Unified Design of Steel Structures

Louis F. Geschwindner is the author of Unified Design of Steel Structures, 2nd Edition, published by Wiley.

1.1 Scope 1

1.2 The Specification 1

1.3 The Manual 3

1.4 AISC Website Resources 4

1.5 Principles of Structural Design 5

1.6 Parts of the Steel Structure 6

1.7 Types of Steel Structures 11

1.7.1 Bearing Wall Construction 11

1.7.2 Beam-and-Column Construction 11

1.7.3 Long-Span Construction 13

1.7.4 High-Rise Construction 14

1.7.5 Single-Story Construction 15

1.8 Design Philosophies 15

1.9 Fundamentals of Allowable Strength Design (ASD) 18

1.10 Fundamentals of Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) 18

1.11 Inelastic Design 19

1.12 Structural Safety 20

1.13 Limit States 22

1.14 Building Codes and Design Specifications 23

1.15 Integrated Design Project 23

1.16 Problems 26

2. Loads, Load Factors, and Load Combinations 27

2.1 Introduction 27

2.2 Building Load Sources 28

2.2.1 Dead Load 28

2.2.2 Live Load 28

2.2.3 Snow Load 29

2.2.4 Wind Load 29

2.2.5 Seismic Load 30

2.2.6 Special Loads 30

2.3 Building Load Determination 31

2.3.1 Dead Load 31

2.3.2 Live Load 32

2.3.3 Snow Load 34

2.3.4 Wind Load 34

2.3.5 Seismic Load 37

2.4 Load Combinations for ASD and LRFD 38

2.5 Load Calculations 39

2.6 Calibration 45

2.7 Problems 46

Multi-Chapter Problems 46

Integrated Design Project 47

3. Steel Building Materials 48

3.1 Introduction 48

3.2 Applicability of the AISC Specification 50

3.3 Steel for Construction 53

3.4 Structural Steel Shapes 55

3.4.1 ASTM A6 Standard Shapes 55

3.4.2 Hollow Shapes 58

3.4.3 Plates and Bars 58

3.4.4 Built-up Shapes 60

3.5 Chemical Components of Structural Steel 60

3.6 Grades of Structural Steel 62

3.6.1 Steel for Shapes 62

3.6.2 Steel for Plates and Bars 65

3.6.3 Steel for Fasteners 67

3.6.4 Steel for Welding 69

3.6.5 Steel for Shear Studs 69

3.7 Availability of Structural Steel 69

3.8 Problems 69

4. Tension Members 71

4.1 Introduction 71

4.2 Tension Members in Structures 71

4.3 Cross-Sectional Shapes for Tension Members 73

4.4 Behavior and Strength of Tension Members 75

4.4.1 Yielding 76

4.4.2 Rupture 76

4.5 Computation of Areas 77

4.5.1 Gross Area 78

4.5.2 Net Area 78

4.5.3 Influence of Hole Placement 82

4.5.4 Effective Net Area 85

4.6 Design of Tension Members 90

4.7 Block Shear 93

4.8 Pin-Connected Members 102

4.9 Eyebars and Rods 105

4.10 Built-Up Tension Members 106

4.11 Truss Members 106

4.12 Bracing Members 106

4.13 Problems 109

Multi-Chapter Problem 111

Integrated Design Project 111

5. Compression Members 112

5.1 Compression Members in Structures 112

5.2 Cross-Sectional Shapes for Compression Members 112

5.3 Compression Member Strength 114

5.3.1 Euler Column 114

5.3.2 Other Boundary Conditions 117

5.3.3 Combination of Bracing and End Conditions 118

5.3.4 Real Column 121

5.3.5 AISC Provisions 124

5.4 Additional Limit States for Compression 131

5.5 Length Effects 131

5.5.1 Effective Length for Inelastic Columns 137

5.6 Slender Elements in Compression 139

5.7 Column Design Tables 145

5.8 Torsional Buckling and Flexural-Torsional Buckling 150

5.9 Single-Angle Compression Members 155

5.10 Built-Up Members 156

5.11 Column Base Plates 157

5.12 Problems 159

Multi-Chapter Problems 162

Integrated Design Project 163

6. Bending Members 1646.1 Bending Members in Structures 164

6.2 Strength of Beams 165

6.3 Design of Compact Laterally Supported Wide-Flange Beams 169

6.4 Design of Compact Laterally Unsupported Wide-Flange Beams 176

6.4.1 Lateral Torsional Buckling 176

6.4.2 Moment Gradient 180

6.5 Design of Noncompact Beams 188

6.5.1 Local Buckling 188

6.5.2 Flange Local Buckling 189

6.5.3 Web Local Buckling 191

6.6 Design of Beams for Weak Axis Bending 193

6.7 Design of Beams for Shear 195

6.8 Continuous Beams 197

6.9 Plastic Analysis and Design of Continuous Beams 199

6.10 Provisions for Double-Angle and Tee Members 202

6.10.1 Yielding 202

6.10.2 Lateral-Torsional Buckling 202

6.10.3 Flange Local Buckling 203

6.10.4 Stem Local Buckling 203

6.11 Single-Angle Bending Members 205

6.11.1 Yielding 206

6.11.2 Leg Local Buckling 206

6.11.3 Lateral-Torsional Buckling 206

6.12 Members in Biaxial Bending 207

6.13 Serviceability Criteria for Beams 208

6.13.1 Deflection 208

6.13.2 Vibration 208

6.13.3 Drift 209

6.14 Concentrated Forces on Beams 210

6.14.1 Web Local Yielding 211

6.14.2 Web Crippling 212

6.15 Open Web Steel Joists and Joist Girders 215

6.16 Problems 218

Multi-Chapter Problems 221

Integrated Design Project 221

7. Plate Girders 2227.1 Background 222

7.2 Homogeneous Plate Girders in Bending 224

7.2.1 Noncompact Web Plate Girders 225

7.2.2 Slender Web Plate Girders 229

7.3 Homogeneous Plate Girders in Shear 237

7.3.1 Nontension Field Action 237

7.3.2 Tension Field Action 239

7.4 Stiffeners for Plate Girders 242

7.4.1 Intermediate Stiffeners 242

7.4.2 Bearing Stiffeners 244

7.4.3 Bearing Stiffener Design 247

7.5 Problems 250

8. Beam-Columns and Frame Behavior 252

8.1 Introduction 252

8.2 Second-Order Effects 253

8.3 Interaction Principles 255

8.4 Interaction Equations 256

8.5 Braced Frames 259

8.6 Moment Frames 266

8.7 Specification Provisions for Stability Analysis and Design 276

8.7.1 Direct Analysis Method 276

8.7.2 Effective Length Method 277

8.7.3 First-Order Analysis Method 277

8.7.4 Notional Loads 277

8.8 Initial Beam-Column Selection 279

8.9 Beam-Column Design Using Manual Part 6 282

8.10 Combined Simple and Moment Frames 285

8.11 Partially Restrained Frames 294

8.12 Bracing Design 302

8.12.1 Column Bracing 303

8.12.2 Beam Bracing 303

8.12.3 Frame Bracing 304

8.13 Tension Plus Bending 306

8.14 Problems 306

Multi-Chapter Problem 311

Integrated Design Project 311

9. Composite Construction 3129.1 Introduction 312

9.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Composite Beam Construction 315

9.3 Shored versus Unshored Construction 315

9.4 Effective Flange 316

9.5 Strength of Composite Beams and Slab 316

9.5.1 Fully Composite Beams 318

9.5.2 Partially Composite Beams 322

9.5.3 Composite Beam Design Tables 325

9.5.4 Negative Moment Strength 330

9.6 Shear Stud Strength 330

9.6.1 Number and Placement of Shear Studs 331

9.7 Composite Beams with Formed Metal Deck 332

9.7.1 Deck Ribs Perpendicular to Steel Beam 333

9.7.2 Deck Ribs Parallel to Steel Beam 335

9.8 Fully Encased Steel Beams 340

9.9 Selecting a Section 340

9.10 Serviceability Considerations 344

9.10.1 Deflection During Construction 344

9.10.2 Vibration Under Service Loads 345

9.10.3 Live Load Deflections 345

9.11 Composite Columns 348

9.12 Composite Beam-Columns 352

9.13 Problems 356

Multi-Chapter Problem 358

Integrated Design Project 358

10. Connection Elements 359

10.1 Introduction 359

10.2 Basic Connections 359

10.3 Beam-to-Column Connections 361

10.4 Fully Restrained Connections 362

10.5 Simple and Partially Restrained Connections 363

10.6 Mechanical Fasteners 364

10.6.1 Common Bolts 364

10.6.2 High-Strength Bolts 364

10.6.3 Bolt Holes 366

10.7 Bolt Limit States 367

10.7.1 Bolt Shear 368

10.7.2 Bolt Bearing 369

10.7.3 Bolt Tension 370

10.7.4 Slip 376

10.7.5 Combined Tension and Shear in Bearing-Type Connections 377

10.8 Welds 378

10.8.1 Welding Processes 378

10.8.2 Types of Welds 379

10.8.3 Weld Sizes 380

10.9 Weld Limit States 381

10.9.1 Fillet Weld Strength 381

10.9.2 Groove Weld Strength 387

10.10 Connecting Elements 387

10.10.1 Connecting Elements in Tension 387

10.10.2 Connecting Elements in Compression 388

10.10.3 Connecting Elements in Flexure 388

10.10.4 Connecting Elements in Shear 388

10.10.5 Block Shear Strength 388

10.11 Problems 392

11. Simple Connections 396

11.1 Types of Simple Connections 396

11.2 Simple Shear Connections 397

11.3 Double-Angle Connections: Bolted-Bolted 398

11.4 Double-Angle Connections: Welded-Bolted 408

11.5 Double-Angle Connections: Bolted-Welded 412

11.6 Double Angle Connections: Welded-Welded 414

11.7 Single-Angle Connections 414

11.8 Single-Plate Shear Connections 422

11.9 Seated Connections 427

11.10 Light Bracing Connections 432

11.11 Beam Bearing Plates and Column Base Plates 443

11.12 Problems 449

Multi-Chapter Problem 452

Integrated Design Project 452

12. Moment Connections 453

12.1 Types of Moment Connections 453

12.2 Limit States 456

12.3 Moment Connection Design 456

12.3.1 Direct-Welded Flange Connection 456

12.3.2 Welded Flange Plate Connection 461

12.3.3 Bolted Flange Plate Connection 467

12.4 Column Stiffening 474

12.4.1 Flange Local Bending 475

12.4.2 Web Local Yielding 475

12.4.3 Web Crippling 476

12.4.4 Web Compression Buckling 476

12.4.5 Web Panel Zone Shear 477

12.5 Problems 482

Multi-Chapter Problem 483

Integrated Design Project 483

13. Steel Systems for Seismic Resistance 484

13.1 Introduction 484

13.2 Expected Behavior 485

13.3 Moment-Frame Systems 486

13.3.1 Special Moment Frames (SMF) 487

13.3.2 Intermediate Moment Frames (IMF) and Ordinary Moment Frames (OMF) 490

13.4 Braced-Frame Systems 490

13.4.1 Special Concentrically Braced Frames (SCBF) 491

13.4.2 Ordinary Concentrically Braced Frames (OCBF) 494

13.4.3 Eccentrically Braced Frames (EBF) 494

13.5 Other Framing Systems 496

13.5.1 Special Truss Moment Frames (STMF) 496

13.5.2 Buckling-Restrained Braced Frames (BRBF) 497

13.5.3 Special Plate Shear Walls (SPSW) 498

13.5.4 Composite Systems 499

13.6 Other General Requirements 499

13.6.1 Bolted and Welded Connections 499

13.6.2 Protected Zones 500

13.6.3 Local Buckling 500

13.6.4 Column Requirements 500

13.6.5 Column Bases 500

13.7 Conclusions 500

13.8 Problems 500

Multi-Chapter Problem 501

Integrated Design Project 501

Appendix 503

Index

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