UNESCO Global Geoparks Tension Between Territorial Development and Heritage Enhancement

Introduction xi
Yves GIRAULT

Part 1. Objectives, Issues and Tensions Related to the Patrimonialization of Nature 1

Chapter 1. Natural Heritage, Participatory Democracy and UNESCO: a Structure of Disillusionment? 3
Igor BABOU

1.1. Introduction 3

1.2. The participation in question 4

1.3. A brief history of participatory mechanisms and environmental democracy 4

1.4. Critical assessments of participatory mechanisms and environmental democracy 7

1.5. Points of tension within protected natural areas 11

1.5.1. The significant dimension of the devices 13

1.5.2. The proliferation and professionalization of intermediaries 14

1.5.3. Standardization of participation models 15

1.6. The example of the Lanzarote geopark: top-down approach and brand logic 15

1.7. Conclusion: the democratic consequences of the contradictions of participation 17

1.8. References 19

Chapter 2. The Ambivalences of the Co-construction of a Mental Territory: a Case Study on Spanish UGGs 23
Catalina GONZALEZ TEJADA and Yves GIRAULT

2.1. Introduction 23

2.2. Problematic issues 24

2.3. Methodology and construction of the corpus 27

2.4. The construction of the story of the mental territory of the Spanish geoparks 28

2.4.1. First initiatives to protect geological aspects in Spain 29

2.4.2. Various definitions of geological heritage in Spain 31

2.4.3. Cultural enhancement of geological heritage: a disciplinary approach between protection and dissemination of geology 35

2.5. Conclusion 47

2.6. References 48

Chapter 3. The History of the Earth as a New Form of Territorial Marketing: the Case of the Geopark of the Tremp-Montsec Basin (Spain) 53
Fabien VAN GEERT

3.1. Introduction 53

3.2. Economic development and the use of heritage in the Catalan Pyrenees 55

3.3. The protection of Catalan geological heritage and its valorization through geoparks 57

3.4. The Tremp-Montsec Basin Geopark Project and the creation of a territory brand 63

3.5. The declaration of the Tremp Geopark and the definition of its future challenges 71

3.6. References 74

Chapter 4. Patrimonialization and the Geopark Label: for Which Development Model in the South? The Case of Morocco 77
Ouidad TEBAA and Saïd BOUJROUF

4.1. Introduction 77

4.2. Geopark in Morocco: new label, new territory and new heritage process 78

4.2.1. The relationship to heritage and patrimonialization in Morocco: between identity, museumization and commodification 78

4.2.2. What is the debate on the social acceptability and local utility of geoparks? 79

4.3. Challenges in the territorial construction of geoparks and their heritage development 82

4.3.1. Challenges in the fight against poverty and/or heritage preservation 83

4.3.2. Challenges of intersectoral articulation and integration 84

4.3.3. Governance challenges for geoparks projects: involving residents 86

4.4. Questions and reservations about the contribution of a UNESCO model of geoparks for development in the South 88

4.5. References 90

Chapter 5. The Evolution of the Economics of Culture and its Influence on the Development of Geoparks 91
François MAIRESSE

5.1. Introduction 91

5.2. Museums and heritage sites in the market economy 92

5.3. The economic discourse on heritage 95

5.4. Economic evaluation 97

5.5. From the cultural economy to the creative economy 99

5.6. The economic challenges of geopark development 102

5.7. References 104

Part 2. Heritage Inventory and Conservation 109

Chapter 6. Methodological Proposal for the Valorization of the Geodiversity of Rural Areas Comparable with the Zat Valley 111
Joan POCH, Antonio TEIXELL, David GÓMEZ-GRAS, Francisco José MARTÍNEZ, Esteve CARDELLACH and José Luis BRIANSÓ

6.1. Introduction 111

6.2. Geological context of the study area 111

6.3. Objectives 116

6.4. Methodology 116

6.5. SWOT analysis and diagnosis 116

6.6. Results: methodological proposal 118

6.6.1. Geoethics framework 118

6.6.2. Assessment of the geodiversity 119

6.6.3. Selection of sites of geological interest for scientific, didactic or tourist use 123

6.6.4. Geosites of scientific interest: fostering scientific research 126

6.6.5. Geosites of didactic interest: fostering the teaching of geology 126

6.6.6. Geosites of geotourism interest: fostering sustainable tourism 127

6.7. Discussion and conclusion 128

6.8. References 129

Chapter 7. Interpreting Landscapes from a Socioecological Perspective: a Methodological Approach from the Zat Valley (Morocco) 133
Martí BOADA JUNCÀ, Roser MANEJA ZARAGOZA, Jaume MARLÈS MAGRE, Josep Antoni PUJANTELL ALBÓS, Sònia SÀNCHEZ-MATEO and Carles BARRIOCANAL LOZANO

7.1. Introduction 133

7.2. Methodology 136

7.2.1. Chromatic assessment and identification of landscape units 136

7.2.2. Socioecological transects 136

7.2.3. Study area: Zat Valley (Atlas Mountains, Morocco) 138

7.3. Results and discussion 139

7.3.1. Chromatic assessment 139

7.4. Conclusions 142

7.5. Acknowledgments 143

7.6. References 143

Chapter 8. The Feeling of Archaeology and the Sense of History in the Mixteca Alta Geopark 147
Francisco VALDEZ

8.1. Introduction 147

8.2. The park 149

8.3. The people 153

8.4. Archaeology: the marks of history 158

8.4.1. A communal feast 162

8.5. Conclusion 165

8.6. References 166

Chapter 9. One of the First Rock Art Sites Discovered and Now Protected in Morocco: the Case of Azrou Iklane (Assa Region, Morocco) 169
Gwenola GRAFF, Maxence BAILLY, Abdelhadi EWAGUE and Martin LOYER

9.1. Introduction: presentation of the site and scientific interest 169

9.2. Contemporary situation of the site 171

9.3. History of searches on the site 172

9.4. Work of the French team and interest from local authorities 172

9.5. Rock art, a source of regional enhancement, and the dynamics of the integration of rock art into Moroccan heritage 174

9.6. The World Heritage nomination process for the Tighmert Oasis and its surroundings 176

9.7. Contribution of recent work to the preservation of remote and fragile archaeological sites 177

9.8. References 178

Part 3. Geotourism and Education 181

Chapter 10. Visualizing the Heritage of the Zat Valley Through a Virtual Museum 183
Élisabeth HABERT and Ali AOUDA

10.1. Introduction 183

10.2. From GIS to the virtual museum 184

10.2.1. Constructing a coherent and readable approach to the territory 184

10.2.2. The virtual museum: a virtual reality or an imaginary space? 185

10.2.3. Which model for the Zat Valley? 186

10.3. The Virtual Museum of the Zat Valley: an innovation at the service of local heritage 187

10.3.1. A virtual museum: why? 187

10.3.2. The case of geoparks 188

10.3.3. A virtual museum: for whom? 189

10.4. The Zat Valley Geopark Project: a story of a territory through an application 190

10.4.1. Overview of available tools 191

10.4.2. Methodology and tools 192

10.5. Conclusion 195

10.6. References 196

Chapter 11. Web Communication of French Geoparks in Education: the Expression of Their Legitimacy 199
Aurélie ZWANG

11.1. Introduction: the value of a study of communication in education in French geoparks 199

11.2. A semiological and content analysis of communication in terms of website education for four French geoparks 200

11.3. Legitimizing by making a site: the enunciation of the educational territory 203

11.4. Legitimizing by making sense: the statement of ESD in schools 207

11.5. Conclusion 210

11.6. References 211

11.7. Documents cited from the corpus 212

Chapter 12. The Architectural Mediation of Geoparks Museums in China: Between Tensions and Hybridization of Cultures 215
Yi DU and Yves GIRAULT

12.1. Introduction 215

12.2. Architects’ perspectives on the integration of museums in the territory 217

12.2.1. Analysis of architectural mediation 218

12.3. Geopark museums in China 219

12.4. Presentation of the three geoparks selected 221

12.4.1. The Taishan UGG 222

12.4.2. The Fangshan UGG 227

12.4.3. The Dali Mt Cangshan UGG 231

12.5. Conclusion 235

12.6. References 235

List of Authors 237

Index 241

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