Understanding Evidence

, by Giannelli, Paul C.

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ISBN: 9780820553030 | 0820553034
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 12/1/2002

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Supplemental Materials

Overview of Evidence Law

(16)

Introduction

(1)

Proof at Trial

(3)

Law of Evidence

(4)

Rules Governing the Content of Evidence

(1)

Relevance Rules

(1)

Competence Rules

(1)

Rules Based on Reliability Concerns

(1)

Rules Based on External Policies

(1)

Rules Governing Witnesses

(1)

Competency of Witnesses

(1)

Examination of Witnesses

(1)

Types of Witnesses

(1)

Lay Witnesses

(1)

Expert Witnesses

(1)

Credibility

(1)

Substitutes for Evidence

(1)

Federal Rules of Evidence

(2)

Drafting the Rules

(1)

Congressional Intervention

(1)

Amendment of the Rules

(1)

Structure of Federal Rules

(1)

State Adoptions of the Federal Rules

(1)

Interpreting the Federal Rules: The ``Plain Meaning'' Debate

(2)

Themes in the Federal Rules

(1)

Criminal & Civil Trials

(1)

Key Points

(2)

Roles of Judge & Jury: FRE 614

(6)

Introduction

(1)

Role of the Judge

(1)

Court-Called Witnesses

(1)

Court Questioning of Witnesses

(1)

Judicial Commenting on Evidence

(1)

Jury Questioning of Witnesses

(1)

Key Points

(1)

Part A: Procedural Framework of Trial

Stages of Trial

(20)

Introduction

(1)

Pretrial Stages: Civil Cases

(6)

Pleadings

(1)

Pretrial Conference

(1)

Discovery

(1)

Depositions

(1)

Experts

(1)

Requests for Admissions

(1)

Summary Judgment

(1)

Pretrial Stages: Criminal Cases

(5)

Charging Instruments

(1)

Preliminary Hearing

(1)

Grand Jury

(2)

Discovery

(1)

Jury Selection & Voir Dire

(1)

Order of Trial Proceedings

(6)

Opening Statement

(1)

Case-in-Chief

(1)

Rebuttal & Surrebuttal

(1)

Closing Argument

(3)

Jury Instructions

(1)

Jury Deliberation, Verdicts & Postrial Motions

(1)

Exhibits in Jury Room

(1)

Post-Verdict Hearings & Motions

(1)

Key Points

(1)

Burdens of Proof

(10)

Introduction

(1)

Allocation of Burdens

(1)

Burden of Persuasion

(5)

``Preponderance of Evidence'' Standard

(1)

``Clear & Convincing Evidence'' Standard

(1)

``Beyond a Reasonable Doubt'' Standard

(2)

Affirmative Defenses

(1)

Burden of Production

(3)

Directed Verdicts in Civil Cases

(1)

Directed Verdicts in Criminal Cases

(1)

Affirmative Defenses

(1)

Key Points

(1)

Presumptions & Inferences: Fre 301

(14)

Introduction

(1)

Definitions of Presumptions & Inferences

(1)

Rationale for Presumptions

(1)

Effect of Presumptions

(2)

Thayer Theory of Presumptions

(1)

Morgan Theory of Presumptions

(1)

Other Approaches

(1)

Federal Rule 301

(1)

Conflicting Presumptions

(1)

State Presumptions in Federal Civil Cases

(1)

Selected Presumptions

(1)

Criminal Presumptions

(4)

Criminal Presumptions Defined

(1)

Constitutionality of Criminal Presumptions

(3)

Key Points

(3)

Objections & Offers of Proof: FRE 103

(20)

Introduction

(1)

Objections: Rule 103(a)(1)

(5)

Specificity: Grounds

(1)

Specificity: Parts of Documents

(1)

``Continuing'' or ``Running'' Objections

(1)

Timeliness of Objections

(1)

Motions to Strike

(1)

``Connecting up''

(1)

Motions to Suppress

(1)

Depositions

(1)

Offers of Proof: Rule 103(a)(2)

(2)

Form of Offer of Proof

(1)

Exceptions to Offer-of-Proof Requirement

(1)

Motions in Limine

(2)

``Definitive'' Rulings

(1)

Motions to Suppress Compared

(1)

Required Testimony: Luce v. United States

(1)

``Drawing the Sting'': Ohler v. United States

(1)

Invited Error Rule

(1)

Meeting ``Fire with Fire''

(1)

Record of Offer & Ruling: FRE 103(b)

(1)

Hearings Out of the Jury's Presence: FRE 103(c)

(1)

Plain Error Rule: FRE 103(d)

(1)

Harmless Error

(1)

Appellate Review of Admissibility Decisions

(1)

Bench Trials

(1)

Common Law ``Exceptions'' to Evidence

(1)

Key Points

(3)

Preliminary Questions of Admissibility: FRE 104

(10)

Introduction

(1)

Preliminary Questions: General Rule: FRE 104(a)

(2)

Application of Evidence Rules

(1)

Burden of Proof on Preliminary Issues

(1)

Conditional Relevancy: FRE 104(b)

(3)

Hearing of Jury: FRE 104(c)

(1)

Confessions

(1)

Other Preliminary Matters

(1)

Testimony by Accused: FRE 104(d)

(1)

Scope of Cross-examination

(1)

Trial Use

(1)

Weight & Credibility: FRE 104(e)

(1)

Key Points

(3)

Limited Admissibility: FRE 105

(8)

Introduction

(1)

Evidence Admissible for One Purpose

(1)

Evidence Admissible Against One Party

(3)

Severance

(1)

Redaction

(1)

Codefendant's Testimony

100

(1)

Recognized Hearsay Exception

100

(1)

Other Bruton Issues

101

(1)

Restricting Evidence to its ``Proper Scope''

101

(1)

Procedural Issues

102

(1)

Mandatory & Discretionary Instructions

102

(1)

Timing of Instructions

102

(1)

Failure to Request Instructions

102

(1)

Effectiveness of Limiting Instructions

103

(1)

Key Points

104

(1)

Part B: Relevancy

Relevancy & Its Counterparts: FRE 401-403

105

(32)

Overview of Relevancy Rules

105

(1)

Consequential (``material'') Facts Defined

106

(2)

``Relevancy'' Defined

108

(6)

Admissibility vs. Sufficiency

110

(1)

Basis for Relevancy Determination

111

(1)

Direct & Circumstantial Evidence

111

(2)

``Inference upon Inference'' Rule

113

(1)

``Background'' Evidence

113

(1)

Admissibility of Relevant Evidence: Rule 402

114

(3)

United States Constitution

115

(1)

Federal Statutes

116

(1)

Other Procedural Rules

117

(1)

Rule 403 ``Balancing''

117

(8)

Estimating Probative Value

118

(1)

Rule 403 ``Dangers''

118

(1)

Unfair Prejudice

118

(1)

Confusion of Issues

119

(1)

Misleading the Jury

120

(1)

Surprise

121

(1)

Rule 403 ``Considerations''

121

(1)

Probative Value vs. Dangers & Considerations

122

(1)

Jury Instructions

122

(1)

Alternative Proof

123

(1)

Stipulations

123

(2)

Appellate Review

125

(1)

Similar Happenings; Other Accidents

125

(2)

Adverse Inferences

127

(3)

Admissions by Conduct --- Flight, Alias, etc.

127

(2)

Destruction of Evidence (spoliation)

129

(1)

Failure to Produce Evidence

129

(1)

``Missing Witness'' Rule

130

(1)

Out-of-Court Experiments

130

(1)

Demonstrative Evidence

131

(1)

Key Points

131

(6)

Character Evidence: FRE 404, 405, 412-15

137

(22)

Introduction

137

(1)

Rationale for Prohibiting Character Evidence

138

(1)

Methods of Proof: FRE 405

138

(2)

Reputation Evidence

139

(1)

Opinion Evidence

139

(1)

Specific Instances Reflecting Untruthful Conduct

140

(1)

Accused's Character: FRE 404(a)(1)

140

(5)

Pertinent Trait

142

(1)

Prosecution Rebuttal Character Evidence

142

(1)

Prosecution Cross-Examination

142

(2)

Self-Defense Cases

144

(1)

Accused's Character in Sex Offense Cases: FRE 413--15

145

(3)

Sex Offense Cases

145

(2)

Child Molestation Cases

147

(1)

Civil Suits

148

(1)

Victim's Character in Self-Defense Cases: FRE 404(a)(2)

148

(2)

Special Rule in Homicide Cases

149

(1)

``Communicated'' Character Distinguished

149

(1)

Rape Shield Law: FRE 412

150

(6)

Exception: Origin of Semen, Pregnancy or Disease

151

(1)

Exception: Past Sexual Activity with Accused

152

(1)

Exception: Constitutionally-Required

152

(3)

Procedure

155

(1)

Civil Cases

155

(1)

Character Evidence in Civil Cases

156

(1)

Character as Element of a Cause of Action or Defense

156

(1)

Key Points

157

(2)

Other Acts Evidence: FRE 404(b)

159

(16)

Introduction

159

(1)

Common Misconceptions

159

(1)

Rule 404(b) Analysis

160

(1)

Determining ``Materiality'' Under Rule 401

161

(4)

Proof of Identity; Modus Operandi

162

(1)

Proof of Mens Rea: Intent, Knowledge

163

(1)

Proof of Corpus Delicti

163

(1)

Interrelated Acts (``Res gestae'')

164

(1)

Determining Admissibility Under Rule 403

165

(2)

Disputed Issues

165

(1)

Stipulations

166

(1)

Jury Instructions

166

(1)

Accused's Participation in Other Act: FRE 104(b)

167

(1)

Others-act Evidence Offered by the Accused

168

(1)

Entrapment Cases

168

(1)

Notice Requirement

169

(1)

Double Jeopardy & Collateral Estoppel

170

(1)

Due Process

171

(1)

Other-acts Evidence in Civil Cases

172

(1)

Related Issues

172

(1)

Key Issues

172

(3)

Habit Evidence: FRE 406

175

(6)

Introduction

175

(1)

Habit & Character Distinguished

175

(2)

Routine Business Practices

177

(1)

Custom to Establish Standard of Care

178

(1)

Determining Admissibility under Rule 403

178

(1)

Methods of Proof

179

(1)

Key Points

179

(2)

Subsequent Remedial Measures: FRE 407

181

(8)

Introduction

181

(1)

Rationale

181

(1)

``Remedial Measures'' Defined

182

(1)

Timing of Remedial Measures

183

(1)

Third-Party Remedial Measures

183

(1)

Required Remedial Measures

184

(1)

Strict Liability Cases

184

(2)

Admissibility for Other Purposes

186

(2)

Ownership & Control

186

(1)

Feasibility of Precautionary Measures

187

(1)

Impeachment

187

(1)

Key Points

188

(1)

Compromises & Offers: FRE 408

189

(8)

Introduction

189

(1)

Rationale

189

(1)

Scope of Rule 408

190

(1)

Statements

190

(1)

Criminal Cases

190

(1)

``Dispute'' Requirement

191

(1)

Third-Party Compromises

192

(1)

Admissibility for Other Purposes

193

(1)

Bias

193

(1)

Obstruction of Justice

193

(1)

Prior Inconsistent Statements

194

(1)

Discovery

194

(1)

Key Points

195

(2)

Medical Payments: FRE 409

197

(2)

Introduction

197

(1)

Rationale

197

(1)

Admissibility for Other Purposes

198

(1)

Key Point

198

(1)

Criminal Pleas & Offers: FRE 410

199

(8)

Introduction

199

(1)

Withdrawn Guilty Pleas

199

(1)

Nolo Contendere Pleas

200

(1)

Criminal Rule 11 ``Voluntariness'' Statements

200

(1)

Plea Discussions

201

(2)

Statements to Police

201

(1)

Broken Agreements

202

(1)

Offered Against Prosecution

202

(1)

Admissibility Against Third Parties

203

(1)

Exceptions

203

(2)

Rule of Completeness

204

(1)

Perjury & False Statement Prosecutions

204

(1)

Impeachment

204

(1)

Waiver

205

(1)

Key Points

205

(2)

Insurance: FRE 411

207

(4)

Introduction

207

(1)

Rationale

207

(1)

Admissibility for Other Purposes

208

(1)

Ownership & Agency

208

(1)

Bias

208

(1)

Key Points

209

(2)

Part C: Witnesses

Witness Competency: FRE 601, 603, 605, 606

211

(14)

Introduction

211

(1)

Oath Requirement: FRE 603

212

(1)

Mental Competency

213

(1)

Ability to Communicate

214

(1)

Child Competency & Testimony

214

(3)

Close-Circuit Testimony

216

(1)

Videotape Depositions

217

(1)

Dead Man Statutes

217

(1)

Competency of Judge: FRE 605

218

(1)

Competency of Jurors: FRE 606

219

(2)

Juror as Witness

219

(1)

Impeachment of Verdicts & Indictments

219

(2)

Competency of Attorneys

221

(1)

Choice of Law

221

(1)

Key Points

222

(3)

Sequestration of Witnesses: FRE 615

225

(8)

Introduction

225

(1)

Exception: Parties

225

(1)

Exception: Designated Officers & Employees

226

(1)

Exception: Essential Persons

227

(1)

Exception: Crime Victims

228

(1)

Out-of-Court Separation of Witnesses

228

(1)

Out-of-Court Separation of Attorney & Client

229

(1)

Sanctions

229

(1)

Key Points

230

(3)

Examination of Witnesses: FRE 611

233

(10)

Introduction

233

(1)

Judicial Control of Trial

233

(2)

Harassment & Undue Embarrassment

234

(1)

Testimony in Narrative Form

235

(1)

Continuances

235

(1)

Leading Questions

235

(3)

Direct Examination

235

(1)

Exceptions

236

(1)

Cross-Examination

237

(1)

Scope of Cross-Examination

238

(1)

Redirect & Recross-Examination

239

(1)

Other Common Objections

239

(1)

Preparation (``Coaching'') of Witnesses

240

(1)

Key Points

240

(3)

Refreshing Recollection: FRE 612

243

(6)

Introduction

243

(1)

Rationale

243

(2)

Right of Inspection

245

(1)

Pretrial Refreshment

245

(1)

Jencks Act

245

(1)

Privileged Material; Work Product

246

(1)

Sanctions

246

(1)

Recorded Recollection Distinguished

247

(1)

Key Points

247

(2)

Witness Credibility: FRE 607-609, 613

249

(36)

Introduction

249

(2)

Stages of Credibility

249

(1)

Types of Impeachment

249

(1)

Extrinsic Evidence (``collateral matters'')

250

(1)

Prohibition on Bolstering

251

(2)

General Rule

251

(1)

Exceptions

251

(1)

Line-ups, Showups & Photo Displays

251

(1)

Fresh Complaints

251

(1)

Cooperation (Plea) Agreements

252

(1)

Impeachment of Own Witness: FRE 607

253

(1)

Problem: Prior Inconsistent Statements

254

(1)

Bias Impeachment

254

(4)

Right of Confrontation

256

(1)

Foundational Requirement

257

(1)

Extrinsic Evidence

257

(1)

Impeachment: Sensory & Mental Defects

258

(1)

Untruthful Character Impeachment: Overview

259

(1)

Untruthful Character --- Reputation & Opinion: FRE 608(a)

259

(1)

Untruthful Character --- Prior Conviction: FRE 609

260

(9)

Overview

260

(1)

Conviction Defined; Arrests; No-Contest Pleas

261

(1)

Rationale

261

(1)

Prior ``Felony'' Convictions of the Accused

262

(1)

Relevant Factors

263

(1)

Balancing of Factors

264

(1)

``Felony'' Convictions: Other Witnesses

264

(1)

Crimes of Dishonesty & False Statement (``crimen falsi'')

265

(1)

Ten-year Limit, FRE 609(b)

266

(1)

Pardon & Annulment, FRE 609(c)

267

(1)

Juvenile Adjudications, FRE 609(d)

267

(1)

Pendency of Appeal, FRE 609(e)

268

(1)

Methods of Proof

268

(1)

Motions in limine; Appeals

269

(1)

Unconstitutional Convictions

269

(1)

Untruthful Character --- Prior Acts: FRE 608(b)

269

(2)

Prior Inconsistent Statements: FRE 613

271

(6)

Hearsay Rule & Inconsistent Statements

271

(1)

Inconsistency Requirement

272

(1)

Foundational Requirements

273

(1)

Extrinsic Evidence; ``collateral matters''

274

(1)

Statements in Opinion Form

275

(1)

Prior Inconsistent Conduct

275

(1)

Impeachment by Silence

275

(1)

Constitutional Issues

276

(1)

Specific Contradiction

277

(1)

Learned Treatise

278

(1)

Religious Belief: FRE 610

278

(1)

Rehabilitation

278

(1)

Untruthful Character: FRE 608(a)(2)

279

(1)

Prior Consistent Statements

279

(1)

Key Points

279

(6)

Lay Witnesses: FRE 602 & 701

285

(10)

Introduction

285

(1)

Firsthand Knowledge Rule: FRE 602

285

(2)

Standard of Proof: Prima Facie

286

(1)

Relationship to Hearsay Rule

286

(1)

Opinion Rule: FRE 701

287

(6)

Overview

287

(2)

Common Law ``Fact-Opinion'' Formulation

289

(1)

Rule 701

290

(2)

Overlap Between Lay & Expert Opinions

292

(1)

Application to Out-of-Court Statements

292

(1)

Key Points

293

(2)

Expert Testimony: FRE 702, 704 & 706

295

(44)

Introduction

295

(1)

Subject Matter Requirement: An Overview

295

(1)

Subject Matter: Expertise Not Needed

296

(2)

Subject Matter: Reliability of Expert Evidence

298

(12)

Frye ``General Acceptance'' Test

300

(2)

Relevancy Approach

302

(1)

Daubert Reliability Test

302

(1)

Daubert Factors

303

(3)

Appellate Review

306

(1)

Technical Expertise

307

(1)

Procedural Issues

308

(1)

Impact of Daubert

309

(1)

Qualifications Requirement

310

(1)

Court-Appointed Experts: FRE 706

311

(1)

Right to Defense Experts

312

(2)

Polygraph Evidence

314

(2)

Hypnotic Evidence

316

(3)

Out-of-Court Hypnotic Statements

316

(1)

Hypnotically-Refreshed Testimony

316

(2)

Mental Condition Testimony

318

(1)

Fingerprint Evidence

319

(2)

Questioned Documents; Handwriting

321

(1)

DNA Profiling

322

(2)

DNA Technology

323

(1)

Admissibility

324

(1)

Eyewitness Identifications

324

(2)

Battered Woman Syndrome

326

(2)

Research

326

(1)

Admissibility

327

(1)

Rape Trauma Syndrome

328

(3)

Research

328

(1)

Admissibility

329

(2)

Child Sexual Abuse Accommodation Syndrome

331

(2)

Research

331

(1)

Admissibility

332

(1)

Ultimate Issue Rule: FRE 704

333

(3)

Mental States

334

(2)

Key Points

336

(3)

Bases of Expert Testimony: FRE 703 & 705

339

(12)

Introduction

339

(1)

Opinion Based on Personal Knowledge

340

(1)

Opinion Based on Admitted Evidence (``record facts'')

340

(3)

Hypothetical Questions

341

(2)

``Modified'' Hypothetical Questions

343

(1)

Opinion Based on Nonrecord Facts: ``Reasonable Reliance'' Requirement

343

(3)

Determining Admissibility: Judge's Role

344

(1)

Hearsay Use

345

(1)

Right of Confrontation

346

(1)

Expert Opinions & ``Background'' Hearsay

346

(1)

Opinion Based Upon Opinion

347

(1)

Key Points

348

(3)

Part D: Real & Demonstrative Evidence

Real & Demonstrative Evidence

351

(10)

Introduction

351

(1)

Real Evidence

351

(5)

Condition of Object

351

(1)

Readily Identifiable Objects: FRE 901(b)(4)

351

(1)

Chain of Custody: FRE 901(b)(1)

352

(1)

Length of Chain of Custody

353

(1)

Links in Chain of Custody

354

(1)

Standard of Proof

355

(1)

Charts, Models & Maps

356

(1)

In-Court Exhibitions

356

(1)

In-Court Demonstrations

357

(1)

Jury Views

357

(1)

Key Points

358

(3)

Photographs, Tapes & Voice Identifications

361

(14)

Introduction

361

(1)

Photographs

361

(3)

``Pictorial Communication'' Theory

361

(1)

``Silent Witness'' Theory

362

(1)

Posed Scenes

362

(1)

Digital Enhancement

363

(1)

Internet Downloading

363

(1)

Gruesome Photographs

363

(1)

Videotapes & Movies

364

(1)

Videotape Evidence

365

(1)

``Day-in-the-life'' Videotapes

365

(1)

Computer Animations & Simulations

365

(3)

Computer Animations

366

(1)

Computer Simulations

367

(1)

Voice Identification: FRE 901(b)(5)

368

(2)

Telephone Conversations: FRE 901(b)(6)

370

(1)

Outgoing Calls

370

(1)

Incoming Calls

370

(1)

Sound Recordings

371

(1)

Inaudibility

371

(1)

Transcripts

371

(1)

Key Points

372

(3)

Part E: Writings

Authentication of Writings: FRE 901-903

375

(12)

Introduction

375

(1)

General Rule

375

(1)

Standard of Proof: Prima Facie

376

(1)

Relationship with Civil Rules

376

(1)

Witness with Knowledge: FRE 901(b)(1)

376

(1)

Nonexpert Opinion on Handwriting: FRE 901(b)(2)

376

(1)

Comparison by Trier or Expert: FRE 901(b)(3)

377

(1)

Distinctive Characteristics: FRE 901(b)(4)

378

(1)

Reply Rule

378

(1)

Public Records & Reports: FRE 901(b)(7)

379

(1)

Ancient Documents: FRE 901(b)(8)

379

(1)

Process or System: FRE 901(b)(9)

380

(1)

Statute or Rule Methods: FRE 901(b)(10)

380

(1)

Self-Authenticating Documents: FRE 902

380

(5)

General Rule

380

(1)

Domestic Public Documents with Seal

380

(1)

Domestic Public Documents Without Seal

381

(1)

Foreign Public Documents

381

(1)

Certified Copies of Public Records

382

(1)

Official Publications

382

(1)

Newspapers & Periodicals

383

(1)

Trade Inscriptions & the Like

383

(1)

Acknowledged Documents

383

(1)

Commercial Paper & Related Documents

384

(1)

Presumptions Created by Law

384

(1)

Certified Domestic Business Records

384

(1)

Certified Foreign Business Records

384

(1)

Subscribing Witnesses: FRE 903

385

(1)

Key Points

385

(2)

Rule of Completeness: FRE 106

387

(4)

Introduction

387

(1)

Rationale

387

(1)

Oral Conversations

387

(1)

``Ought in fairness'' Standard

388

(1)

``Inadmissible Evidence'' Problem

389

(1)

Key Points

390

(1)

``Best Evidence'' Rule: FRE 1001-1008

391

(14)

Introduction

391

(1)

Rationale

391

(1)

Proving Contents

392

(2)

Written Events; Independent Events

392

(1)

Written Method of Proof

393

(1)

Related Issues

393

(1)

Definition of ``Writing'' & ``Original''

394

(2)

``Writings'' Defined

394

(1)

``Originals'' Defined

395

(1)

Exception --- Duplicates: FRE 1003 (``Xerox'' Rule)

396

(1)

``Duplicates'' Defined

396

(1)

Exceptions to Duplicate Rule

396

(1)

Exception --- Original Lost or Destroyed: FRE 1004(1)

397

(1)

Exception --- Original Not Obtainable: FRE 1004(2)

398

(1)

Exception --- Original in Opponent's Possession: FRE 1004(3)

398

(1)

Exception --- Collateral Matters: FRE 1004(4)

399

(1)

Exception --- Public Records: FRE 1005

399

(1)

Exception --- Summaries: FRE 1006

400

(1)

Exception --- Opponent Admission: FRE 1007

401

(1)

Function of Judge & Jury: FRE 1008

402

(1)

Degrees of Secondary Evidence

402

(1)

Key Points

403

(2)

Part F: Hearsay

Hearsay Rule: FRE 801(a)-(c), 805, 806

405

(24)

Overview of Article VIII

405

(1)

Rationale for Hearsay Rule

406

(1)

Hearsay Definitions

407

(1)

Declarant-focused Definition

407

(1)

Assertion-focused Definition

407

(1)

``Declarant'' Defined: FRE 801(b)

408

(1)

``Out-of-Court'' (extrajudicial) Requirement

408

(1)

Statements Offered for Their Truth

409

(6)

To Show Effect on Listener

409

(2)

Verbal Acts

411

(1)

Verbal Parts of Acts

412

(1)

Prior Inconsistent Statements for Impeachment

413

(1)

To Circumstantially Prove Declarant's State of Mind

413

(1)

To Prove Personal Knowledge

414

(1)

``Statement'' Defined; ``Implied Assertions'' --- FRE 801(a)

415

(5)

Assertive Conduct

415

(1)

Nonassertive Conduct

415

(2)

Nonverbal & Verbal Conduct

417

(1)

Intent-Based Definition

418

(1)

Silence

419

(1)

Questions

419

(1)

Constitutional Issues

420

(1)

Procedural Issues

420

(1)

Double Hearsay: FRE 805

421

(1)

Calling Hearsay Declarants: FRE 806

421

(1)

Impeachment of Declarants: FRE 806

422

(2)

``Res Gestae''

424

(1)

Key Points

424

(5)

Hearsay Exemptions: FRE 801(d)

429

(22)

Introduction

429

(1)

Prior Inconsistent Statements: FRE 801(d)(1)(A)

429

(1)

Prior Consistent Statements: FRE 801(d)(1)(B)

430

(2)

``Premotive'' Requirement

431

(1)

Rehabilitation

431

(1)

Statements of Identification: FRE 801(d)(1)(C)

432

(1)

Cross-examination Requirement

433

(1)

Constitutional Requirements

433

(1)

Admissions of Party-Opponents: Overview

433

(2)

Rationale

434

(1)

Evidential & Judicial Admissions Distinguished

434

(1)

Firsthand Knowledge & Opinion Rules

435

(1)

Individual Admissions: FRE 801(d)(2)(A)

435

(2)

Pleas of Guilty

435

(1)

Confessions

436

(1)

``Privity'' Admissions

436

(1)

``Declarations Against Interest'' Distinguished

436

(1)

Adoptive Admissions: FRE 801(d)(2)(B)

437

(2)

Adoption by Use

437

(1)

Adoption by Silence

438

(1)

Correspondence

438

(1)

Authorized Admissions: FRE 801(d)(2)(C)

439

(1)

Agent Admissions: FRE 801(d)(2)(D)

440

(3)

Admissions by Police

441

(1)

Admissions by Attorneys

441

(2)

Admissions by Experts

443

(1)

Coconspirator Admissions: FRE 801(d)(2)(E)

443

(4)

Proof of Conspiracy

444

(1)

``During the Course'' Requirement

445

(1)

``In Furtherance'' Requirement

446

(1)

Procedure Issues

446

(1)

Key Points

447

(4)

Hearsay Exceptions: FRE 803

451

(40)

Introduction

451

(1)

Rationale for Hearsay Exceptions

451

(1)

Firsthand Knowledge & Opinion Rules

452

(1)

Present Sense Impressions: FRE 803(1)

452

(2)

Time Requirement

453

(1)

Subject Matter Requirement

454

(1)

Verification

454

(1)

Excited Utterances: FRE 803(2)

454

(5)

``Startling Event'' Requirement

455

(1)

``Under Stress'' Requirement

456

(1)

Declarants; ``Unidentified'' Declarants

457

(1)

Subject Matter Requirement

458

(1)

Present Sense Impressions Distinguished

458

(1)

Present Mental Condition: FRE 803(3)

459

(5)

To Prove a State of Mind that is a Material Fact

460

(1)

To Prove Future Conduct: Hillmon Doctrine

460

(2)

To Prove Past Conduct, Shepard v. United States

462

(1)

Exception for Will Cases

463

(1)

Present Physical Condition: FRE 803(3)

464

(1)

Medical Treatment-Diagnosis: FRE 803(4)

464

(3)

Subject Matter Requirement

465

(2)

Statements to Nonphysicians

467

(1)

Recorded Recollection: FRE 803(5)

467

(2)

Time Requirement

468

(1)

Preparation Requirement; Joint Records

468

(1)

Accuracy Requirement

469

(1)

Memory Lapse Requirement

469

(1)

Trial Use

469

(1)

Business Records: FRE 803(6)

469

(6)

Regular Practice; ``Routine'' Records

471

(1)

Events, Opinions & Diagnoses

471

(1)

Time Requirement

471

(1)

Firsthand Knowledge

471

(1)

Business Duty Requirement

472

(1)

Lack of Trustworthiness Clause

473

(1)

Foundation Requirements for Business Records

474

(1)

Absence of Business Records: FRE 803(7)

475

(1)

Public Records: FRE 803(8)

475

(5)

Activities of Agency

476

(1)

Matters Observed Per Legal Duty

476

(1)

Police Records Exclusion

477

(1)

Business Records

478

(1)

Offered by Defense

478

(1)

Investigative Reports

479

(1)

Trustworthiness Clause

480

(1)

Business Records Compared

480

(1)

Absence of Public Records: FRE 803(10)

480

(1)

Ancient Documents: FRE 803(16)

480

(1)

Market Reports; Commercial Lists: FRE 803(17)

481

(1)

Learned Treatises: FRE 803(18)

481

(1)

Judgment of Previous Conviction: FRE 803(22)

482

(1)

Other Exceptions

483

(1)

Key Points

484

(7)

Hearsay Exceptions --- Unavailable Declarant: FRE 804

491

(22)

Introduction

491

(1)

Unavailability

491

(3)

Claim of Privilege: FRE 804(a)(1)

492

(1)

Refusal to Testify: FRE 804(a)(2)

492

(1)

Lack of Memory: FRE 804(a)(3)

492

(1)

Death or Illness: FRE 804(a)(4)

493

(1)

Unable to Procure Testimony: FRE 804(a)(5)

493

(1)

Former Testimony: FRE 804(b)(1)

494

(6)

Type of Proceeding

495

(1)

Opportunity to Examine

495

(1)

``Against Whom'' Requirement

496

(1)

``Predecessor in Interest''

496

(2)

Similar Motive Requirement

498

(2)

Method of Proof

500

(1)

Dying Declarations: FRE 804(b)(2)

500

(2)

``Imminent Expectation of Death'' Requirement

501

(1)

Subject Matter Requirement

501

(1)

Type of Case

502

(1)

Statements Against Interest: FRE 804(b)(3)

502

(5)

``Against Interest'' Requirement

503

(1)

Declarations Against Penal Interests

503

(1)

Corroboration Requirement

504

(1)

Collateral Statements

505

(2)

Right of Confrontation

507

(1)

Forfeiture by Wrongdoing: FRE 804(b)(6)

507

(2)

Key Points

509

(4)

Residual Exception: FRE 807

513

(6)

Introduction

513

(1)

Rationale

513

(1)

``Equivalent Guarantee of Trustworthiness'' Requirement

514

(2)

``Near Miss'' Issue

515

(1)

Grand Jury Testimony

515

(1)

Reliability Factors

516

(1)

Key Points

516

(3)

Right of Confrontation

519

(18)

Introduction

519

(1)

Right to be Present at Trial

519

(2)

Forfeiture by Disruptive Behavior

520

(1)

Forfeiture by Voluntary Absence

521

(1)

Right to ``Face-to-Face'' Confrontation

521

(1)

Right to Cross-Examination

522

(3)

Supreme Court Cases

523

(2)

Fifth Amendment Conflicts

525

(1)

Confrontation & Hearsay

525

(9)

Available Declarant: Cross-Examination at Trial

527

(1)

Unavailable Declarants: Two-pronged Test

528

(1)

Reliability Requirement

528

(1)

``Firmly Rooted'' Exceptions

528

(2)

Particularized Guarantees of Trustworthiness

530

(1)

Unavailability Requirement

531

(2)

Summary

533

(1)

Key Points

534

(3)

Privileges: FRE 501

537

(12)

Introduction

537

(1)

Federal Rule 501

537

(3)

Rationale for Privileges

540

(4)

Instrumental Justification

541

(2)

Privacy Rationale

543

(1)

Source of Privileges

544

(1)

Procedural Issues

544

(2)

Standing to Assert & Waive Privileges

544

(1)

Appeals

545

(1)

Burden of Proof

545

(1)

In Camera Inspection

545

(1)

Comment on Exercise of a Privilege

546

(1)

Choice of Law

546

(1)

Key Points

547

(2)

Part G: Privileges

Attorney-Client Privilege

549

(24)

Introduction

549

(1)

Professional Responsibility Distinguished

550

(1)

Holder

551

(1)

Professional Relationship Requirement

551

(1)

Communications Defined

552

(3)

Documents

553

(1)

Client Identity; Fee Arrangements

553

(1)

Physical Evidence

554

(1)

Confidentiality Requirement

555

(1)

Presence of Third-Parties

555

(1)

Eavesdroppers

556

(1)

Attorneys & Their Agents Defined

556

(3)

Clients & Their Agents Defined

559

(2)

Joint Defense Agreements

561

(1)

Duration of the Privilege

561

(1)

Exceptions

562

(2)

Crime-Fraud Exception

562

(1)

Joint Clients

563

(1)

Breach of Duty by Attorney or Client

563

(1)

Claimant Through Same Deceased Client

564

(1)

Document Attested by Lawyer

564

(1)

Waiver

564

(3)

Client's or Attorney's Testimony

565

(1)

Putting the Communication in Issue

565

(1)

Voluntary Disclosure

565

(1)

Inadvertent Waiver

566

(1)

Procedural Issues

567

(1)

Burden of Proof

567

(1)

In Camera Hearings

567

(1)

Work Product Privilege

567

(1)

Key Points

568

(5)

Spousal & Family Privileges

573

(10)

Introduction

573

(1)

Spousal Testimonial Privilege

573

(4)

Type of Case

574

(1)

Scope & Duration of Privilege

574

(1)

Holder

575

(1)

Exceptions

576

(1)

Crimes Against Spouse or Child

576

(1)

Joint Participation in Crime

576

(1)

Waiver

577

(1)

Procedural Issues

577

(1)

Spousal Communication Privilege

577

(4)

Type of Case

578

(1)

Scope & Duration of Privilege

578

(1)

Holder

579

(1)

Communications & Acts

579

(1)

Confidentiality

580

(1)

Exceptions

580

(1)

Crimes Against Spouse or Child

580

(1)

Joint Participation in Crime

581

(1)

Waiver

581

(1)

Parent-Child Privilege

581

(1)

Key Points

582

(1)

Doctor & Psychotherapist Privileges

583

(12)

Introduction

583

(1)

Physician-Patient Privilege

583

(4)

Holder

584

(1)

Physician Defined

585

(1)

Professional Relationship Requirement

585

(1)

Communications

585

(1)

Confidentiality

586

(1)

Exceptions

586

(1)

Waiver

586

(1)

Psychotherapist-Patient Privilege

587

(5)

Holder

588

(1)

Psychotherapist Defined

588

(1)

Professional Relationship Requirement

589

(1)

Communications

589

(1)

Confidentiality

590

(1)

Exceptions

590

(1)

Waiver

591

(1)

Procedural Issues

592

(1)

Key Points

592

(3)

Other Private Privileges

595

(6)

Introduction

595

(1)

Clergy-Penitent Privilege

595

(3)

Journalist's Privilege

598

(2)

Miscellaneous Privileges

600

(1)

Key Points

600

(1)

Governmental Privileges

601

(10)

Introduction

601

(1)

Informant's Privilege

601

(5)

Holder

602

(1)

Scope of Privilege

602

(1)

Exceptions

602

(2)

In Camera Proceedings

604

(1)

Burden of Proof

605

(1)

Suppression Hearings

605

(1)

Surveillance Location Privilege

606

(1)

State Secrets & Executive Privilege

607

(1)

Miscellaneous Governmental Privileges

608

(1)

Key Points

608

(3)

Privilege Against Self-Incrimination

611

(10)

Introduction

611

(1)

``Compulsion'' Requirement

611

(1)

``Criminal Liability'' Requirement

611

(3)

Civil Trials & Other Proceedings

612

(1)

Immunity

612

(1)

Scope of Immunity

612

(1)

Trial Use

613

(1)

``Testimonial-Real'' Evidence Distinction

614

(2)

Accused's Privilege at Trial

616

(2)

Comment Upon Failure to Testify

617

(1)

Jury Instructions

618

(1)

Other Witness's Privilege

618

(1)

Key Points

619

(2)

Part H: Substitutes for Evidence

Judicial Notice: FRE 201

621

(14)

Introduction

621

(1)

Adjudicative & Legislative Facts: FRE 201(a)

621

(2)

Types of Facts Subject to Notice: FRE 201(b)

623

(5)

Indisputability Requirement

624

(1)

``Generally Known Facts''

625

(2)

``Accurately & Readily Determinable'' Facts

627

(1)

Procedural Issues

628

(3)

Discretionary & Mandatory Notice: FRE 201(c) & (d)

628

(1)

Opportunity to be Heard: FRE 201(e)

629

(1)

Time of Taking Judicial Notice: FRE 201(f)

630

(1)

Jury Instructions: FRE 201(g)

630

(1)

Criminal Cases

631

(1)

Judicial Notice of Law

632

(1)

Key Points

633

(2)

Stipulations

635

(6)

Introduction

635

(1)

Stipulations of Fact

636

(2)

Stipulations of Expected Testimony

638

(1)

Stipulations Concerning Procedural & Evidentiary Rules

638

(1)

Enforceability of Stipulations

639

(1)

Key Points

640

(1)

Appendix A Federal Rules of Evidence

641

(32)

Rule 101. Scope

641

(1)

Rule 102. Purpose and Construction

641

(1)

Rule 103. Rulings on Evidence

641

(1)

Rule 104. Preliminary Questions

642

(1)

Rule 105. Limited Admissibility

642

(1)

Rule 106. Remainder of or Related Writings or Recorded Statements

642

(1)

Rule 201. Judicial Notice of Adjudicative Facts

643

(1)

Rule 301. Presumptions in General in Civil Actions and Proceedings

643

(1)

Rule 302. Applicability of State Law in Civil Actions and Proceedings

644

(1)

Rule 401. Definition of ``Relevant Evidence''

644

(1)

Rule 402. Relevant Evidence Generally Admissible; Irrelevant Evidence Inadmissible

644

(1)

Rule 403. Exclusion of Relevant Evidence on Grounds of Prejudice, Confusion, or Waste of Time

644

(1)

Rule 404. Character Evidence Not Admissible To Prove Conduct; Exceptions; Other Crimes

644

(1)

Rule 405. Methods of Proving Character

645

(1)

Rule 406. Habit; Routine Practice

645

(1)

Rule 407. Subsequent Remedial Measures

645

(1)

Rule 408. Compromise and Offers to Compromise

646

(1)

Rule 409. Payment of Medical and Similar Expenses

646

(1)

Rule 410. Inadmissibility of Pleas, Plea Discussions, and Related Statements

646

(1)

Rule 411. Liability Insurance

647

(1)

Rule 412. Sex Offense Cases; Relevance of Alleged Victim's Past Sexual Behavior or Alleged Sexual Predisposition

647

(1)

Rule 413. Evidence of Similar Crimes in Sexual Assault Cases

648

(1)

Rule 414. Evidence of Similar Crimes in Child Molestation Cases

648

(1)

Rule 415. Evidence of Similar Acts in Civil Cases Concerning Sexual Assault or Child Molestation

649

(1)

Rule 501. General Rule

650

(1)

Rule 601. General Rule of Competency

650

(1)

Rule 602. Lack of Personal Knowledge

650

(1)

Rule 603. Oath or Affirmation

650

(1)

Rule 604. Interpreters

650

(1)

Rule 605. Competency of Judge as Witness

651

(1)

Rule 606. Competency of Juror as Witness

651

(1)

Rule 607. Who May Impeach

651

(1)

Rule 608. Evidence of Character and Conduct of Witness

651

(1)

Rule 609. Impeachment by Evidence of Conviction of Crime

652

(1)

Rule 610. Religious Beliefs or Opinions

653

(1)

Rule 611. Mode and Order of Interrogation and Presentation

653

(1)

Rule 612. Writing Used To Refresh Memory

653

(1)

Rule 613. Prior Statements of Witnesses

654

(1)

Rule 614. Calling and Interrogation of Witnesses by Court

654

(1)

Rule 615. Exclusion of Witnesses

655

(1)

Rule 701. Opinion Testimony by Lay Witnesses

655

(1)

Rule 702. Testimony by Experts

655

(1)

Rule 703. Bases of Opinion Testimony by Experts

655

(1)

Rule 704. Opinion on Ultimate Issue

656

(1)

Rule 705. Disclosure of Facts or Data Underlying Expert Opinion

656

(1)

Rule 706. Court Appointed Experts

656

(1)

Rule 801. Definitions

657

(1)

Rule 802. Hearsay Rule

658

(1)

Rule 803. Hearsay Exceptions; Availability of Declarant Immaterial

658

(3)

Rule 804. Hearsay Exceptions; Declarant Unavailable

661

(1)

Rule 805. Hearsay Within Hearsay

662

(1)

Rule 806. Attacking and Supporting Credibility of Declarant

662

(1)

Rule 807. Residual Exception

663

(1)

Rule 901. Requirement of Authentication or Identification

663

(1)

Rule 902. Self-authentication

664

(2)

Rule 903. Subscribing Witness' Testimony Unnecessary

666

(1)

Rule 1001. Definitions

666

(1)

Rule 1002. Requirement of Original

667

(1)

Rule 1003. Admissibility of Duplicates

667

(1)

Rule 1004. Admissibility of Other Evidence of Contents

667

(1)

Rule 1005. Public Records

668

(1)

Rule 1006. Summaries

668

(1)

Rule 1007. Testimony or Written Admission of Party

668

(1)

Rule 1008. Functions of Court and Jury

668

(1)

Rule 1101. Applicability of Rules

668

(2)

Rule 1102. Amendments

670

(1)

Rule 1103. Title

670

(1)

§ 2072. Rules of procedure and evidence; power to prescribe

670

(1)

§ 2073 Rules of procedure and evidence; method of prescribing

671

(1)

§ 2074 Rules of procedure and evidence; submission to Congress; effective date

672

(1)

Appendix B Title 18 U.S.C. § 3509

673

(10)

§ 3509 Child victims' and child witnesses' rights

673

(10)

Appendix C TITLE 18 U.S.C. § 3510

683

(2)

§ 3510 Rights of victims to attend and observe trial

683

(2)

Appendix D Title 42 U.S.C. § 10606

685

(1)

§ 10606 Victims' rights

685

Table of Cases

(1)

Index

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