Understanding Violence and Victimization

For courses in Victimology, Criminology, Introduction to Criminal Justice, Ethics in Criminal Justice, Deviance, and Crime Prevention. This text attempts to address the sources of violence and its effects on people and situations. Providing different perspectives on the causes of victimization, it also discusses how violence breeds. It examines the social and environmental factors that influence victimization, offender-victim relationships, and legal and behavioral responses to victims.

Preface

vii

Victimization: Theories and Reporting Measures

1

(34)

Learning Objectives

1

(1)

Introduction

1

(1)

Violence and the Fear of Violent Crime

2

(2)

Fear of Crime

3

(1)

Crime and Victimization Data

4

(8)

Sources of Data on Crime and Victimization

4

(8)

Impact of Victimization

12

(5)

Review of Early Victimization Theory

17

(4)

Mendelshon's Typologies

17

(1)

Hentig's Victim Classification

18

(2)

Sellin and Wolfgang's Typology of Victimization

20

(1)

Modern Victimization Theory

21

(14)

Cultural Trappings

21

(1)

Victim Precipitation Theory

22

(3)

Spatial Relations

25

(3)

The New Technology

28

(1)

Summary

29

(1)

Key Terms and Concepts

30

(1)

Discussion Questions and Learning Activities

30

(5)

Victims of Intimate Violence

35

(47)

Learning Objectives

35

(1)

Introduction

35

(1)

The Stalking Problem

36

(5)

Anti-Stalking Legislation

41

(2)

Federal Law

43

(1)

The Psychological and Social Consequences of Stalking

43

(1)

Intimate Partner Violence

44

(2)

Extended Victims of Partner Violence

46

(1)

Explaining Partner Violence

47

(4)

Recognizing a Potentially Abusive Partner

51

(1)

The Law and Domestic Violence

52

(10)

Development in the States

53

(8)

The Federal Crime Control Act and Domestic Violence

61

(1)

Elder Abuse and Neglect

62

(3)

Nursing Home Negligence

63

(2)

Child Abuse and Neglect

65

(3)

Victims of Rape and Sexual Violence

68

(8)

Marital Rape

69

(1)

Date Rape and Dating Violence

70

(4)

Impact of Rape and Dating Violence

74

(1)

Responding to Victims of Rape and Sexual Assault

74

(1)

Preventing Dating Violence

75

(1)

Summary

76

(1)

Key Terms and Concepts

77

(1)

Discussion Questions and Learning Activities

77

(5)

Stranger Violence and Victimization

82

(22)

Learning Objectives

82

(1)

Introduction

82

(1)

Robbery

83

(5)

Home Invasion Robbery

84

(2)

Carjacking

86

(2)

Murders and Assaults by Strangers

88

(11)

Spontaneous Murders

89

(5)

Directed Targets

94

(2)

Bias and Hate Motivated Crimes

96

(3)

Avoiding Stranger Victimization

99

(5)

Summary

100

(1)

Key Terms and Concepts

100

(1)

Discussion Questions and Learning Activities

101

(3)

Workplace Violence, Harassment, and Victimization

104

(36)

Learning Objectives

104

(1)

Introduction

104

(1)

Overview of Violence in the Workplace

105

(5)

Categorization of Workplace Violence

110

(1)

Sources of Distress that Can Result in Workplace Violence

111

(2)

Warning Signs of Violence

113

(13)

Employer Liability for Workplace Victimization

126

(4)

Sexual Harassment and Legal Liability

130

(2)

Reducing the Violence Threat: The Targeted Human Resource Approach

132

(8)

Summary

136

(1)

Key Terms and Concepts

136

(1)

Discussion Questions and Learning Activities

137

(3)

School Violence and Victimization

140

(25)

Learning Objectives

140

(1)

Introduction

140

(1)

Research on School Crime and Violence

141

(6)

Teachers at Risk

147

(1)

Explaining School Violence

148

(5)

Early Warning Signs of Violent Behavior

153

(3)

Responding to School Violence

156

(9)

Summary

161

(1)

Key Terms and Concepts

162

(1)

Discussion Questions and Learning Activities

162

(3)

Criminal Justice Injustice

165

(21)

Learning Objectives

165

(1)

Introduction

165

(1)

Sources of Injustice

166

(1)

The Police

166

(3)

Remedies for Police Injustice

169

(1)

Courts and Sentencing

170

(7)

Crime Legislation and Injustice

177

(4)

Corrections

181

(5)

Summary

183

(1)

Key Terms and Concepts

184

(1)

Discussion Questions and Learning Activities

184

(2)

Responding to Criminal Victimization

186

(53)

Learning Objectives

186

(1)

Introduction

186

(1)

Proactive Responses

187

(23)

Community Violence Prevention Strategies

187

(3)

Personal Defense Measures and the Gun Debate

190

(3)

Security Measures

193

(8)

Opportunity Reduction Strategies

201

(9)

Reactive Responses to Victimization

210

(29)

Victim Compensation Programs

212

(5)

Legislation to Protect Victims

217

(5)

Sexual Offender Notification Laws

222

(1)

Sexually Violent Predator Act

222

(1)

Anti-Gang Legislation

223

(1)

Crime Control Legislation in 2000 and Beyond

224

(1)

Victim Advocacy Groups

225

(4)

Civil Justice for Victims

229

(4)

Summary

233

(1)

Key Terms and Concepts

233

(1)

Discussion Questions and Learning Activities

234

(5)

Appendix A: Major Sources of Victimization Data and Information

239

(4)

Appendix B: Resource Guide

243

(4)

Index

247

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Understanding Violence and Victimization

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials