397

(1)

§ 29.02 Rationale

397

(1)

§ 29.03 Oral Conversations

397

(1)

§ 29.04 "Ought in Fairness" Standard

398

(1)

§ 29.05 "Inadmissible Evidence" Problem

399

(1)

§ 29.06 Key Points

400

(3)

Chapter 30 "BEST EVIDENCE" RULE: FRE 1001-1008

403

(16)

§ 30.01 Introduction

403

(1)

§ 30.02 Rationale

403

(1)

§ 30.03 Proving Contents

404

(3)

[A] Written Events; Independent Events

404

(1)

[B] Written Method of Proof

405

(1)

[C] Related Issues

405

(2)

§ 30.04 Definition of "Writing" and "Original"

407

(1)

[A] "Writings" Defined

407

(1)

[B] "Originals" Defined

407

(1)

§ 30.05 Exception — Duplicates: FRE 1003 ("Xerox"™ Rule)

408

(2)

[A] "Duplicates" Defined

409

(1)

[B] Exceptions to Duplicate Rule

409

(1)

§ 30.06 Exception — Original Lost or Destroyed: FRE 1004(1)

410

(1)

§ 30.07 Exception — Original Not Obtainable: FRE 1004(2)

411

(1)

§ 30.08 Exception — Original in Opponent's Possession: FRE 1004(3)

411

(1)

§ 30.09 Exception — Collateral Matters: FRE 1004(4)

411

(1)

§ 30.10 Exception — Public Records: FRE 1005

412

(1)

§ 30.11 Exception — Summaries: FRE 1006

412

(2)

§ 30.12 Exception — Opponent Admission: FRE 1007

414

(1)

§ 30.13 Function of Judge and Jury: FRE 1008

415

(1)

§ 30.14 Degrees of Secondary Evidence

415

(1)

§ 30.15 Key Points

416

(3)

Part F: Hearsay

Chapter 31 HEARSAY RULE: FRE 801(a)-(c), 805, 806

419

(26)

§ 31.01 Overview of Article VIII

419

(1)

§ 31.02 Rationale for Hearsay Rule

420

(1)

§ 31.03 Hearsay Definitions

421

(1)

[A] Declarant-focused Definition

421

(1)

[B] Assertion-focused Definition

421

(1)

§ 31.04 "Declarant" Defined: FRE 801(b)

422

(1)

§ 31.05 "Out-of-court" (Extrajudicial) Requirement

422

(1)

§ 31.06 Statements Offered for Their Truth

423

(7)

[A] To Show Effect on Listener — Not Hearsay

424

(2)

[B] Verbal Acts — Not Hearsay

426

(1)

[C] Verbal Parts of Acts — Not Hearsay

427

(1)

[D] Prior Inconsistent Statements for Impeachment —Not Hearsay

428

(1)

[E] To Circumstantially Prove Declarant's State of Mind — Not Hearsay

429

(1)

[F] To Prove Personal Knowledge — Not Hearsay

429

(1)

§ 31.07 "Statement" Defined; "Implied Assertions" — FRE 801(a)

430

(5)

[A] Assertive Conduct

430

(1)

[B] Nonassertive Conduct

431

(15)

[1] Nonverbal and Verbal Nonassertive Conduct

434

(1)

[2] Silence

434

(1)

[3] Questions and Commands

434

(1)

§ 31.08 Constitutional Issues

435

(1)

§ 31.09 Procedural Issues

436

(1)

§ 31.10 Double Hearsay: FRE 805

436

(1)

§ 31.11 Calling Hearsay Declarants: FRE 806

437

(1)

§ 31.12 Impeachment of Declarants: FRE 806

437

(2)

§ 31.13 "Res Gestae"

439

(1)

§ 31.14 Key Points

440

(5)

Chapter 32 HEARSAY EXEMPTIONS: FRE 801(d)

445

(24)

§ 32.01 Introduction

445

(1)

§ 32.02 Prior Inconsistent Statements: FRE 801(d)(1)(A)

445

(1)

§ 32.03 Prior Consistent Statements: FRE 801(d)(1)(B)

446

(2)

[A] "Premotive" Requirement

447

(1)

[B] Rehabilitation

447

(1)

§ 32.04 Statements of Identification: FRE 801(d)(1)(C)

448

(2)

[A] Cross-examination Requirement

449

(1)

[B] Constitutional Requirements

449

(1)

§ 32.05 Admissions of Party-opponents: Overview

450

(1)

[A] Rationale

450

(1)

[B] Evidential and Judicial Admissions Distinguished

451

(1)

[C] Firsthand Knowledge and Opinion Rules

451

(1)

§ 32.06 Individual Admissions: FRE 801(d)(2)(A)

451

(2)

[A] Pleas of Guilty

452

(1)

[B] Confessions

452

(1)

[C] "Privity" Admissions

452

(1)

[D] "Declarations against Interest" Distinguished

453

(1)

§ 32.07 Adoptive Admissions: FRE 801(d)(2)(B)

453

(3)

[A] Adoption by Use

454

(1)

[B] Adoption by Silence

454

(1)

[C] Correspondence

455

(1)

§ 32.08 Authorized Admissions: FRE 801(d)(2)(C)

456

(1)

§ 32.09 Agent Admissions: FRE 801(d)(2)(D)

456

(4)

[A] Admissions by Police

458

(1)

[B] Admissions by Attorneys

459

(1)

[C] Admissions by Experts

460

(1)

§ 32.10 Co-conspirator Admissions: FRE 801(d)(2)(E)

460

(5)

[A] Proof of Conspiracy

462

(1)

[B] "During the Course" Requirement

462

(1)

[C] "In Furtherance" Requirement

463

(1)

[D] Procedure Issues

464

(1)

§ 32.11 Key Points

465

(4)

Chapter 33 HEARSAY EXCEPTIONS: FRE 803

469

(42)

§ 33.01 Introduction

469

(1)

§ 33.02 Rationale for Hearsay Exceptions

469

(1)

§ 33.03 Firsthand Knowledge and Opinion Rules

470

(1)

§ 33.04 Present Sense Impressions: FRE 803(1)

470

(2)

[A] Time Requirement

471

(1)

[B] Subject Matter Requirement

472

(1)

[C] Verification

472

(1)

§ 33.05 Excited Utterances: FRE 803(2)

472

(6)

[A] "Startling Event" Requirement

473

(1)

[B] "Under Stress" Requirement

474

(2)

[C] Declarants; "Unidentified" Declarants

476

(1)

[D] Subject Matter Requirement

477

(1)

[E] Present Sense Impressions Distinguished

477

(1)

§ 33.06 Present Mental Condition: FRE 803(3)

478

(5)

[A] To Prove a State of Mind that is a Material Fact

479

(1)

[B] To Prove Future Conduct: Hillmon Doctrine

480

(1)

[C] To Prove Past Conduct: Shepard v. United States

481

(2)

[1] Exception for Will Cases

482

(1)

§ 33.07 Present Physical Condition: FRE 803(3)

483

(1)

§ 33.08 Medical Treatment-Diagnosis: FRE 803(4)

483

(3)

[A] Subject Matter Requirement

484

(2)

[B] Statements to Nonphysician

486

(1)

§ 33.09 Recorded Recollection: FRE 803(5)

486

(3)

[A] Time Requirement

487

(1)

[B] Preparation Requirement; Joint Records

487

(1)

[C] Accuracy Requirement

488

(1)

[D] Memory Lapse Requirement

488

(1)

[E] Trial Use

488

(1)

§ 33.10 Business Records: FRE 803(6)

489

(5)

[A] Regular Practice; "Routine" Records

490

(1)

[B] Acts, Events, Conditions, Opinions, and Diagnoses

491

(1)

[C] Time Requirement

491

(1)

[D] Firsthand Knowledge

491

(1)

[E] Business Duty Requirement

492

(1)

[F] Lack of Trustworthiness Clause

493

(1)

[G] Foundation Requirements for Business Records

494

(1)

§ 33.11 Absence of Business Records: FRE 803(7)

494

(1)

§ 33.12 Public Records: FRE 803(8)

495

(5)

[A] Activities of Agency

496

(1)

[B] Matters Observed Per Legal Duty

496

(2)

[1] Police Records Exclusion

497

(1)

[2] Business Records

498

(1)

[3] Offered by Defense

498

(1)

[C] Investigative Reports

498

(2)

[D] Trustworthiness Clause

500

(1)

[E] Business Records Compared

500

(1)

§ 33.13 Absence of Public Records: FRE 803(10)

500

(1)

§ 33.14 Ancient Documents: FRE 803(16)

500

(1)

§ 33.15 Market Reports; Commercial Lists: FRE 803(17)

501

(1)

§ 33.16 Learned Treatises: FRE 803(18)

501

(1)

§ 33.17 Judgment of Previous Conviction: FRE 803(22)

502

(2)

§ 33.18 Other Exceptions

504

(1)

§ 33.19 Key Points

504

(7)

Chapter 34 HEARSAY EXCEPTIONS UNAVAILABLE DECLARANT: FRE 804

511

(22)

§ 34.01 Introduction

511

(1)

§ 34.02 Unavailability

511

(3)

[A] Claim of Privilege: FRE 804(a)(1)

512

(1)

[B] Refusal to Testify: FRE 804(a)(2)

512

(1)

[C] Lack of Memory: FRE 804(a)(3)

512

(1)

[D] Death or Illness: FRE 804(a)(4)

513

(1)

[E] Unable to Procure Testimony: FRE 804(a)(5)

513

(1)

§ 34.03 Former Testimony: FRE 804(b)(1)

514

(7)

[A] Type of Proceeding

515

(1)

[B] Opportunity to Examine

515

(1)

[C] "Against Whom" Requirement

516

(1)

[D] "Predecessor in Interest"

516

(2)

[E] "Similar Motive" Requirement

518

(2)

[F] Method of Proof

520

(1)

§ 34.04 Dying Declarations: FRE 804(b)(2)

521

(2)

[A] "Imminent Expectation of Death" Requirement

521

(1)

[B] Subject Matter Requirement

522

(1)

[C] Type of Case

522

(1)

§ 34.05 Statements against Interest: FRE 804(b)(3)

523

(5)

[A] "Against Interest" Requirement

524

(1)

[B] Declarations against Penal Interests

524

(2)

[1] Corroboration Requirement

525

(1)

[C] Collateral Statements

526

(1)

[D] Right of Confrontation

527

(1)

§ 34.06 Forfeiture by Wrongdoing: FRE 804(b)(6)

528

(1)

§ 34.07 Key Points

529

(4)

Chapter 35 RESIDUAL EXCEPTION: FRE 807

533

(6)

§ 35.01 Introduction

533

(1)

§ 35.02 Rationale

533

(1)

§ 35.03 "Equivalent Guarantee of Trustworthiness" Requirement

534

(2)

[A] "Near Miss" Issue

534

(1)

[B] Grand Jury Testimony

535

(1)

[C] Reliability Factors

535

(1)

§ 35.04 Best Available Evidence

536

(1)

§ 35.05 Notice

537

(1)

§ 35.06 Key Points

537

(2)

Chapter 36 RIGHT OF CONFRONTATION

539

(20)

§ 36.01 Introduction

539

(1)

§ 36.02 Right to be Present at Trial

539

(2)

[A] Forfeiture by Disruptive Behavior

540

(1)

[B] Forfeiture by Voluntary Absence

541

(1)

§ 36.03 Right to "Face-to-Face" Confrontation

541

(1)

§ 36.04 Right to Cross-examination

542

(3)

[A] Supreme Court Cases

543

(2)

[B] Fifth Amendment Conflicts

545

(1)

§ 36.05 Confrontation and Hearsay

545

(12)

[A] Available Declarant: Cross-examination at Trial

547

(1)

[B] Unavailable Declarant: Crawford v. Washington

547

(15)

[1] Scope of Crawford

550

(1)

[2] "Testimonial" Statements

551

(1)

[a] Definitions

551

(1)

[b] Types of Statements

552

(1)

[c] Hearsay Exceptions

554

(3)

[3] Nontestimonial Statements

557

(1)

§ 36.06 Key Points

557

(2)

Part G: Privileges

Chapter 37 PRIVILEGES: FRE 501

559

(12)

§ 37.01 Introduction

559

(1)

§ 37.02 Federal Rule 501

559

(3)

§ 37.03 Rationale for Privileges

562

(4)

[A] Instrumental Justification

563

(2)

[B] Privacy Rationale

565

(1)

§ 37.04 Source of Privileges

566

(1)

§ 37.05 Procedural Issues

566

(2)

[A] Standing to Assert and Waive Privileges

566

(1)

[B] Appeals

567

(1)

[C] Burden of Proof

567

(1)

[D] In Camera Inspection

567

(1)

[E] Comment on Exercise of a Privilege

568

(1)

§ 37.06 Choice of Law

568

(1)

§ 37.07 Key Points

569

(2)

Chapter 38 ATTORNEY-CLIENT PRIVILEGE

571

(26)

§ 38.01 Introduction

571

(1)

§ 38.02 Professional Responsibility Distinguished

572

(1)

§ 38.03 Holder

573

(1)

§ 38.04 Professional Relationship Requirement

573

(1)

§ 38.05 Communications Defined

574

(3)

[A] Documents

575

(1)

[B] Client Identity; Fee Arrangements

575

(1)

[C] Physical Evidence

576

(1)

[D] Attorney's Impressions of Client

577

(1)

§ 38.06 Confidentiality Requirement

577

(2)

[A] Presence of Third-parties

578

(1)

[B] Eavesdroppers

578

(1)

§ 38.07 Attorneys and Their Agents Defined

579

(3)

§ 38.08 Clients and Their Agents Defined

582

(2)

§ 38.09 Joint Defense Agreements

584

(1)

§ 38.10 Duration of the Privilege

584

(1)

§ 38.11 Exceptions

585

(3)

[A] Crime-Fraud Exception

585

(1)

[B] Joint Clients

586

(1)

[C] Breach of Duty by Attorney or Client

587

(1)

[D] Claimant through Same Deceased Client

587

(1)

[E] Document Attested by Lawyer

588

(1)

§ 38.12 Waiver

588

(3)

[A] Client's or Attorney's Testimony

588

(1)

[B] Placing the Communication in issue

589

(1)

[C] Voluntary Disclosure

589

(1)

[D] Inadvertent Waiver

590

(1)

§ 38.13 Procedural Issues

591

(1)

[A] Burden of Proof

591

(1)

[B] In Camera Hearings

591

(1)

§ 38.14 Work Product Privilege

591

(1)

§ 38.15 Key Points

592

(5)

Chapter 39 SPOUSAL AND FAMILY PRIVILEGES

597

(12)

§ 39.01 Introduction

597

(1)

§ 39.02 Spousal Testimonial Privilege

597

(4)

[A] Type of Case

598

(1)

[B] Scope and Duration of Privilege

598

(1)

[C] Holder

599

(1)

[D] Exceptions

600

(1)

[1] Crimes against Spouse or Child

600

(1)

[2] Joint Participation in Crime

600

(1)

[E] Waiver

601

(1)

[F] Procedural Issues

601

(1)

§ 39.03 Spousal Communication Privilege

601

(5)

[A] Type of Case

602

(1)

[B] Scope and Duration of Privilege

602

(1)

[C] Holder

603

(1)

[D] Communications and Acts

603

(1)

[E] Confidentiality

604

(1)

[F] Exceptions

605

(1)

[1] Crimes against Spouse or Child

605

(1)

[2] Joint Participation in Crime

605

(1)

[G] Waiver

605

(1)

§ 39.04 Parent-Child Privilege

606

(1)

§ 39.05 Key Points

607

(2)

Chapter 40 DOCTOR AND PSYCHOTHERAPIST PRIVILEGES

609

(12)

§ 40.01 Introduction

609

(1)

§ 40.02 Physician-Patient Privilege

609

(4)

[A] Holder

611

(1)

[B] Physician Defined

611

(1)

[C] Professional Relationship Requirement

611

(1)

[D] Communications

611

(1)

[E] Confidentiality

612

(1)

Exceptions

612

(1)

[G] Waiver

613

(1)

§ 40.03 Psychotherapist-Patient Privilege

613

(5)

[A] Holder

614

(1)

[B] Psychotherapist Defined

615

(1)

[C] Professional Relationship Requirement

615

(1)

[D] Communications

616

(1)

[E] Confidentiality

616

(1)

[F] Exceptions

616

(2)

[G] Waiver

618

(1)

[H] Procedural Issues

618

(1)

§ 40.04 Key Points

618

(3)

Chapter 41 OTHER PRIVATE PRIVILEGES

621

(8)

§ 41.01 Introduction

621

(1)

§ 41.02 Clergy-Penitent Privilege

621

(3)

§ 41.03 Journalist's Privilege

624

(2)

§ 41.04 Miscellaneous Privileges

626

(1)

§ 41.05 Key Points

626

(3)

Chapter 42 GOVERNMENTAL PRIVILEGES

629

(10)

§ 42.01 Introduction

629

(1)

§ 42.02 Informant's Privilege

629

(5)

[A] Holder

630

(1)

[B] Scope of Privilege

630

(1)

[C] Exceptions

630

(2)

[D] In Camera Proceedings

632

(1)

[E] Burden of Proof

633

(1)

[F] Supression Hearings

633

(1)

§ 42.03 Surveillance Location Privilege

634

(1)

§ 42.04 State Secrets and Executive Privilege

635

(1)

§ 42.05 Miscellaneous Governmental Privileges

636

(1)

§ 42.06 Key Points

637

(2)

Chapter 43 PRIVILEGE AGAINST SELF-INCRIMINATION

639

(12)

§ 43.01 Introduction

639

(1)

§ 43.02 "Compulsion" Requirement

639

(1)

§ 43.03 "Testimonial-Real" Evidence Distinction

640

(2)

§ 43.04 "Criminal Liability" Requirement

642

(2)

[A] Immunity

642

(2)

[1] Scope of Immunity

643

(1)

[2] Trial Use

643

(1)

§ 43.05 Accused's Privilege at Trial

644

(2)

[A] Comment Upon Failure to Testify

644

(2)

[B] Jury Instructions

646

(1)

§ 43.06 Other Witnesses Privilege at Trial

646

(2)

§ 43.07 Key Points

648

(3)

Part H: Substitutes for Evidence

Chapter 44 JUDICIAL NOTICE: FRE 201

651

(16)

§ 44.01 Introduction

651

(1)

§ 44.02 Adjudicative and Legislative Facts: FRE 201(a)

651

(3)

§ 44.03 Types of Facts Subject to Notice: FRE 201(b)

654

(5)

[A] Indisputability Requirement

654

(1)

[B] "Generally Known Facts"

655

(2)

[C] "Accurately and Readily Determinable" Facts

657

(2)

§ 44.04 Procedural Issues

659

(3)

[A] Discretionary and Mandatory Notice: FRE 201(c) and (d)

659

(1)

[B] Opportunity to be Heard: FRE 201(e)

659

(1)

[C] Time of Taking Judicial Notice: FRE 201(f)

660

(1)

[D] Jury Instructions: FRE 201(g)

661

(1)

§ 44.05 Criminal Cases

662

(1)

§ 44.06 Judicial Notice of Law

663

(1)

§ 44.07 Key Points

664

(3)

Chapter 45 STIPULATIONS

667

(6)

§ 45.01 Introduction

667

(1)

§ 45.02 Stipulations of Fact

668

(1)

§ 45.03 Stipulations of Expected Testimony

669

(1)

§ 45.04 Stipulations Concerning Procedural and Evidentiary Rules

670

(1)

§ 45.05 Enforceability of Stipulations

671

(1)

§ 45.06 Key Points

672

(1)

APPENDIX A FEDERAL RULES OF EVIDENCE

673

(34)

APPENDIX B TITLE 18 U.S.C. § 3509

707

(10)

APPENDIX C TITLE 18 U.S.C. § 3510

717

(2)

APPENDIX D TITLE 18 U.S.C. § 3771

719

(4)

APPENDIX E FRE PROPOSED AMENDMENTS

723

Table of Cases

TC-1

Index

I-1

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