Uniting a Divided City

For many people, Johannesburg has become the imagined spectre of our urban future. Global anxieties about catastrophic urban explosion, social fracture, environmental degradation, escalating crime and violence, and rampant consumerism alongside grinding poverty, are projected onto this city whose fate has implications and resonance way beyond its borders. Decision-makers in cities worldwide have attempted to balance harsh fiscal and administrative realities with growing demands for political, economic and social justice. Uniting a Divided City investigates pragmatic approaches to urban economic development, service delivery, spatial restructuring, environmental sustainability and institutional reform in Johannesburg. It explores the conditions and processes that are determining the city's transformation into a cosmopolitan metropole and magnet for the continent.

Jo Beall is Reader in Development Studies at the London School of Economics.

List of Figures

viii

List of Tables

ix

Acknowledgements

xi

List of Acronyms and Abbreviations

xiii

Part 1 Ways of Understanding Divided Cities

Introduction to a Divided City

3

(4)

Introduction

3

(2)

Organization of the book

5

(2)

Reverberations from a Divided City

7

(22)

Johannesburg as a 21st-century city

7

(2)

Ways of seeing divided cities

9

(6)

Ways of governing divided cities

15

(5)

Social institutions in divided cities

20

(3)

Making the connections: social exclusion in divided cities

23

(6)

Part 2 The Changing Spatial Structure of the City

Beyond Racial Fordism: Changing Patterns of Social Inequality

29

(16)

Introduction

29

(1)

From racial apartheid to social polarization in Johannesburg

30

(3)

The changing political economy of Johannesburg

33

(4)

Social polarization in Johannesburg: deindustrialization, urbanization and unemployment

37

(5)

Conclusion

42

(3)

Post-Fordist Polarization: The Changing Spatial Order of the City

45

(20)

Introduction

45

(1)

Racial Fordism in Johannesburg

46

(6)

The post-Fordist spatial order

52

(8)

Conclusion

60

(5)

Part 3 Institutional Responses to Urban Change

Decentralization by Stealth: Democratization or Disempowerment through Developmental Local Government?

65

(22)

Introduction

65

(2)

The deracialization and decolonization of local government

67

(4)

The decentralization paradox of the South African local government transition

71

(2)

The design of democratic local government

73

(12)

Conclusion

85

(2)

The Politics of Fiscal Austerity in Creating Equitable City Government

87

(22)

Introduction

87

(1)

Crisis? What crisis?

88

(6)

What is iGoli 2002?

94

(5)

Is iGoli 2002 a policy that can unite a divided city?

99

(6)

Conclusion

105

(4)

Part 4 Living in A Divided City

The Inner-city Challenge: Locating Partners for Urban Regeneration

109

(20)

Introduction

109

(1)

The case for inner-city regeneration in Johannesburg

110

(3)

Downtown decline and the partnership business

113

(5)

Residential regeneration in the inner city: the case of Yeoville

118

(3)

Community dynamics in Yeoville

121

(6)

Conclusion

127

(2)

Participatory Planning and Informal Settlement Upgrading in Diepsloot

129

(22)

Introduction

129

(3)

The social origins of peri-urban squatter settlements

132

(2)

Social mobilization and social inclusion in Diepsloot

134

(14)

Conclusion

148

(3)

Housing and Service Consumption in Soweto

151

(24)

Introduction

151

(1)

Service provision in Johannesburg

152

(2)

Residents' access to services in Johannesburg

154

(7)

Social differentiation in Soweto as seen through housing

161

(4)

Service stories from Orlando East

165

(5)

Local politics and state-society relations in Orlando East

170

(2)

Conclusion

172

(3)

The People Behind the Walls: Insecurity, Identity and Gated Communities

175

(21)

Introduction

175

(1)

Crime city

176

(3)

Walls, malls and treadmills: Johannesburg's middle-class fortress enclaves

179

(6)

Counting us in or counting us out? Soweto's hostels as `gated communities'

185

(9)

Conclusion

194

(2)

Conclusion: Lessons from a Uniting City

196

(10)

Johannesburg and the prerequisites for understanding divided cities

196

(6)

Lessons for inclusive urban governance

202

(3)

Conclusion

205

(1)

Notes

206

(8)

References

214

(16)

Index

230

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Uniting a Divided City

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials