Understanding Generalist Practice With Socialworknow? And Infotrac

, by Kirst-Ashman, Karen K.; Hull, Jr., Grafton H.

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ISBN: 9780495171812 | 0495171816
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 2/15/2006

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In this top-selling, respected, and insightful book, Karen Kirst-Ashman and Grafton Hull, Jr., help you build the knowledge and skills you need to work effectively with individuals, groups, and organizations. You'll explore the links between these various levels of social work practice-micro, mezzo, and macro-through insightful case examples and hands-on applications. Empowerment, the strengths perspective, and planned change are a focus of coverage throughout, providing you with the information and resources that will put you on the path to a rewarding career. Book jacket.

Preface	p. xvii
Introducing Generalist Practice: The Generalist Intervention Model	p. 2
Introducing Generalist Practice	p. 4
The Uniqueness of Social Work	p. 5
Defining Generalist Practice	p. 7
Defining Generalist Practice: An Eclectic Knowledge Base	p. 9
Defining Generalist Practice: Emphasis on Client Empowerment	p. 21
Defining Generalist Practice: Application of a Wide Range of Skills to Target Systems of Any Size	p. 22
Defining Generalist Practice: Working in an Organizational Structure under Supervision	p. 25
Defining Generalist Practice: A Wide Range of Roles	p. 25
Defining Generalist Practice: Critical Thinking Skills	p. 25
Defining Generalist Practice: Planned Change	p. 26
The Generalist Intervention Model (GIM)	p. 26
Planned Change Steps in GIM	p. 29
Other Practical Generalist Skills: A Perspective on the Rest of the Text	p. 38
InfoTrac Exercises	p. 38
On the Internet	p. 39
Micro Practice Skills: Working with Individuals	p. 40
Introduction	p. 42
Micro Skills and the Generalist Intervention Model (GIM)	p. 42
Interviewing: A Key Micro Skill	p. 43
Beginning the Worker-Client Relationship	p. 44
Verbal and Nonverbal Behavior	p. 44
Eye Contact	p. 44
Attentive Listening	p. 45
Facial Expressions	p. 46
Body Positioning	p. 46
Warmth, Empathy, and Genuineness	p. 47
Warmth	p. 47
Empathy	p. 48
Genuineness	p. 50
Client Self-Determination and Empowerment	p. 51
Starting the Interview	p. 51
The Interview Setting	p. 52
How to Dress for the Interview and for the Job	p. 52
Thinking Ahead about an Interview with a Client	p. 52
Initial Introductions	p. 53
Alleviating the Client's Anxiety	p. 53
Portraying Confidence and Competence	p. 53
Beginning Statement of Purpose and Role	p. 54
Conducting the Interview	p. 55
Verbal Responses to the Client	p. 55
Overlap of Techniques	p. 64
Interviewing, Specific Techniques, and the Planned Change Process	p. 64
Critical Thinking: Challenges in Interviewing	p. 64
Dealing with Diversity: Cross-Cultural Awareness in Interviewing	p. 64
Silence in the Interview	p. 67
Confronting Clients	p. 69
Involuntary Clients	p. 70
Suspicion of Untruth	p. 72
Terminating the Interview	p. 74
Using Micro Practice Skills in Multiple Roles	p. 75
InfoTrac Exercises	p. 75
On the Internet	p. 75
Mezzo Practice Skills: Working with Groups	p. 76
Introduction	p. 78
Benefits of Groups	p. 78
Mutual Assistance	p. 78
Connections	p. 78
Testing	p. 79
Goal Achievement	p. 79
Types of Groups	p. 79
Task Groups	p. 79
Treatment Groups	p. 81
Worker Roles in Groups	p. 84
Broker	p. 84
Mediator	p. 85
Educator	p. 85
Facilitator	p. 85
Basic Group Dynamics	p. 85
Group Development	p. 85
Group Culture, Norms, and Power	p. 86
Group Size and Composition	p. 88
Duration	p. 89
Decision Making in Groups	p. 89
Group Fuctions and Roles	p. 94
Micro Skills in Groups	p. 96
Groups and the Generalist Intervention Model (GIM)	p. 97
Task and Treatment-Group Skills	p. 98
Conflict Resolution	p. 98
Modeling and Coaching	p. 100
Team Building	p. 101
Confrontation	p. 102
Consultation	p. 103
Coordination	p. 103
Using Structure	p. 104
InfoTrac Exercises	p. 104
On the Internet	p. 104
Macro Practice Skills: Working with Organizations and Communities	p. 106
Introduction	p. 108
Defining Macro Practice	p. 108
The Organizational Context of Social Work Practice	p. 109
Professional-Organizational Conflicts	p. 109
Limitations and Risk Assessment	p. 110
Theoretical Base for Organizational and Community Change	p. 111
Social Reform	p. 113
Social Action	p. 114
Cause Advocacy	p. 114
Case Advocacy	p. 114
Micro Skills for Organizational and Community Change	p. 115
Mezzo Skills for Organizational and Community Change	p. 116
Macro Skills for Organizational and Community Change	p. 117
Evaluating Outcomes	p. 117
Fund-Raising	p. 118
Budgeting	p. 119
Negotiating	p. 122
Mediating	p. 122
Influencing Decision Makers	p. 123
Needs Assessment	p. 128
Planning	p. 130
Working with Coalitions	p. 130
Worker Roles in Organizational and Community Change	p. 132
Initiator	p. 132
Negotiator	p. 132
Advocate	p. 132
Spokesperson	p. 132
Organizer	p. 133
Mediator	p. 133
Consultant	p. 133
Generalist Intervention Model (GIM) in Macro Practice	p. 134
InfoTrac Exercises	p. 135
On the Internet	p. 135
Engagement and Assessment in Generalist Practice	p. 136
Introduction	p. 138
Engagement	p. 138
Greeting the Client	p. 139
Demonstrating Effective Attending Skills	p. 139
Discussing Agency Services and Client Expectations	p. 140
Deciding If the Agency and Worker Can Help	p. 140
Offering Agency and Worker Services to the Client	p. 140
Orienting the Client to the Helping Process	p. 141
Completing Required Paperwork	p. 141
Assessment	p. 142
How to Approach Assessment	p. 143
Goals of Assessment	p. 147
Assessment from a Micro Practice Perspective	p. 147
Family Assessment	p. 156
Assessment in Mezzo Practice: Assessing Groups	p. 166
Assessment in Macro Practice	p. 174
Assessment, Client Empowerment, and Strengths	p. 178
InfoTrac Exercises	p. 178
On the Internet	p. 178
Planning in Generalist Practice	p. 180
Introduction	p. 182
Steps in the Planning Process	p. 182
Work with Your Client(s)	p. 182
Prioritize Problems-Which Problem Should You Work on First?	p. 182
Translate Problems into Needs	p. 185
Evaluate Levels of Intervention-Selecting a Strategy	p. 186
Establish Goals	p. 188
Specify Objectives	p. 189
Specify Action Steps	p. 192
Formalize a Contract	p. 192
Planning in Mezzo Practice	p. 199
The Complexity of Setting Objectives in Mezzo Practice	p. 199
Contracts in Mezzo Practice	p. 204
Planning in Macro Practice	p. 204
An Approach to Program Planning	p. 204
InfoTrac Exercises	p. 208
On the Internet	p. 209
Implementation Applications	p. 210
Introduction	p. 212
Child Maltreatment and Protective Services	p. 213
Family Preservation Philosophy: Empowering Families	p. 213
The Generalist Intervention Model: Engagement	p. 219
The Generalist Intervention Model: Assessment	p. 220
The Generalist Intervention Model: Planning	p. 222
The Generalist Intervention Model: Implementation	p. 223
The Generalist Intervention Model: Evaluation, Termination, and Follow-Up	p. 223
Empowerment, Child Maltreatment, and Mezzo Practice	p. 223
Empowerment, Child Maltreatment, and Macro Practice	p. 223
Crisis Intervention	p. 224
The Crisis Process	p. 224
Steps in Crisis Intervention	p. 224
A Case Example of Crisis Intervention in Micro Practice	p. 227
Crisis Intervention at the Mezzo Level	p. 230
Crisis Intervention at the Macro Level	p. 231
Practice Issues with Populations-at-Risk	p. 231
Generalist Practice, Empowerment, and the Elderly	p. 231
Generalist Practice, Empowerment, and People Having Other National Origins	p. 235
Alcohol and Other Substance Abuse	p. 236
People with Alcohol Problems	p. 240
Alcoholism and Family Relationships	p. 242
The Effects of Alcoholic Parents on Their Children	p. 243
Your Role in Intervention with Alcoholics	p. 244
Treatment Approaches for Alcoholism	p. 244
Other Issues	p. 247
Empowerment at the Mezzo Level	p. 248
Empowerment at the Macro Level	p. 248
InfoTrac Exercises	p. 250
On the Internet	p. 250
Evaluation, Termination, and Follow-Up in Generalist Practice	p. 252
Introduction	p. 254
Evaluating Social Work Practice	p. 255
Definition and Purposes of Evaluation	p. 255
External Factors in Evaluation	p. 256
Obstacles to Evaluation	p. 257
The Evaluation Process	p. 258
Evaluation Designs for Generalist Practice	p. 263
Single-Subject Designs	p. 263
Goal-Attainment Scaling	p. 266
Task-Achievement Scaling	p. 267
Client Satisfaction Questionnaires	p. 269
Target-Problem Scaling	p. 270
Evaluation Designs for Programs	p. 271
Needs Assessments	p. 271
Evaluability Assessments	p. 271
Process Analysis	p. 271
Program Outcome Analysis	p. 272
Continuous Quality Assurance Evaluations	p. 272
Program Monitoring	p. 273
Issues and Problems in Evaluation	p. 273
Problems in Generalizability	p. 273
Wrong Choices of Evaluation Tools	p. 274
Failure to Involve Clients in the Evaluation Process	p. 274
Staff Distrust of Evaluation	p. 274
Evaluation Process Interference with Service Giving	p. 275
Alternative Explanations for Program Outcomes	p. 275
Unanticipated Consequences	p. 275
Termination and Follow-Up	p. 277
Ethical Practice and Critical Thinking about Termination	p. 277
Terminating Professional Relationships	p. 277
Tasks of Termination	p. 278
Planned Terminations	p. 280
Unplanned Terminations	p. 280
Other Points about Termination	p. 281
Reactions and Feelings in Terminations	p. 281
Helping Clients at Termination	p. 283
Stabilization of Change	p. 284
Client Follow-Up	p. 287
Doing the Follow-Up	p. 287
Overcoming Barriers to Follow-Up	p. 288
InfoTrac Exercises	p. 289
On the Internet	p. 289
Understanding Families	p. 290
Introduction	p. 292
Families and the Generalist Intervention Model	p. 294
Family Assessment	p. 294
Assessing Family Communication	p. 294
Assessing Family Structure	p. 297
Assessing Life-Cycle Adjustments	p. 301
Impacts of the Impinging Social Environment	p. 302
Family Conflicts, Problems, and Their Resolutions	p. 307
Partner Difficulties	p. 307
Parent-Child Relationship Difficulties	p. 309
Personal Problems of Individual Family Members	p. 310
External Environmental Stresses: The Impact of Social and Economic Forces	p. 311
Variations in Family Structures	p. 311
Single-Parent Families	p. 311
Remarriage and Blended Families	p. 313
Enhancing Cultural Competency: Family Assessment and Keys to Empowerment	p. 316
Acculturation	p. 317
Immigration History	p. 317
School Adjustment	p. 317
Employment	p. 317
Male and Female Interactive Patterns	p. 318
Role of Extended Family	p. 318
InfoTrac Exercises	p. 318
On the Internet	p. 318
Working with Families	p. 320
Introduction	p. 322
Generalist Practice with Families	p. 323
Family Treatment and the Planned Change Process	p. 323
Strategizing for Family Intervention: Do You Always Have to See the Entire Family?	p. 323
Engagement, Assessment, and Planning with Families	p. 328
Alleviate or at Least Minimize Early Apprehension	p. 328
Ask Family Members to Explain What Is Wrong	p. 329
Establish Agreement about What Is Wrong	p. 329
Concentrate on How Family Members Relate to Each Other	p. 331
Establish Commitment to a Plan of Action	p. 331
Implementation of Family Intervention	p. 331
Reframing	p. 332
Teaching Families Problem-Solving Techniques	p. 334
Teaching Child-Management Methods	p. 334
Offering Families Support	p. 335
Role Playing	p. 335
Videotaping	p. 336
Homework Assignments	p. 336
Evaluation, Termination, and Follow-Up with Families	p. 337
Family Issues and Services	p. 337
Multiproblem Families	p. 337
Family Preservation	p. 338
Enhancing Cultural Competency: Diversity and Families	p. 341
The Current Status of Family Services	p. 347
Macro Practice with Families: Promoting Social and Economic Justice	p. 348
InfoTrac Exercises	p. 351
On the Internet	p. 351
Values, Ethics, and the Resolution of Ethical Dilemmas	p. 352
Introduction	p. 354
The NASW Code of Ethics	p. 355
Social Workers' Ethical Responsibilities to Clients	p. 356
Social Workers' Ethical Responsibilities to Colleagues	p. 362
Social Workers' Ethical Responsibilities in Practice Settings	p. 365
Social Workers' Ethical Responsibilities as Professionals	p. 366
Social Workers' Ethical Responsibilities to the Social Work Profession	p. 368
Social Workers' Ethical Responsibilities to the Broader Society	p. 369
The Canadian Association of Social Workers' Code of Ethics	p. 369
Ethical Dilemmas	p. 369
Conceptualizing and Addressing an Ethical Dilemma: Decision-Making Steps	p. 370
Recognize the Problem	p. 371
Investigate the Variables Involved	p. 372
Get Feedback from Others	p. 372
Appraise What Values and Ethical Standards Apply to the Dilemma	p. 372
Evaluate the Dilemma on the Basis of Established Ethical Principles	p. 373
Identify and Think About Possible Alternatives to Pursue	p. 373
Weigh the Pros and Cons of Each Alternative	p. 373
Make Your Decision	p. 374
Ranking Ethical Principles: Loewenberg, Dolgoff, and Harrington's "Ethical Principles Screen"	p. 374
People Have the Right to Exist with Their Basic Needs Met	p. 374
People Have the Right to Treatment That Is Fair and Equal	p. 374
People Have the Right to Have Free Choice and Freedom	p. 374
People Have the Right to Experience Injury That Is Minimal or Nonexistent	p. 374
People Have the Right to Cultivate a Good Quality of Life	p. 375
People Have the Right to Secure Their Privacy and Confidentiality	p. 375
People Have the Right to Understand the Truth and All Available Information	p. 375
Postscript	p. 375
Discussion and Resolution of Ethical Dilemmas in Generalist Practice Contexts	p. 376
Confidentiality and Privileged Communication	p. 376
Self-Determination and Paternalism	p. 379
Dual Relationships	p. 383
Telling the Truth	p. 387
Laws, Policies, and Regulations	p. 388
Whistle-Blowing	p. 389
Distribution of Limited Resources	p. 391
Personal and Professional Values	p. 392
InfoTrac Exercises	p. 392
On the Internet	p. 393
Culturally Competent Social Work Practice	p. 394
Introduction	p. 396
Diversity in the United States	p. 396
Race and Ethnicity	p. 396
Disabilities	p. 398
Historic and Current Discrimination	p. 398
Barriers to Culturally Competent Social Work	p. 400
Integrating Cultural Competence in the Generalist Intervention Model	p. 402
Engagement	p. 402
Assessment	p. 402
Planning	p. 403
Implementation	p. 404
Evaluation	p. 404
Termination and Follow-Up	p. 405
Practice Knowledge and Skills	p. 405
Native Americans/First Nations Peoples	p. 405
Hispanics/Latinos	p. 409
African Americans	p. 411
Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders	p. 414
People with Disabilities	p. 418
Developing Culturally Competent Interventions	p. 420
InfoTrac Exercises	p. 422
On the Internet	p. 423
Gender-Sensitive Social Work Practice	p. 424
Introduction	p. 426
Gender Sensitivity	p. 426
Women and the Generalist Intervention Model	p. 427
A Feminist Perspective on Micro, Mezzo, and Macro Aspects of Generalist Practice	p. 428
A Definition of Feminism for Practitioners	p. 430
Micro Practice with Women: Common Problems	p. 432
Stressful Life Events	p. 432
Lack of Self-Esteem and a Sense of Powerlessness	p. 432
Empowering Women in Micro Practice	p. 433
Enhance Self-Esteem	p. 433
Increase Assertiveness	p. 434
Expand Options	p. 436
Change Old Rules and Expectations	p. 436
Macro-Level Empowerment: Help Women Work Together	p. 436
Common Circumstances Facing Women	p. 436
Women as Survivors of Sexual Assault	p. 438
The Feminist Perspective on Sexual Assault	p. 439
Reactions to Rape	p. 439
Counseling Survivors of Sexual Assaults	p. 441
Macro Perspectives on Sexual Assault	p. 443
Battered Women	p. 444
A Profile of Battered Women	p. 444
Survivors versus Victims: A Strengths Perspective	p. 445
The Abusive Perpetrator	p. 445
The Battering Cycle	p. 445
Why Does She Stay?	p. 445
Counseling Battered Women	p. 447
Suggestions for Macro Practice on Behalf of Battered Women	p. 450
The Feminization of Poverty	p. 451
Micro and Mezzo Perspectives on Women and Poverty	p. 452
Macro Perspectives on Women and Poverty	p. 453
InfoTrac Exercises	p. 459
On the Internet	p. 459
Advocacy	p. 460
Introduction	p. 462
Defining Advocacy	p. 462
Advocacy and the Generalist Intervention Model	p. 462
Case Advocacy	p. 462
Cause Advocacy	p. 463
Useful Skills in Advocacy	p. 464
The Goals of Advocacy	p. 464
Targets of Advocacy	p. 464
History of Advocacy in Social Work	p. 465
Observations about Advocacy	p. 466
Observations about Power	p. 466
Observations about Organizations	p. 467
Observations about Clients	p. 467
Knowledge Required by Advocates	p. 468
Knowing the Rights of Clients	p. 468
Avenues of Appeal	p. 468
Available Resources	p. 469
Tactics and Strategies of Intervention	p. 469
Assessment in Advocacy Situations	p. 469
Self-Assessment	p. 469
What Are Your Sources of Power?	p. 470
Other Assessment Considerations	p. 470
Planning in Advocacy Situations	p. 473
The Ultimate Decision	p. 473
Intervention: Advocacy Strategies and Tactics	p. 473
Persuasion	p. 473
Fair Hearings and Legal Appeals	p. 475
Political and Community Pressure	p. 475
Using the Media	p. 476
Petitioning	p. 476
Selecting a Strategy for Advocacy	p. 476
Whistle-Blowing	p. 477
Legislative Advocacy	p. 477
Factors Affecting Legislative Advocacy	p. 479
Steps in Legislative Advocacy	p. 479
InfoTrac Exercises	p. 482
On the Internet	p. 483
Brokering and Case Management	p. 484
Introduction	p. 486
A Definition of Brokering	p. 486
The Importance of the Brokering Role in Generalist Practice	p. 487
The Effective Broker	p. 487
The Importance of Knowing Resources	p. 487
Types of Resources	p. 489
The Planned Change Process in Brokering	p. 493
Case Management	p. 495
What Is Case Management?	p. 496
The Importance of Case Management for Generalist Practice	p. 498
Assessment	p. 499
Planning	p. 502
Implementation	p. 504
Evaluation in Case Management	p. 507
Termination in Case Management	p. 507
Follow-Up in Case Management	p. 507
Factors Influencing Case Management Service Delivery	p. 508
InfoTrac Exercises	p. 509
On the Internet	p. 509
Recording in Generalist Social Work Practice	p. 510
Introduction	p. 513
The Importance of Writing in Social Work	p. 513
What Is in the Record?	p. 515
Recording Formats	p. 529
Process Recording	p. 529
Using Videotapes and Audiotapes	p. 529
Progress Notes	p. 531
Narrative Recording	p. 532
Summaries of Case Conferences	p. 533
Problem-Oriented Recording	p. 533
Standardized Forms	p. 541
Recording Progress in Groups	p. 543
Writing Letters	p. 544
Memos	p. 546
Recording in Meetings	p. 548
Other Types of Recording Formats	p. 550
Technological Advances	p. 550
Computers	p. 550
E-Mail	p. 550
Faxes	p. 554
Writing Skills and Recording	p. 555
Privacy Principles	p. 556
InfoTrac Exercises	p. 558
On the Internet	p. 559
Bibliography	p. 561
Credits	p. 581
Name Index	p. 583
Subject Index	p. 589
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