Unix Power Tools

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ISBN: 9780596003302 | 0596003307
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 10/1/2002

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This new edition is loaded with even more advice about almost every aspect of Unix, covering new technologies that users need to know. In addition to vital information on Linux, Darwin and BSD, Unix Power Tools, 3rd Edition now offers more coverage of bash, zsh and other new shells, along with discussions on modern utilities and applications. Several sections focus on security and Internet access, acknowledging that most Unix boxes are connected to the Internet. And there is a new chapter on access to Unix from Windows, addressing the heterogeneous nature of systems today. Readers will also find expanded coverage of software installation and packaging, as well as basic information on Perl, Python, and Tcl.

How to Use This Book

xxvii

Preface

xxix

Part I Basic Unix Environment

Introduction

(29)

What's Special About Unix?

(1)

Power Grows on You

(2)

The Core of Unix

(1)

Communication with Unix

(2)

Programs Are Designed to Work Together

(1)

There Are Many Shells

(2)

Which Shell Am I Running?

(1)

Anyone Can Program the Shell

(2)

Internal and External Commands

(1)

The Kernel and Daemons

(2)

Filenames

(1)

Filename Extensions

(1)

Wildcards

(2)

The Tree Structure of the Filesystem

(2)

Your Home Directory

(1)

Making Pathnames

(2)

File Access Permissions

(1)

The Superuser (Root)

(1)

When Is a File Not a File?

(1)

Scripting

(1)

Unix Networking and Communications

(2)

The X Window System

(2)

Getting Help

(11)

The man Command

(1)

whatis: One-Line Command Summaries

(1)

whereis: Finding Where a Command Is Located

(1)

Searching Online Manual Pages

(2)

How Unix Systems Remember Their Names

(1)

Which Version Am I Using?

(1)

What tty Am I On?

(1)

Who's On?

(1)

The info Command

(5)

Part II Customizing Your Environment

Setting Up Your Unix Shell

(27)

What Happens When You Log In

(1)

The Mac OS X Terminal Application

(1)

Shell Setup Files---Which, Where, and Why

(4)

(1)

What Goes in Shell Setup Files?

(1)

Tip for Changing Account Setup: Keep a Shell Ready

(1)

Use Absolute Pathnames in Shell Setup Files

(1)

Setup Files Aren't Read When You Want?

(2)

Gotchas in set prompt Test

(1)

Automatic Setups for Different Terminals

(1)

Terminal Setup: Testing TERM

(1)

Terminal Setup: Testing Remote Hostname and X Display

(1)

Terminal Setup: Testing Port

(1)

Terminal Setup: Testing Environment Variables

(1)

Terminal Setup: Searching Terminal Table

(1)

Terminal Setup: Testing Window Size

(1)

Terminal Setup: Setting and Testing Window Name

(1)

A .cshrc.$HOST File for Per Host Setup

(1)

Making a ``Login'' Shell

(1)

RC Files

(3)

Make Your Own Manpages Without Learning troff

(2)

Writing a Simple Manpage with the --man Macros

(3)

Interacting with Your Environment

(22)

Basics of Setting the Prompt

(1)

Static Prompts

(1)

Dynamic Prompts

(1)

Simulating Dynamic Prompts

(1)

C-Shell Prompt Causes Problems in vi, rsh, etc.

(1)

Faster Prompt Setting with Built-ins

(2)

Multiline Shell Prompts

(1)

Session Info in Window Title or Status Line

(2)

A ``Menu Prompt'' for Naive Users

(1)

Highlighting and Color in Shell Prompts

(2)

Right-Side Prompts

(1)

Show Subshell Level with $SHLVL

(1)

What Good Is a Blank Shell Prompt?

(1)

dirs in Your Prompt: Better Than $cwd

(2)

External Commands Send Signals to Set Variables

(1)

Preprompt, Pre-execution, and Periodic Commands

(2)

Running Commands When You Log Out

(1)

Running Commands at Bourne/Korn Shell Logout

(1)

Stop Accidental Bourne-Shell Logouts

(2)

Getting the Most out of Terminals, xterm, and X Windows

(32)

There's a Lot to Know About Terminals

(1)

The Idea of a Terminal Database

(2)

Setting the Terminal Type When You Log In

(2)

Querying Your Terminal Type: qterm

(2)

Querying Your xterm Size: resize

(1)

Checklist: Terminal Hangs When I Log In

100

(4)

Find Out Terminal Settings with stty

104

(1)

Setting Your Erase, Kill, and Interrupt Characters

104

(2)

Working with xterm and Friends

106

(1)

107

(1)

Working with Scrollbars

108

(1)

How Many Lines to Save?

109

(1)

Simple Copy and Paste in xterm

109

(1)

Defining What Makes Up a Word for Selection Purposes

110

(1)

Setting the Titlebar and Icon Text

111

(1)

The Simple Way to Pick a Font

112

(1)

The xterm Menus

113

(2)

Changing Fonts Dynamically

115

(2)

Working with xclipboard

117

(2)

Problems with Large Selections

119

(1)

Tips for Copy and Paste Between Windows

120

(2)

Running a Single Command with xterm --e

122

(1)

Don't Quote Arguments to xterm --e

123

(1)

Your X Environment

124

(23)

Defining Keys and Button Presses with xmodmap

124

(3)

Using xev to Learn Keysym Mappings

127

(1)

X Resource Syntax

128

(2)

X Event Translations

130

(3)

Setting X Resources: Overview

133

(2)

Setting Resources with the --xrm Option

135

(1)

How --name Affects Resources

135

(1)

Setting Resources with xrdb

136

(3)

Listing the Current Resources for a Client: appres

139

(1)

Starting Remote X Clients

140

(7)

Part III Working with Files and Directories

Directory Organization

147

(7)

What? Me, Organized?

147

(1)

Many Homes

148

(1)

Access to Directories

148

(1)

A bin Directory for Your Programs and Scripts

149

(1)

Private (Personal) Directories

150

(1)

Naming Files

150

(1)

Make More Directories!

151

(1)

Making Directories Made Easier

152

(2)

Directories and Files

154

(17)

Everything but the find Command

154

(1)

The Three Unix File Times

154

(1)

Finding Oldest or Newest Files with ls --t and ls --u

155

(2)

List All Subdirectories with ls --R

157

(1)

The ls --d Option

157

(1)

Color Is

158

(3)

Some GNU Is Features

161

(1)

A csh Alias to List Recently Changed Files

162

(1)

Showing Hidden Files with ls --A and --a

163

(1)

Useful Is Aliases

163

(2)

Can't Access a File? Look for Spaces in the Name

165

(1)

Showing Nonprintable Characters in Filenames

166

(1)

Counting Files by Types

167

(1)

Listing Files by Age and Size

168

(1)

newer: Print the Name of the Newest File

169

(1)

oldlinks: Find Unconnected Symbolic Links

169

(1)

Picking a Unique Filename Automatically

170

(1)

Finding Files with find

171

(30)

How to Use find

171

(2)

Delving Through a Deep Directory Tree

173

(2)

Don't Forget --print

175

(1)

Looking for Files with Particular Names

175

(1)

Searching for Old Files

175

(1)

Be an Expert on find Search Operators

176

(2)

The Times That find Finds

178

(1)

Exact File-Time Comparisons

179

(1)

Running Commands on What You Find

179

(2)

Using --exec to Create Custom Tests

181

(1)

Custom --exec Tests Applied

182

(1)

Finding Many Things with One Command

182

(2)

Searching for Files by Type

184

(1)

Searching for Files by Size

185

(1)

Searching for Files by Permission

185

(1)

Searching by Owner and Group

186

(1)

Duplicating a Directory Tree

187

(1)

Using ``Fast find'' Databases

187

(2)

Wildcards with ``Fast find'' Database

189

(1)

Finding Files (Much) Faster with a find Database

190

(2)

grepping a Directory Tree

192

(1)

lookfor: Which File Has That Word?

193

(1)

Using Shell Arrays to Browse Directories

194

(3)

Finding the (Hard) Links to a File

197

(1)

Finding Files with --prune

198

(1)

Quick finds in the Current Directory

199

(1)

Skipping Parts of a Tree in find

199

(1)

Keeping find from Searching Networked Filesystem

200

(1)

Linking, Renaming, and Copying Files

201

(17)

What's So Complicated About Copying Files

201

(1)

What's Really in a Directory?

201

(2)

Files with Two or More Names

203

(2)

More About Links

205

(3)

Creating and Removing Links

208

(1)

Stale Symbolic Links

209

(1)

Linking Directories

210

(2)

Showing the Actual Filenames for Symbolic Links

212

(1)

Renaming, Copying, or Comparing a Set of Files

212

(1)

Renaming a List of Files Interactively

213

(1)

One More Way to Do It

213

(1)

Copying Directory Trees with cp --r

214

(2)

Copying Directory Trees with tar and Pipes

216

(2)

Comparing Files

218

(16)

Checking Differences with diff

218

(2)

Comparing Three Different Versions with diff3

220

(1)

Context diffs

221

(3)

Side-by-Side diffs: sdiff

224

(1)

Choosing Sides with sdiff

225

(1)

Problems with diff and Tabstops

225

(1)

cmp and diff

226

(1)

Comparing Two Files with comm

227

(2)

More Friendly comm Output

229

(1)

make Isn't Just for Programmers!

230

(2)

Even More Uses for make

232

(2)

Showing What's in a File

234

(13)

Cracking the Nut

234

(1)

What Good Is a cat?

234

(2)

``less'' is More

236

(1)

Show Nonprinting Characters with cat --v or od --c

237

(2)

What's in That Whitespace?

239

(1)

Finding File Types

240

(1)

Squash Extra Blank Lines

241

(1)

How to Look at the End of a File: tail

242

(1)

Finer Control on tail

243

(1)

How to Look at Files as They Grow

243

(2)

GNU tail File Following

245

(1)

Printing the Top of a File

246

(1)

Numbering Lines

246

(1)

Searching Through Files

247

(15)

Different Versions of grep

247

(1)

Searching for Text with grep

248

(1)

Finding Text That Doesn't Match

249

(1)

Extended Searching for Text with egrep

250

(1)

grepping for a List of Patterns

251

(1)

Approximate grep: agrep

251

(1)

Search RCS Files with rcsgrep

252

(2)

GNU Context greps

254

(1)

A Multiline Context grep Using sed

255

(1)

Compound Searches

256

(1)

Narrowing a Search Quickly

257

(1)

Faking Case-Insensitive Searches

258

(1)

Finding a Character in a Column

258

(1)

Fast Searches and Spelling Checks with ``look''

259

(1)

Finding Words Inside Binary Files

259

(1)

A Highlighting grep

260

(2)

Removing Files

262

(15)

The Cycle of Creation and Destruction

262

(1)

How Unix Keeps Track of Files: Inodes

262

(1)

rm and Its Dangers

263

(2)

Tricks for Making rm Safer

265

(1)

Answer ``Yes'' or ``No'' Forever with yes

265

(1)

Remove Some, Leave Some

266

(1)

A Faster Way to Remove Files Interactively

266

(1)

Safer File Deletion in Some Directories

267

(1)

Safe Delete: Pros and Cons

268

(1)

Deletion with Prejudice: rm --f

269

(1)

Deleting Files with Odd Names

269

(1)

Using Wildcards to Delete Files with Strange Names

270

(1)

Handling a Filename Starting with a Dash (--)

271

(1)

Using unlink to Remove a File with a Strange Name

271

(1)

Removing a Strange File by its i-number

272

(1)

Problems Deleting Directories

272

(2)

Deleting Stale Files

274

(1)

Removing Every File but One

275

(1)

Using find to Clear Out Unneeded Files

276

(1)

Optimizing Disk Space

277

(18)

Disk Space Is Cheap

277

(1)

Instead of Removing a File, Empty It

277

(2)

Save Space with ``Bit Bucket'' Log Files and Mailboxes

279

(1)

Save Space with a Link

279

(1)

Limiting File Sizes

280

(1)

Compressing Files to Save Space

281

(3)

Save Space: tar and compress a Directory Tree

284

(2)

How Much Disk Space?

286

(2)

Compressing a Directory Tree: Fine-Tuning

288

(1)

Save Space in Executable Files with strip

289

(1)

Disk Quotas

290

(5)

Part IV Basic Editing

Spell Checking, Word Counting, and Textual Analysis

295

(13)

The Unix spell Command

295

(1)

Check Spelling Interactively with ispell

296

(2)

How Do I Spell That Word?

298

(1)

Inside spell

299

(2)

Adding Words to ispell's Dictionary

301

(2)

Counting Lines, Words, and Characters: wc

303

(2)

Find a a Doubled Word

305

(1)

Looking for Closure

305

(1)

Just the Words, Please

306

(2)

vi Tips and Tricks

308

(28)

The vi Editor: Why So Much Material?

308

(1)

What We Cover

309

(1)

Editing Multiple Files with vi

309

(2)

Edits Between Files

311

(1)

Local Settings for vi

312

(1)

Using Buffers to Move or Copy Text

313

(1)

Get Back What You Deleted with Numbered Buffers

313

(1)

Using Search Patterns and Global Commands

314

(1)

Confirming Substitutions in vi

315

(1)

Keep Your Original File, Write to a New File

316

(1)

Saving Part of a File

316

(1)

Appending to an Existing File

317

(1)

Moving Blocks of Text by Patterns

317

(1)

Useful Global Commands (with Pattern Matches)

318

(2)

Counting Occurrences; Stopping Search Wraps

320

(1)

Capitalizing Every Word on a Line

320

(1)

Per-File Setups in Separate Files

321

(1)

Filtering Text Through a Unix Command

322

(2)

vi File Recovery Versus Networked Filesystems

324

(1)

Be Careful with vi --r Recovered Buffers

325

(1)

Shell Escapes: Running One Unix Command While Using Another

326

(1)

vi Compound Searches

327

(1)

vi Word Abbreviation

328

(2)

Using vi Abbreviations as Commands (Cut and Paste Between vi's)

330

(1)

Fixing Typos with vi Abbreviations

330

(1)

vi Line Commands Versus Character Commands

331

(1)

Out of Temporary Space? Use Another Directory

332

(1)

Neatening Lines

333

(1)

Finding Your Place with Undo

334

(1)

Setting Up vi with the .exrc File

334

(2)

Creating Custom Commands in vi

336

(17)

Why Type More Than You Have To?

336

(1)

Save Time and Typing with the vi map Commands

336

(3)

What You Lose When You Use map!

339

(1)

vi @-Functions

340

(3)

Keymaps for Pasting into a Window Running vi

343

(1)

Protecting Keys from Interpretation by ex

343

(2)

Maps for Repeated Edits

345

(2)

More Examples of Mapping Keys in vi

347

(1)

Repeating a vi Keymap

348

(1)

Typing in Uppercase Without CAPS LOCK

348

(1)

Text-Input Mode Cursor Motion with No Arrow Keys

349

(1)

Don't Lose Important Functions with vi Maps: Use noremap

350

(1)

vi Macro for Splitting Long Lines

350

(1)

File-Backup Macros

351

(2)

GNU Emacs

353

(14)

Emacs: The Other Editor

353

(1)

Emacs Features: A Laundry List

354

(4)

Customizations and How to Avoid Them

358

(1)

Backup and Auto-Save Files

358

(2)

Putting Emacs in Overwrite Mode

360

(1)

Command Completion

360

(1)

Mike's Favorite Timesavers

361

(1)

Rational Searches

362

(1)

Unset PWD Before Using Emacs

363

(1)

Inserting Binary Characters into Files

363

(1)

Using Word-Abbreviation Mode

364

(2)

Directories for Emacs Hacks

366

(1)

An Absurd Amusement

366

(1)

Batch Editing

367

(23)

Why Line Editors Aren't Dinosaurs

367

(1)

Writing Editing Scripts

368

(1)

Line Addressing

369

(1)

Useful ex Commands

370

(3)

Running Editing Scripts Within vi

373

(1)

Change Many Files by Editing Just One

373

(2)

ed/ex Batch Edits: A Typical Example

375

(1)

Batch Editing Gotcha: Editors Fail on Big Files

376

(1)

patch: Generalized Updating of Files That Differ

377

(1)

Quick Reference: awk

378

(10)

Versions of awk

388

(2)

You Can't Quite Call This Editing

390

(31)

And Why Not?

390

(1)

Neatening Text with fmt

391

(1)

Alternatives to fmt

392

(2)

Clean Up Program Comment Blocks

394

(1)

Remove Mail/News Headers with behead

395

(1)

Low-Level File Butchery with dd

396

(1)

offset: Indent Text

396

(1)

Centering Lines in a File

397

(1)

Splitting Files at Fixed Points: split

398

(3)

Splitting Files by Context: csplit

401

(3)

Hacking on Characters with tr

404

(2)

Encoding ``Binary'' Files into ASCII

406

(4)

Text Conversion with dd

410

(1)

Cutting Columns or Fields

410

(1)

Making Text in Columns with pr

411

(2)

Make Columns Automatically with column

413

(2)

Straightening Jagged Columns

415

(1)

Pasting Things in Columns

416

(1)

Joining Lines with join

417

(1)

What Is (or Isn't) Unique?

418

(1)

Rotating Text

419

(2)

Sorting

421

(14)

Putting Things in Order

421

(1)

Sort Fields: How sort Sorts

422

(2)

Changing the sort Field Delimiter

424

(1)

Confusion with Whitespace Field Delimiters

424

(2)

Alphabetic and Numeric Sorting

426

(1)

Miscellaneous sort Hints

427

(2)

Iensort: Sort Lines by Length

429

(1)

Sorting a List of People by Last Name

430

(5)

Part V Processes and the Kernel

Job Control

435

(16)

Job Control in a Nutshell

435

(2)

Job Control Basics

437

(1)

Using jobs Effectively

438

(2)

Some Gotchas with Job Control

440

(2)

The ``Current Job'' Isn't Always What You Expect

442

(1)

Job Control and autowrite: Real Timesavers!

442

(1)

System Overloaded? Try Stopping Some Jobs

443

(1)

Notification When Jobs Change State

444

(1)

Stop Background Output with stty tostop

444

(1)

nohup

445

(1)

Disowning Processes

446

(1)

Linux Virtual Consoles

447

(2)

Stopping Remote Login Sessions

449

(2)

Starting, Stopping, and Killing Processes

451

(37)

What's in This Chapter

451

(1)

fork and exec

452

(1)

Managing Processes: Overall Concepts

453

(2)

Subshells

455

(1)

The ps Command

456

(3)

The Controlling Terminal

459

(1)

Tracking Down Processes

460

(2)

Why ps Prints Some Commands in Parentheses

462

(1)

The /proc Filesystem

463

(5)

What Are Signals?

468

(1)

Killing Foreground Jobs

469

(1)

Destroying Processes with kill

470

(1)

Printer Queue Watcher: A Restartable Daemon Shell Script

471

(2)

Killing All Your Processes

473

(1)

Killing Processes by Name?

474

(2)

Kill Processes Interactively

476

(2)

Processes Out of Control? Just STOP Them

478

(1)

Cleaning Up an Unkillable Process

479

(1)

Why You Can't Kill a Zombie

480

(1)

The Process Chain to Your Window

480

(2)

Terminal Windows Without Shells

482

(2)

Close a Window by Killing Its Process(es)

484

(4)

Delayed Execution

488

(12)

Building Software Robots the Easy Way

488

(1)

Periodic Program Execution: The cron Facility

489

(5)

Adding crontab Entries

494

(1)

Including Standard Input Within a cron Entry

495

(1)

The at Command

495

(1)

Making Your at Jobs Quiet

496

(1)

Checking and Removing Jobs

496

(1)

Avoiding Other at and cron Jobs

497

(1)

Waiting a Little While: sleep

498

(2)

System Performance and Profiling

500

(13)

Timing Is Everything

500

(3)

Timing Programs

503

(1)

What Commands Are Running and How Long Do They Take?

504

(2)

Checking System Load: uptime

506

(1)

Know When to Be ``nice'' to Other Users...and When Not To

506

(4)

A nice Gotcha

510

(1)

Changing a Running Job's Niceness

510

(3)

Part VI Scripting

Shell Interpretation

513

(29)

What the Shell Does

513

(1)

How the Shell Executes Other Commands

514

(1)

What's a Shell, Anyway?

515

(2)

Command Evaluation and Accidentally Overwriting Files

517

(1)

Output Command-Line Arguments One by One

518

(1)

Controlling Shell Command Searches

518

(2)

Wildcards Inside Aliases

520

(1)

eval: When You Need Another Chance

521

(2)

Which One Will bash Use?

523

(1)

Which One Will the C Shell Use?

524

(2)

Is It ``2>&1 file'' or ``>file2>&1''? Why?

526

(1)

Bourne Shell Quoting

526

(5)

Differences Between Bourne and C Shell Quoting

531

(2)

Quoting Special Characters in Filenames

533

(1)

Verbose and Echo Settings Show Quoting

533

(1)

Here Documents

534

(1)

``Special'' Characters and Operators

535

(5)

How Many Backslashes?

540

(2)

Saving Time on the Command Line

542

(29)

What's Special About the Unix Command Line

542

(1)

Reprinting Your Command Line with CTRL-r

543

(1)

Use Wildcards to Create Files?

544

(1)

Build Strings with { }

545

(2)

String Editing (Colon) Operators

547

(2)

Automatic Completion

549

(4)

Don't Match Useless Files in Filename Completion

553

(1)

Repeating Commands

554

(1)

Repeating and Varying Commands

554

(3)

Repeating a Command with Copy-and-Paste

557

(1)

Repeating a Time-Varying Command

558

(1)

Multiline Commands, Secondary Prompts

559

(1)

Here Document Example #1: Unformatted Form Letters

560

(1)

Command Substitution

561

(2)

Handling Lots of Text with Temporary Files

563

(1)

Separating Commands with Semicolons

563

(2)

Dealing with Too Many Arguments

565

(2)

Expect

567

(4)

Custom Commands

571

(22)

Creating Custom Commands

571

(1)

Introduction to Shell Aliases

571

(1)

C-Shell Aliases with Command-Line Arguments

572

(2)

Setting and Unsetting Bourne-Type Aliases

574

(1)

Korn-Shell Aliases

575

(1)

zsh Aliases

576

(1)

Sourceable Scripts

576

(2)

Avoiding C-Shell Alias Loops

578

(1)

How to Put if-then-else in a C-Shell Alias

579

(1)

Fix Quoting in csh Aliases with makealias and quote

580

(1)

Shell Function Basics

581

(4)

Shell Function Specifics

585

(1)

Propagating Shell Functions

586

(5)

Simulated Bourne Shell Functions and Aliases

591

(2)

The Use of History

593

(24)

The Lessons of History

593

(1)

History in a Nutshell

594

(1)

My Favorite Is !$

595

(1)

My Favorite Is !:n*

595

(1)

My Favorite Is ^^

596

(1)

Using !$ for Safety with Wildcards

597

(1)

History by Number

597

(2)

History Substitutions

599

(5)

Repeating a Cycle of Commands

604

(1)

Running a Series of Commands on a File

604

(1)

Check Your History First with :p

605

(1)

Picking Up Where You Left Off

606

(2)

Pass History to Another Shell

608

(1)

Shell Command-Line Editing

609

(6)

Changing History Characters with histchars

615

(1)

Instead of Changing History Characters

616

(1)

Moving Around in a Hurry

617

(16)

Getting Around the Filesystem

617

(1)

Using Relative and Absolute Pathnames

618

(2)

What Good Is a Current Directory?

620

(1)

How Does Unix Find Your Current Directory?

621

(1)

Saving Time When You Change Directories: cdpath

622

(1)

Loop Control: break and Continue

623

(1)

The Shells' pushd and popd Commands

624

(2)

Nice Aliases for pushd

626

(1)

Quick cds with Aliases

627

(1)

cd by Directory Initials

627

(2)

Finding (Anyone's) Home Directory, Quickly

629

(1)

Marking Your Place with a Shell Variable

630

(1)

Automatic Setup When You Enter/Exit a Directory

630

(3)

Regular Expressions (Pattern Matching)

633

(24)

That's an Expression

633

(1)

Don't Confuse Regular Expressions with Wildcards

634

(1)

Understanding Expressions

635

(2)

Using Metacharacters in Regular Expressions

637

(1)

Regular Expressions: The Anchor Characters ^ and $

638

(1)

Regular Expressions: Matching a Character with a Character Set

639

(1)

Regular Expressions: Match Any Character with . (Dot)

640

(1)

Regular Expressions: Specifying a Range of Characters with [...]

640

(1)

Regular Expressions: Exceptions in a Character Set

641

(1)

Regular Expressions: Repeating Character Sets with *

641

(1)

Regular Expressions: Matching a Specific Number of Sets with \ { and \ }

642

(1)

Regular Expressions: Matching Words with \ < and \ >

643

(1)

Regular Expressions: Remembering Patterns with \ (, \), and \1

644

(1)

Regular Expressions: Potential Problems

644

(1)

Extended Regular Expressions

645

(1)

Getting Regular Expressions Right

646

(2)

Just What Does a Regular Expression Match?

648

(1)

Limiting the Extent of a Match

649

(1)

I Never Meta Character I Didn't Like

650

(1)

Valid Metacharacters for Different Unix Programs

651

(1)

Pattern Matching Quick Reference with Examples

652

(5)

Wildcards

657

(11)

File-Naming Wildcards

657

(1)

Filename Wildcards in a Nutshell

658

(2)

Who Handles Wildcards?

660

(2)

What if a Wildcard Doesn't Match?

662

(1)

Maybe You Shouldn't Use Wildcards in Pathnames

663

(1)

Getting a List of Matching Files with grep --1

664

(1)

Getting a List of Nonmatching Files

664

(2)

nom: List Files That Don't Match a Wildcard

666

(2)

The sed Stream Editor

668

(30)

sed Sermon^H^H^H^H^H^HSummary

668

(1)

Two Things You Must Know About sed

669

(1)

Invoking sed

669

(1)

Testing and Using a sed Script: checksed, runsed

670

(2)

sed Addressing Basics

672

(2)

Order of Commands in a Script

674

(1)

One Thing at a Time

675

(1)

Delimiting a Regular Expression

675

(1)

Newlines in a sed Replacement

676

(1)

Referencing the Search String in a Replacement

677

(1)

Referencing Portions of a Search String

678

(1)

Search and Replacement: One Match Among Many

679

(1)

Transformations on Text

680

(1)

Hold Space: The Set-Aside Buffer

680

(3)

Transforming Part of a Line

683

(2)

Making Edits Across Line Boundaries

685

(3)

The Deliberate Scrivener

688

(2)

Searching for Patterns Split Across Lines

690

(2)

Multiline Delete

692

(1)

Making Edits Everywhere Except...

693

(2)

The sed Test Command

695

(1)

Uses of the sed Quit Command

696

(1)

Dangers of the sed Quit Command

696

(1)

sed Newlines, Quoting, and Backslashes in a Shell Script

697

(1)

Shell Programming for the Uninitiated

698

(43)

Writing a Simple Shell Program

698

(2)

Everyone Should Learn Some Shell Programming

700

(2)

What Environment Variables Are Good For

702

(3)

Parent-Child Relationships

705

(1)

Predefined Environment Variables

705

(3)

The PATH Environment Variable

708

(1)

PATH and path

709

(1)

The DISPLAY Environment Variable

710

(1)

Shell Variables

711

(2)

Test String Values with Bourne-Shell case

713

(1)

Pattern Matching in case Statements

714

(1)

Exit Status of Unix Processes

715

(1)

Test Exit Status with the if Statement

716

(2)

Testing Your Success

718

(1)

Loops That Test Exit Status

719

(1)

Set Exit Status of a Shell (Script)

720

(1)

Trapping Exits Caused by Interrupts

721

(2)

read: Reading from the Keyboard

723

(1)

Shell Script ``Wrappers'' for awk, sed, etc.

724

(1)

Handling Command-Line Arguments in Shell Scripts

725

(2)

Handling Command-Line Arguments with a for Loop

727

(1)

Handling Arguments with while and shift

728

(2)

Loop Control: break and continue

730

(1)

Standard Command-Line Parsing

730

(2)

The Bourne Shell set Command

732

(3)

test: Testing Files and Strings

735

(1)

Picking a Name for a New Command

736

(1)

Finding a Program Name and Giving Your Program Multiple Names

736

(1)

Reading Files with the . and source Commands

737

(1)

Using Shell Functions in Shell Scripts

738

(3)

Shell Programming for the Initiated

741

(34)

Beyond the Basics

741

(1)

The Story of : # #!

742

(1)

Don't Need a Shell for Your Script? Don't Use One

743

(1)

Making #! Search the PATH

744

(1)

The exec Command

745

(1)

The Unappreciated Bourne Shell ``:'' Operator

746

(1)

Parameter Substitution

747

(1)

Save Disk Space and Programming: Multiple Names for a Program

748

(1)

Finding the Last Command-Line Argument

749

(1)

How to Unset All Command-Line Parameters

749

(1)

Standard Input to a for Loop

750

(1)

Making a for Loop with Multiple Variables

750

(1)

Using basename and dirname

751

(2)

A while Loop with Several Loop Control Commands

753

(1)

Overview: Open Files and File Descriptors

753

(3)

n>&m: Swap Standard Output and Standard Error

756

(3)

A Shell Can Read a Script from Its Standard Input, but...

759

(1)

Shell Scripts On-the-Fly from Standard Input

760

(1)

Quoted hereis Document Terminators: sh Versus csh

761

(1)

Turn Off echo for ``Secret'' Answers

761

(1)

Quick Reference: expr

762

(2)

Testing Characters in a String with expr

764

(1)

Grabbing Parts of a String

764

(4)

Nested Command Substitution

768

(2)

Testing Two Strings with One case Statement

770

(1)

Outputting Text to an X Window

770

(2)

Shell Lockfile

772

(3)

Shell Script Debugging and Gotchas

775

(12)

Tips for Debugging Shell Scripts

775

(2)

Bourne Shell Debugger Shows a Shell Variable

777

(1)

Stop Syntax Errors in Numeric Tests

777

(1)

Stop Syntax Errors in String Tests

778

(1)

Quoting and Command-Line Parameters

779

(2)

How Unix Keeps Time

781

(1)

Copy What You Do with script

782

(1)

Cleaning script Files

783

(1)

Making an Arbitrary-Size File for Testing

784

(3)

Part VII Extending and Managing Your Environment

Backing Up Files

787

(21)

What Is This ``Backup'' Thing?

787

(1)

tar in a Nutshell

788

(1)

Make Your Own Backups

788

(2)

More Ways to Back Up

790

(1)

How to Make Backups to a Local Device

790

(5)

Restoring Files from Tape with tar

795

(2)

Using tar to a Remote Tape Drive

797

(1)

Using GNU tar with a Remote Tape Drive

798

(1)

On-Demand Incremental Backups of a Project

798

(2)

Using Wildcards with tar

800

(3)

Avoid Absolute Paths with tar

803

(1)

Getting tar's Arguments in the Right Order

804

(1)

The cpio Tape Archiver

805

(1)

Industrial Strength Backups

806

(2)

Creating and Reading Archives

808

(14)

Packing Up and Moving

808

(1)

Using tar to Create and Unpack Archives

809

(4)

GNU tar Sampler

813

(1)

Managing and Sharing Files with RCS and CVS

814

(1)

RCS Basics

815

(2)

List RCS Revision Numbers with rcsrevs

817

(1)

CVS Basics

818

(1)

More CVS

819

(3)

Software Installation

822

(17)

/usr/bin and Other Software Directories

822

(2)

The Challenges of Software Installation on Unix

824

(1)

Which make?

824

(1)

Simplifying the make Process

824

(1)

Using Debian's dselect

825

(7)

Installing Software with Debian's Apt-Get

832

(2)

Interruptable gets with wget

834

(2)

The curl Application and One-Step GNU-Darwin Auto-Installer for OS X

836

(1)

Installation with FreeBSD Ports

837

(1)

Installing with FreeBSD Packages

837

(1)

Finding and Installing RPM Packaged Software

838

(1)

Perl

839

(30)

High-Octane Shell Scripting

839

(1)

Checking your Perl Installation

839

(2)

Compiling Perl from Scratch

841

(1)

Perl Boot Camp, Part 1: Typical Script Anatomy

842

(3)

Perl Boot Camp, Part 2: Variables and Data Types

845

(7)

Perl Boot Camp, Part 3: Branching and Looping

852

(2)

Perl Boot Camp, Part 4: Pattern Matching

854

(2)

Perl Boot Camp, Part 5: Perl Knows Unix

856

(3)

Perl Boot Camp, Part 6: Modules

859

(2)

Perl Boot Camp, Part 7: perldoc

861

(1)

CPAN

862

(3)

Make Custom grep Commands (etc.) with Perl

865

(1)

Perl and the Internet

866

(3)

Python

869

(16)

What Is Python?

869

(1)

Installation and Distutils

869

(2)

Python Basics

871

(5)

Python and the Web

876

(1)

urllib

876

(1)

urllib2

877

(1)

htmllib and HTMLParser

878

(1)

cgi

878

(1)

mod_Python

879

(1)

What About Perl?

880

(5)

Part VIII Communication and Connectivity

Redirecting Input and Output

885

(15)

Using Standard Input and Output

885

(3)

One Argument with a cat Isn't Enough

888

(1)

Send (Only) Standard Error Down a Pipe

888

(1)

Problems Piping to a Pager

889

(2)

Redirection in C Shell: Capture Errors, Too?

891

(1)

Safe I/O Redirection with noclobber

892

(1)

The () Subshell Operators

893

(1)

Send Output Two or More Places

894

(1)

How to tee Several Commands into One Place

895

(1)

Redirecting Output to More Than One Place

895

(2)

Named Pipes: FIFOs

897

(1)

What Can You Do with an Empty File?

898

(2)

Devices

900

(14)

Quick Introduction to Hardware

900

(1)

Reading Kernel Boot Output

900

(2)

Basic Kernel Configuration

902

(1)

Disk Partitioning

903

(1)

Filesystem Types and /etc/fstab

904

(2)

Mounting and Unmounting Removable Filesystems

906

(1)

Loopback Mounts

907

(1)

Network Devices---ifconfig

908

(1)

Mounting Network Filesystems---NFS, SMBFS

908

(1)

Win Is a Modem Not a Modem?

909

(1)

Setting Up a Dialup PPP Session

910

(1)

USB Configuration

911

(1)

Dealing with Sound Cards and Other Annoying Hardware

911

(1)

Decapitating Your Machine---Serial Consoles

912

(2)

Printing

914

(22)

Introduction to Printing

914

(1)

Introduction to Printing on Unix

915

(2)

Printer Control with lpc

917

(1)

Using Different Printers

918

(1)

Using Symbolic Links for Spooling

919

(1)

Formatting Plain Text: pr

920

(2)

Formatting Plain Text: enscript

922

(1)

Printing Over a Network

923

(1)

Printing Over Samba

923

(2)

Introduction to Typesetting

925

(1)

A Bit of Unix Typesetting History

926

(1)

Typesetting Manpages: nroff

927

(1)

Formatting Markup Languages---troff, LATEX, HTML, and So On

928

(1)

Printing Languages---PostScript, PCL, DVI, PDF

929

(1)

Converting Text Files into a Printing Language

930

(1)

Converting Typeset Files into a Printing Language

931

(1)

Converting Source Files Automagically Within the Spooler

932

(1)

The Common Unix Printing System (CUPS)

933

(1)

The Portable Bitmap Package

933

(3)

Connectivity

936

(15)

TCP/IP---IP Addresses and Ports

936

(2)

/etc/services Is Your Friend

938

(1)

Status and Troubleshooting

939

(2)

Where, Oh Where Did That Packet Go?

941

(1)

The Director of Operations: inetd

942

(1)

Secure Shell (SSH)

943

(1)

Configuring an Anonymous FTP Server

944

(1)

Mail---SMTP, POP, and IMAP

944

(1)

Domain Name Service (DNS)

945

(2)

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)

947

(1)

Gateways and NAT

948

(1)

Firewalls

949

(1)

Gatewaying from a Personal LAN over a Modem

950

(1)

Connecting to MS Windows

951

(18)

Building Bridges

951

(1)

Installing and Configuring Samba

951

(4)

Securing Samba

955

(1)

SWAT and GUI SMB Browsers

956

(2)

Printing with Samba

958

(1)

Connecting to SMB Shares from Unix

959

(1)

Sharing Desktops with VNC

959

(3)

Of Emulators and APIs

962

(1)

Citrix: Making Windows Multiuser

963

(6)

Part IX Security

Security Basics

969

(13)

Understanding Points of Vulnerability

969

(1)

CERT Security Checklists

970

(1)

Keeping Up with Security Alerts

971

(1)

What We Mean by Buffer Overflow

972

(1)

What We Mean by DoS

973

(1)

Beware of Sluggish Performance

974

(3)

Intruder Detection

977

(1)

Importance of MOTD

978

(1)

The Linux proc Filesystem

979

(1)

Disabling inetd

979

(1)

Disallow rlogin and rsh

980

(1)

TCP Wrappers

980

(2)

Root, Group, and User Management

982

(12)

Unix User/Group Infrastructure

982

(1)

When Does a User Become a User

982

(2)

Forgetting the root Password

984

(1)

Setting an Exact umask

985

(1)

Group Permissions in a Directory with the setgid Bit

985

(1)

Groups and Group Ownership

986

(2)

Add Users to a Group to Deny Permissions

988

(1)

Care and Feeding of SUID and SGID Scripts

989

(1)

Substitute Identity with su

990

(1)

Never Log In as root

990

(1)

Providing Superpowers with sudo

991

(1)

Enabling Root in Darwin

992

(1)

Disable logins

993

(1)

File Security, Ownership, and Sharing

994

(17)

Introduction to File Ownership and Security

994

(1)

Tutorial on File and Directory Permissions

994

(4)

Who Will Own a New File?

998

(1)

Protecting Files with the Sticky Bit

999

(1)

Using chmod to Change File Permission

1000

(1)

The Handy chmod = Operator

1001

(1)

Protect Important Files: Make Them Unwritable

1002

(1)

cx, cw, c--w: Quick File Permission Changes

1003

(1)

A Loophole: Modifying Files Without Write Access

1003

(1)

A Directory That People Can Access but Can't List

1004

(2)

Juggling Permissions

1006

(1)

File Verification with md5sum

1007

(2)

Shell Scripts Must Be Readable and (Usually) Executable

1009

(1)

Why Can't You Change File Ownership?

1009

(1)

How to Change File Ownership Without chown

1010

(1)

SSH

1011

(19)

Enabling Remote Access on Mac OS X

1011

(1)

Protecting Access Through SSH

1011

(1)

Free SSH with OpenSSH

1012

(1)

SSH Problems and Solutions

1013

(1)

General and Authentication Problems

1013

(6)

Key and Agent Problems

1019

(2)

Server and Client Problems

1021

(9)

Glossary

1030

(7)

Index

1037

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Unix Power Tools

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials