Underwater Acoustic Modelling and Simulation, Third Edition

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ISBN: 9780419262206 | 0419262202
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 4/4/2003

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Underwater Acoustic Modelling and Simulation, 3rd Editionexamines the translation of our physical understanding of sound into mathematical models that can simulate acoustic propagation, noise and reverberation in the sea. These models are used in a variety of research and operational applications to predict and diagnose the performance of complex sonar systems operating in the undersea environment.

Preface

Preface to the second edition

xvíi

Preface to the first edition

xix

Acknowledgments

xxi

1 Introduction

(18)

1.1 Background

(3)

1.1.1 Setting

(1)

1.1.2 Framework

(2)

1.2 Measurements and prediction

(2)

1.3 Developments in modeling

(3)

1.4 Advances in simulation

(1)

1.5 Operational challenges

(5)

1.5.1 Naval operations

(2)

1.5.2 Offshore industries

(1)

1.5.3 Operational oceanography

(1)

1.6 Inverse acoustic sensing of the oceans

(2)

1.7 Standard definitions

(2)

2 Acoustical oceanography

(38)

2.1 Background

(1)

2.2 Physical and chemical properties

(6)

2.2.1 Temperature distribution

(1)

2.2.2 Salinity distribution

(1)

2.2.3 Water masses

(3)

2.3 Sound speed

(10)

2.3.1 Calculation and measurements

(3)

2.3.2 Sound-speed distribution

(7)

2.4 Boundaries

(8)

2.4.1 Sea surface

(3)

2.4.2 Ice cover

(1)

2.4.3 Sea floor

(4)

2.5 Dynamic features

(12)

2.5.1 Large-scale features

(1)

2.5.2 Mesoscale features

(10)

2.5.3 Fine-scale features

(1)

2.6 Biologics

(2)

3 Propagation I: observations and physical models

(42)

3.1 Background

(1)

3.2 Nature of measurements

(1)

3.3 Basic concepts

(6)

3.4 Sea-surface boundary

(7)

3.4.1 Forward scattering and reflection loss

(1)

3.4.2 Image interference and frequency effects

(2)

3.4.3 Turbidity and bubbles

(1)

3.4.4 Ice interaction

(2)

3.4.5 Measurements

(1)

3.5 Sea-floor boundary

(8)

3.5.1 Forward scattering and reflection loss

(5)

3.5.2 Interference and frequency effects

(1)

3.5.3 Attenuation by sediments

(1)

3.5.4 Measurements

(1)

3.6 Attenuation and absorption in sea water

(2)

3.7 Surface ducts

(9)

3.7.1 Mixed-layer distribution

(3)

3.7.2 General propagation features

(3)

3.7.3 Low-frequency cutoff

(3)

3.8 Deep-sound channel

(2)

3.9 Convergence zones

(1)

3.10 Reliable acoustic path

(1)

3.11 Shallow-water ducts

(1)

3.12 Arctic half-channel

(2)

3.13 Coherence

(2)

4 Propagation II: mathematical models (Part One)

(53)

4.1 Background

(1)

4.2 Theoretical basis for propagation modeling

100

(3)

4.2.1 Wave equation

100

(2)

4.2.2 Classification of modeling techniques

102

(1)

4.3 Ray-theory models

103

(10)

4.3.1 Basic theory

103

(3)

4.3.2 Caustics

106

(1)

4.3.3 Gaussian beam tracing

107

(1)

4.3.4 Range dependence

107

(2)

4.3.5 Arrival structure

109

(2)

4.3.6 Beam displacement

111

(2)

4.4 Normal-mode models

113

(8)

4.4.1 Basic theory

113

(1)

4.4.2 Normal-mode solution

114

(2)

4.4.3 Dispersion effects

116

(1)

4.4.4 Experimental measurements

117

(1)

4.4.5 Range dependence

118

(2)

4.4.6 High-frequency adaptations

120

(1)

4.4.7 Wedge modes

120

(1)

4.5 Multipath expansion models

121

(1)

4.6 Fast-field models

122

(1)

4.7 Parabolic equation models

123

(8)

4.7.1 Basic theory

124

(2)

4.7.2 Numerical techniques

126

(3)

4.7.3 Wide-angle and 3D adaptations

129

(1)

4.7.4 Range-refraction corrections

129

(1)

4.7.5 High-frequency adaptations

130

(1)

4.7.6 Time-domain applications

130

(1)

4.8 The RA YMODE model - a specific example

131

(4)

4.9 Numerical model summaries

135

(17)

5 Propagation II: mathematical models (Part Two)

152

(48)

5.1 Background

152

(1)

5.2 Surface duct models

152

(6)

5.2.1 Ray-theory models

152

(2)

5.2.2 Wave-theory models

154

(1)

5.2.3 Oceanographic mixed-layer models

155

(3)

5.3 Shallow-water duct models

158

(14)

5.3.1 Shallow-water propagation characteristics

158

(1)

5.3.2 Optimum frequency of propagation

159

(3)

5.3.3 Numerical models

162

(5)

5.3.4 Empirical models

167

(5)

5.4 Arctic models

172

(4)

5.4.1 Arctic environmental models

172

(1)

5.4.2 Arctic propagation models

172

(1)

5.4.3 Numerical models

173

(1)

5.4.4 Empirical models

174

(2)

5.5 Data support requirements

176

(4)

5.5.1 Sound-speed profile synthesis

177

(2)

5.5.2 Earth curvature corrections

179

(1)

5.5.3 Merging techniques

180

(1)

5.6 Special applications and inverse techniques

180

(20)

5.6.1 Stochastic modeling

181

(1)

5.6.2 Broadband modeling

182

(1)

5.6.3 Matched field processing

183

(2)

5.6.4 Transmutation approaches

185

(1)

5.6.5 Chaos

186

(1)

5.6.6 Three-dimensional modeling

187

(1)

5.6.7 Ocean fronts, eddies and internal waves

188

(5)

5.6.8 Coupled ocean-acoustic modeling

193

(1)

5.6.9 Acoustic tomography

194

(4)

5.6.10 Phase conjugation and time-reversal mirrors

198

(1)

5.6.11 Deductive geoacoustic inversion

198

(2)

6. Noise I: observations and physical models

200

(14)

6.1 Background

200

(1)

6.2 Noise sources and spectra

200

(9)

6.2.1 Seismo-acoustic noise

202

(1)

6.2.2 Shipping noise

203

(2)

6.2.3 Bioacoustic noise

205

(1)

6.2.4 Wind and rain noise

205

(4)

6.3 Depth dependence

209

(1)

6.4 Directionality

209

(1)

6.5 Arctic ambient noise

210

(1)

6.6 Acoustic daylight

211

(1)

6.7 Geoacoustic inversion

212

(2)

7. Noise II: mathematical models

214

(18)

7.1 Background

214

(1)

7.2 Theoretical basis for noise modeling

214

(2)

7.3 Ambient-noise models

216

(3)

7.4 The RANDI model - a specific example

219

(3)

7.4.1 Transmission loss

219

(1)

7.4.2 Noise sources and spectra

219

(1)

7.4.3 Directionality

219

(2)

7.4.4 Recent developments

221

(1)

7.5 The noise notch

222

(3)

7.6 Beam-noise statistics models

225

(1)

7.7 Data support requirements

226

(3)

7.8 Numerical model summaries

229

(3)

8. Reverberation I: observations and physical models

232

(12)

8.1 Background

232

(1)

8.2 Volume reverberation

233

(3)

8.2.1 Deep scattering layer

234

(1)

8.2.2 Column or integrated scattering strength

234

(1)

8.2.3 Vertical-scattering plumes

235

(1)

8.3 Boundary reverberation

236

(7)

8.3.1 Sea-surface reverberation

236

(4)

8.3.2 Under-ice reverberation

240

(1)

8.3.3 Sea-floor reverberation

240

(3)

8.4 Inversion techniques

243

(1)

9. Reverberation II: mathematical models

244

(20)

9.1 Background

244

(1)

9.2 Theoretical basis for reverberation modeling

244

(4)

9.2.1 Basic approaches

244

(3)

9.2.2 Advanced developments

247

(1)

9.3 Cell-scattering models

248

(3)

9.3.1 Volume-reverberation theory

248

(2)

9.3.2 Boundary-reverberation theory

250

(1)

9.4 The REVMOD model - a specific example

251

(4)

9.5 Bistatic reverberation

255

(4)

9.5.1 Computational considerations

255

(2)

9.5.2 The bistatic acoustic model - a specific example

257

(2)

9.6 Point-scattering models

259

(2)

9.6.1 Computational considerations

259

(1)

9.6.2 The under-ice reverberation simulation model - a specific example

260

(1)

9.7 Numerical model summaries

261

(3)

10. Sonar performance models

264

(32)

10.1 Background

264

(1)

10.2 Sonar equations

265

(5)

10.3 The NISSM model-a specific example

270

(11)

10.3.1 Propagation

271

(2)

10.3.2 Reverberation

273

(2)

10.3.3 Target echo

275

(1)

10.3.4 Noise

275

(1)

10.3.5 Signal-to-noise ratio

276

(1)

10.3.6 Probability of detection

277

(1)

10.3.7 Model outputs

277

(4)

10.4 Model operating systems

281

(7)

10.4.1 System architecture

282

(1)

10.4.2 Sonar modeling functions

283

(3)

10.4.3 System usage

286

(1)

10.4.4 The generic sonar model-a specific example

286

(1)

10.4.5 The comprehensive acoustic system simulation - a specific example

287

(1)

10.5 Data sources and availability

288

(4)

10.6 Numerical model summaries

292

(4)

11 Model evaluation

296

(17)

11.1 Background

296

(1)

11.2 Past evaluation efforts

297

(1)

11.3 Analytical benchmark solutions

298

(3)

11.4 Quantitative accuracy assessments

301

(1)

11.5 The POSSM experience - a specific example

302

(3)

11.6 Evaluation guidelines

305

(4)

11.6.1 Documentation

305

(2)

11.6.2 Verification

307

(1)

11.6.3 Validity

308

(1)

11.6.4 Maintainability

308

(1)

11.6.5 Usability

309

(1)

11.7 Documentation standards

309

(4)

12 Simulation

313

(15)

12.1 Background

313

(1)

12.2 Hierarchical levels

314

(2)

12.2.1 Engineering

315

(1)

12.2.2 Engagement

315

(1)

12.2.3 Mission

316

(1)

12.2.4 Theater

316

(1)

12.3 Simulation infrastructure

316

(1)

12.4 High-level architecture

317

(1)

12.5 Testbeds

318

(1)

12.6 Applications

319

(9)

12.6.1 Systems engineering

320

(1)

12.6.2 Simulation-based acquisition

320

(5)

12.6.3 Operations analysis

325

(1)

12.6.4 Training

326

(2)

Appendix A Abbreviations and acronyms

328

(14)

Appendix B Glossary of terms

342

(9)

Appendix C Websites

351

(3)

References

354

(49)

Author index

403

(12)

Subject index

415

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Underwater Acoustic Modelling and Simulation, Third Edition

Summary

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Underwater Acoustic Modelling and Simulation, Third Edition

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

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