Understanding Laboratory & Diagnostic Tests

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ISBN: 9780827378544 | 0827378548
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 9/23/1997

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Ideal for instruction in nursing, health information, medical assisting, medical transcription or health unit coordinator programs, this book contains numerous end-of-chapter exercises and case studies to challenge the learner. The most commonly ordered tests are covered, complete with an accurate description of the name and type of test, how the test is performed, indications and contraindications for the test, and most importantly the purpose or diagnostic significance of the test. When appropriate, tests are linked to diagnoses or problems. Many lab books on the market are geared solely for the nurse or technician who must perform the test whereas this book is an excellent resource for any allied health professional who needs a basic understanding of commonly ordered laboratory and diagnostic tests.(health information management, HIM, med. assist., med. transcription, nursing, laboratory tests, diagnostic tests)ALSO AVAILABLE -INSTRUCTOR SUPPLEMENTS CALL CUSTOMER SUPPORT TO ORDERInstructor's Manual ISBN: 0-8273-7855-6

Preface

(4)

Introduction

xix

SECTION I LABORATORY TESTS

(232)

Chapter 1 Blood Cell Tests

(26)

Introduction

(1)

Composition of Blood

(2)

Blood Cells

(2)

Plasma

(1)

Blood Collection Procedures

(1)

Variations in the Number of Blood Cells

(1)

Variations in the Number of Erythrocytes

(1)

Variations in the Number of Leukocytes

(1)

Variations in the Number of Thrombocytes

(1)

Variations in Blood Cell Structure and Function

(1)

Blood Cell Tests

(14)

Complete Blood Count

(13)

Platelet Count Tests

(1)

Summary

(7)

Chapter 2 Blood Chemistry Tests (Part I)

(32)

Introduction

(2)

Electrolyte Tests

(8)

Sodium

(2)

Potassium

(1)

Calcium

(1)

Magnesium

(1)

Chloride

(1)

Bicarbonate

(1)

Phosphate; Phosphorus

(1)

Blood Glucose and Related Blood Sugar Tests

(6)

Fasting Blood Sugar

(1)

Postprandial Blood Sugar; Two-Hour Postprandial Blood Sugar

(1)

Glucose Tolerance Test; Standard Oral Glucose Tolerance Test

(2)

C-Peptide

(1)

Glucagon

(1)

Insulin

(1)

Lipid Profile

(5)

Cholesterol

(1)

High-Density Lipoprotein

(1)

Very-Low-Density Lipoprotein; Low-Density Lipoprotein

(1)

Triglyceride

(1)

Metabolic Tests

(5)

Bilirubin

(1)

Blood Urea Nitrogen

(1)

Creatinine

(1)

Uric Acid

(1)

Summary

(5)

Chapter 3 Blood Chemistry Tests (Part II)

(28)

Introduction

(1)

Enzyme Tests

(10)

Acid Phosphatase; Prostatic Acid Phosphatase

(1)

Prostate-Specific Antigen

(1)

Alanine Aminotransferase; Serum Glutamic Pyruvic Transaminase

(1)

Alkaline Phosphatase

(1)

Aspartate Aminotransferase; Serum Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase

(1)

Creatine Kinase; Creatine Phosphokinase

(1)

Lactic Acid Dehydrogenase

(2)

Lipase

(1)

Hormone Tests

(5)

Antidiuretic Hormone

(1)

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin

(1)

Cortisol

(1)

Gastrin

(1)

Growth Hormone; Somatotropin; Somatotropic Hormone

(1)

Testosterone

(1)

Thyroid Function Tests

(4)

Thyroxine

(1)

Triiodothyronine

(1)

Calcitonin

(1)

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone

(1)

Iron Tests

(2)

Ferritin

(1)

Transferrin Test; Total Iron-Binding Capacity

(1)

Summary

(6)

Chapter 4 Coagulation Studies

(18)

Introduction

(3)

Hemostasis and Coagulation Tests

(10)

Platelet and Platelet Function Tests

(3)

Plasma Coagulation Factor Tests

(7)

Summary

103

(4)

Chapter 5 Infectious Disease and Immunodiagnostic Blood Tests

107

(34)

Introduction

110

(1)

Antigen-Antibody Reaction

110

(1)

Serology Tests for Antigen-Antibody Reactions

111

(2)

Agglutination Test

111

(1)

Precipitation Test

112

(1)

Complement Fixation Test

112

(1)

Labeled Immunoassays

112

(1)

Diseases of Bacterial Origin

113

(7)

Syphilis Detection Tests

114

(3)

Lyme Disease Tests

117

(1)

Legionnaires' Disease Tests

118

(1)

Chlamydia Antibody Tests

119

(1)

Streptococcal Antibody Tests

119

(1)

Diseases of Viral Origin

120

(7)

Infectious Mononucleosis Tests

121

(1)

Rubella Antibody Tests

122

(1)

Hepatitis Tests

123

(1)

Human Immunodeficiency Virus; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome Test

124

(2)

Herpes Simplex

126

(1)

Cytomegalovirus Antibody Test

126

(1)

Diseases of Fungal Origin

127

(1)

Histoplasmosis

127

(1)

Coccidioidomycosis

128

(1)

Candidiasis

128

(1)

Miscellaneous Serological Blood Tests

128

(7)

TORCH Test

129

(1)

C-Reactive Protein Test

129

(1)

Rheumatoid Factor Test

130

(1)

Antinuclear Antibody Test

130

(1)

Blood Groups; ABO Red Cell Groups

131

(1)

Rh Typing

132

(2)

Coombs' Test

134

(1)

Summary

135

(6)

Chapter 6 Urine and Fecal Studies

141

(32)

Introduction

142

(1)

Overview of Urine Studies

142

(2)

Urine Tests

144

(18)

Physical Analysis of Urine

144

(3)

Chemical Analysis of Urine

147

(6)

Microscopic Analysis of Urine

153

(6)

Urine Drug Testing

159

(2)

Urine Pregnancy Testing

161

(1)

Phenylketonuria Urine Test

161

(1)

Overview of Fecal Studies

162

(1)

Fecal Tests

163

(5)

Physical Examination of Feces

163

(1)

Chemical Testing of Feces

164

(2)

Microscopic Testing of Feces

166

(2)

Summary

168

(5)

Chapter 7 Culture and Sensitivity Tests

173

(18)

Introduction

174

(1)

Overview of Culture and Sensitivity Tests

174

(3)

Blood Culture

177

(1)

Cerebrospinal Fluid Culture

177

(1)

Genitalia and Anal Cultures

178

(1)

Nose and Throat Cultures

179

(2)

Skin Culture

181

(1)

Sputum Culture

182

(1)

Stool Culture

183

(1)

Urine Culture

184

(1)

Wound Culture

185

(1)

Summary

186

(5)

Chapter 8 Amniotic Fluid and Cerebrospinal Fluid Tests

191

(23)

Introduction

192

(1)

Overview of Amniotic and Cerebrospinal Fluid Tests

192

(1)

Amniotic Fluid Tests

193

(6)

Genetic and Neural Tube Abnormalities

195

(2)

Hemolytic Disease of Newborns

197

(1)

Fetal Maturity

198

(1)

Cerebrospinal Fluid Tests

199

(10)

Physical, Chemical, Microscopic CSF Tests

201

(7)

Microbiologic Tests of Cerebrospinal Fluid

208

(1)

Cytologic Analysis

209

(1)

Summary

209

(5)

Chapter 9 Other Body Fluid Tests

214

(19)

Introduction

215

(1)

Overview of Body Fluid Tests

215

(1)

Effusion Tests

216

(9)

Pericardial Effusion Tests

217

(2)

Periotoneal Effusion Tests

219

(2)

Pleural Effusion Tests

221

(2)

Synovial Effusion Tests

223

(2)

Gastric Secretion Tests

225

(1)

Gastric Secretion Analysis Tests

225

(1)

Semen Tests

226

(3)

Semen Fertility Tests

227

(1)

Tests for the Presence of Semen

228

(1)

Summary

229

(4)

SECTION II DIAGNOSTIC TESTS

233

(142)

Chapter 10 Radiology Studies

235

(37)

Introduction

236

(1)

Overview of Radiography Studies

236

(2)

Radiography Studies without Contrast Media

238

(5)

Chest Radiography (Chest X-ray)

238

(1)

Mammography

238

(2)

Kidneys, Ureters, Bladder Radiography

240

(1)

Obstruction Series

240

(1)

Long-Bone Radiography

241

(1)

Skull Radiography

242

(1)

Spinal Radiography

242

(1)

Radiography Studies with Contrast Media

243

(17)

Angiography

244

(5)

Gallbladder and Biliary System Radiography

249

(3)

Gastrointestinal Radiography

252

(3)

Urinary System Radiography

255

(3)

Miscellaneous Contrast Radiography Studies

258

(2)

Computerized (Axial) Tomography

260

(2)

Computerized Tomography of the Brain

261

(1)

Computerized Tomography of the Body; Body Scan

261

(1)

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

262

(3)

Head and Brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging

263

(2)

Musculoskeletal Magnetic Resonance Imaging

265

(1)

Summary

265

(7)

Chapter 11 Nuclear Medicine Studies

272

(27)

Introduction

273

(1)

Overview of Nuclear Scanning Studies

274

(1)

Radionuclide Scans of the Head and Neck

275

(7)

Brain Scan

276

(1)

Cerebrospinal Fluid Flow Scan

277

(1)

Thyroid Scans

277

(4)

Parathyroid Scan

281

(1)

Radionuclide Scans of the Chest

282

(3)

Heart (Cardiac) Scans

282

(2)

Lung Scans

284

(1)

Radionuclide Scans of the Abdomen

285

(6)

Gallbladder and Biliary System Scan

285

(1)

Gastric Emptying Scan

286

(1)

Gastrointestinal Bleeding Scan

287

(1)

Gastrointestinal Reflux Scan

288

(1)

Kidney Scan

289

(1)

Liver Scan

290

(1)

Spleen Scan

291

(1)

Miscellaneous Radionuclide Scans

291

(4)

Scrotal Scan

292

(1)

Bone Scan

292

(2)

Gallium-67 Scan

294

(1)

Summary

295

(4)

Chapter 12 Endoscopy Studies

299

(28)

Introduction

300

(1)

Overview of Endoscopic Studies

300

(3)

Endoscopic Studies of the Thoracic Cavity

303

(4)

Bronchoscopy

303

(1)

Mediastinoscopy

304

(1)

Thoracoscopy

305

(1)

Transesophageal Echocardiography

306

(1)

Endoscopic Studies of the Abdominal Cavity

307

(7)

Laparoscopy

307

(1)

Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography

308

(2)

Esophagogastroduodenoscopy

310

(1)

Proctoscopy; Sigmoidoscopy; Proctosigmoidoscopy

311

(1)

Colonoscopy

312

(2)

Endoscopic Studies of the Pelvic Cavity

314

(6)

Cystoscopy

315

(1)

Urodynamic Studies

316

(2)

Pelviscopy; Gynecologic Laparoscopy

318

(1)

Colposcopy

318

(1)

Culdoscopy

319

(1)

Miscellaneous Endoscopic Studies

320

(2)

Arthroscopy

320

(1)

Amnioscopy

321

(1)

Fetoscopy

322

(1)

Summary

322

(5)

Chapter 13 Ultrasound Procedures

327

(26)

Introduction

328

(1)

Overview of Ultrasound Procedures

329

(1)

Ultrasonography of the Head and Neck Region

330

(2)

Neonate Head Sonography

330

(1)

Ocular Ultrasonography

331

(1)

Thyroid Ultrasonography

331

(1)

Ultrasonography of the Thoracic Region

332

(3)

Breast Ultrasonography

332

(1)

Echocardiography

333

(1)

Intravascular Ultrasonography

334

(1)

Chest Ultrasonography

335

(1)

Ultrasonography of the Abdomen

335

(5)

Abdominal Aortic Ultrasonography

336

(1)

Gallbladder Ultrasonography

336

(2)

Kidney Ultrasonography

338

(1)

Liver Ultrasonography

338

(1)

Pancreas Ultrasonography

339

(1)

Spleen Ultrasonography

340

(1)

Ultrasonography of the Pelvic Region

340

(6)

Bladder Ultrasonography

341

(1)

Obstetric Ultrasonography

342

(1)

Pelvic Ultrasonography

343

(1)

Prostate Ultrasonography

344

(1)

Scrotal Ultrasonography

345

(1)

Ultrasonography of the Blood Vessels

346

(3)

Overview of Doppler Ultrasound Studies

346

(1)

Arterial Doppler Studies

347

(1)

Venous Doppler Studies

348

(1)

Summary

349

(4)

Chapter 14 Special Organ Studies

353

(22)

Introduction

354

(1)

Overview of Special Organ Studies

354

(1)

Brain Function Studies

355

(4)

Electroencephalography

355

(2)

Evoked Brain-Response Studies

357

(2)

Heart Function Tests

359

(5)

Electrocardiography

360

(2)

Electrophysiology Study

362

(1)

Exercise Stress Test

362

(1)

Holter Monitor Test

363

(1)

Signal-Averaged Electrocardiography

364

(1)

Pulmonary Function Studies

364

(3)

Spirometry

365

(1)

Diffusing Capacity of the Lung

366

(1)

Miscellaneous Special Organ/System Studies

367

(3)

Electromyography

367

(2)

Oximetry

369

(1)

Sweat Test

369

(1)

Summary

370

(5)

Appendix A Alphabetical List of Tests

375

(4)

Appendix B List of Tests by Body System

379

(4)

Appendix C Abbreviations

383

(5)

Glossary

388

(18)

References

406

(1)

Index

407

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Understanding Laboratory & Diagnostic Tests

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials