The United Nations, 4th Edition Reality and

This text examines the structure, operation and history of the United Nations. It explains the historical roots of the UN system, its legal and organizational structures, and what the organization and its partners do in relation to major global events and issues. This revised and updated edition gives extended attention to peace-maintenance, human rights and economic and social development and examines the special position of the United States.

Peter R. Baehr is Honorary Professor of Human Rights at Utrecht University. Leon Gordenker is Professor Emeritus of Politics at Princeton University.

List of Tables

x

Preface to the Fourth Edition

xi

Preface to the Third Edition

xii

Preface to the Second Edition

xiii

Preface

xiv

List of Abbreviations

xvii

1. Introduction

1

(18)

Independent states

1

(1)

Interdependent societies

2

(1)

International law

3

(1)

Reforming world politics

4

(2)

Conferences and decisions

6

(1)

Functional cooperation in the 19th century

7

(2)

The Concert of Europe

9

(1)

The Hague Peace Conferences

10

(1)

The League of Nations

10

(4)

World War II and the UN

14

(3)

The San Francisco Conference

17

(2)

2. Charter and Structure of the United Nations

19

(23)

Close relatives

20

(2)

The General Assembly

22

(2)

The Security Council

24

(1)

The Economic and Social Council

25

(1)

The Trusteeship Council

26

(1)

The International Court of Justice

27

(2)

The Secretariat

29

(4)

Cluster of UN agencies

33

(2)

Organizational tension

35

(7)

3. Membership and Decision-making

42

(19)

Chinese representation

43

(1)

Divided states

43

(1)

Ministates

44

(1)

Weighted voting

45

(1)

Decision-making processes

46

(2)

Fundamental changes

48

(1)

Voting groups

48

(3)

Groups and voting positions

51

(1)

The political significance of resolutions

52

(3)

Slow decision-making

55

(1)

Finances

56

(2)

U.S. debt to UN

58

(3)

4. The Maintenance of Peace and Security

61

(39)

Pacific settlement of disputes

62

(2)

Coercive measures

64

(3)

Practical use of Charter concepts

67

(2)

Israel and neighbors

67

(1)

Cyprus

68

(1)

Congo

69

(1)

New style peace operations

69

(3)

Namibia

69

(2)

Cambodia

71

(1)

Collective coercive measures

72

(7)

Korea

72

(1)

Iraq and the attack on Kuwait

73

(5)

After Iraq I

78

(1)

Terror attacks on the United States

79

(1)

Iraq II

79

(2)

Frustrations in Middle East

81

(1)

Uniting for peace

82

(2)

Hybrid forms of peace-keeping

84

(6)

Somalia

84

(1)

Yugoslavia

85

(3)

Rwanda

88

(1)

Haiti

89

(1)

Central America

90

(1)

Second thoughts on peace-keeping

90

(2)

Limits and potentials in maintaining peace

92

(2)

Arms control and weapons of mass destruction

94

(4)

Non-proliferation

96

(1)

Ban on nuclear testing

96

(1)

Demilitarized and nuclear-free zone

97

(1)

Chemical and biological weapons

97

(1)

Conclusion

98

(2)

5. Human Rights and Decolonization

100

(25)

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights

103

(3)

The international covenants for human rights

106

(4)

Other human rights activities

110

(2)

High Commissioner for Human Rights

112

(1)

The Israeli-Occupied Territories

113

(1)

Specialized Agencies

113

(1)

The International Criminal Court

114

(1)

The right of self-determination

114

(1)

Declaration on non-self-governing territories

115

(1)

The Trusteeship System

116

(1)

Declaration on Granting of Independence

116

(1)

The imposition of economic sanctions

117

(1)

East Timor (Timor Leste)

118

(1)

Remaining colonial issues

118

(1)

Apartheid

119

(2)

Conclusion

121

(4)

6. Cooperation for Economic and Social Progress

125

(21)

Global conferences

126

(2)

Economic and social data

128

(1)

Reduction of poverty

129

(5)

Technical assistance

130

(3)

UN Population Fund

133

(1)

UN Capital Development Fund

133

(1)

UN University

133

(1)

UN Volunteers

134

(1)

UN Children's Fund

134

(1)

UN Conference on Trade and Development

134

(3)

New International Economic Order

137

(1)

The global environment

138

(2)

Refugees and disasters

140

(1)

Narcotics drug control

141

(1)

AIDS

142

(1)

Conventional economic, social and cultural cooperation

143

(3)

7. The 21st Century: a Changing UN

146

(13)

Collective legitimization

148

(1)

The Soviet Union

149

(1)

The Five Policemen

150

(1)

The Third World

151

(1)

The United States

152

(1)

The Secretary-General

153

(2)

The specialized agencies

155

(2)

The UN in the 21st century

157

(2)

Appendix: Charter of the United Nations

159

(24)

Selected Bibliography

183

(7)

Index

190

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The United Nations, 4th Edition Reality and Ideal

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials