The Use of Nutrients in Crop Plants

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ISBN: 9781420075106 | 1420075101
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 9/17/2008

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Put Theory into PracticeScarcity of natural resources, higher costs, higher demand, and concerns about environmental pollution '” under these circumstances, improving food supply worldwide with adequate quantity and quality is fundamental. Based on the author's more than forty years of experience, The Use of Nutrients in Crop Plantsbuilds a bridge between theoretical aspects of mineral nutrition and practical applicability of basic principles of fertilization and use efficiency of essential plant nutrients.Provides Authoritative and Practical InformationThe book explores how to maximize essential nutrients uptake and use efficiency by food crops and how to improve productivity without degrading the environment. It covers nutrients and their cycle in soil-plant systems, functions, and deficiency symptoms. The author includes management strategies that can lead to a reduction in the cost of crop production and environmental degradation. Heemphasizes field conditions, crop production, and soil chemistry. Comprehensive coverage of essential nutrients and experimental results are accompanied by tables and figures of updated experimental data that make practical information easily accessible.A Valuable Tool for Improving Crop YieldAgricultural science is very dynamic in nature and fertilizer practices change with time due to the release of new cultivars and changing production practices in sustainable crop production systems. The Use of Nutrients in Crop Plantsprovides in-depth scientific information that is applicable through many methods of crop production. It is a valuable tool for improving crop yields at lower cost and less stress on the environment.

Preface	p. xiii
Author	p. xv
Mineral Nutrition versus Yield of Field Crops	p. 1
Introduction	p. 1
History of Mineral Nutrition Research	p. 3
Nutrient Requirements for Crop Plants	p. 5
Diagnostic Techniques for Nutritional Requirements	p. 6
Association between Nutrient Uptake and Crop Yields	p. 8
Factors Affecting Nutrient Availability	p. 9
Field Crops	p. 10
Classification of Field Crops	p. 10
Agronomic Use	p. 10
Botanical	p. 10
Growth Habit	p. 13
Forage Crops	p. 13
Special Purpose	p. 13
Photorespiration	p. 14
Crop Yield	p. 16
Yield Components	p. 17
Cereal versus Legume Yields	p. 22
Conclusions	p. 25
References	p. 26
Nitrogen	p. 31
Introduction	p. 31
Cycle in Soil-Plant Systems	p. 32
Functions and Deficiency Symptoms	p. 37
Definitions and Estimation of N Use Efficiency	p. 40
Uptake and Partitioning	p. 40
Concentration	p. 41
Uptake	p. 44
Nitrogen Harvest Index	p. 47
NH[subscript 4 superscript +] versus NO[subscript 3 superscript -] Uptake	p. 47
Interaction with Other Nutrients	p. 52
Management Practices to Maximizing N Use Efficiency	p. 53
Liming Acid Soils	p. 54
Use of Crop Rotation	p. 56
Use of Cover/Green Manure Crops	p. 58
Use of Farmyard Manures	p. 61
Adequate Moisture Supply	p. 63
Adoption of Conservation/Minimum Tillage	p. 64
Use of Appropriate Source, Method, Rate, and Timing of N Application	p. 64
Use of Efficient Species/Genotypes	p. 73
Slow-Release Fertilizers	p. 74
Use of Nitrification Inhibitor	p. 74
Control of Diseases, Insects, and Weeds	p. 76
Conclusions	p. 76
References	p. 77
Phosphorus	p. 91
Introduction	p. 91
Phosphate Fertilizer-Related Terminology	p. 92
Cycle in Soil-Plant Systems	p. 94
Functions and Deficiency Symptoms	p. 97
Definitions and Estimation of P Use Efficiency in Crop Plants	p. 100
Concentration in Plant Tissue	p. 100
Uptake and P Harvest Index	p. 103
Interaction with Other Nutrients	p. 104
Phosphorus versus Environment	p. 105
Management Practices to Maximize P Use Efficiency	p. 107
Liming Acid Soils	p. 107
Use of Appropriate Source, Timing, Method, and Rate of P Fertilization	p. 109
Use of Balanced Nutrition	p. 113
Use of P Efficient Crop Species or Genotypes within Species	p. 114
Supply of Adequate Moisture	p. 119
Improving Organic Matter Content of the Soil	p. 120
Improving Activities of Beneficial Microorganisms in the Rhizosphere	p. 120
Control of Soil Erosion	p. 121
Control of Diseases, Insects, and Weeds	p. 122
Conclusions	p. 122
References	p. 123
Potassium	p. 131
Introduction	p. 131
Cycle in Soil-Plant Systems	p. 132
Functions and Deficiency Symptoms	p. 135
Concentration and Uptake	p. 137
Grain Harvest Index and K Harvest Index	p. 140
Use Efficiency	p. 142
Interaction with Other Nutrients	p. 143
Management Practices to Maximize K Use Efficiency	p. 145
Liming Acid Soils	p. 145
Appropriate Source	p. 147
Adequate Rate of Application	p. 147
Appropriate Time of Application	p. 149
Appropriate Method of Application	p. 151
Use of Efficient Crop Species/Cultivars	p. 152
Incorporation of Crop Residues	p. 154
Adequate Moisture Supply	p. 156
Use of Farmyard Manures	p. 157
Optimum K Saturation in Soil Solution	p. 157
Conclusions	p. 157
References	p. 159
Calcium	p. 165
Introduction	p. 165
Cycle in Soil-Plant Systems	p. 167
Functions and Deficiency Symptoms	p. 168
Concentration and Uptake	p. 169
Use Efficiency and Ca Harvest Index	p. 171
Interaction with Other Nutrients	p. 173
Management Practices to Maximize Ca[superscript 2+] Use Efficiency	p. 175
Liming Acid Soils	p. 175
Application of Optimum Rate	p. 176
Use of Appropriate Source	p. 182
Appropriate Ca/Mg and Ca/K Ratios	p. 184
Use of Efficient Crop Species/Cultivars	p. 186
Conclusions	p. 190
References	p. 192
Magnesium	p. 197
Introduction	p. 197
Cycle in Soil-Plant Systems	p. 197
Functions and Deficiency Symptoms	p. 199
Concentration and Uptake	p. 200
Use Efficiency and Mg[superscript 2+] Harvest Index	p. 203
Interactions with Other Nutrients	p. 205
Management Practices to Maximize Mg[superscript 2+] Use Efficiency	p. 206
Liming Acid Soils	p. 206
Appropriate Source, Rate, and Methods of Application	p. 209
Other Management Practices	p. 211
Conclusions	p. 211
References	p. 211
Sulfur	p. 215
Introduction	p. 215
Cycle in Soil-Plant Systems	p. 216
Functions and Deficiency Symptoms	p. 220
Concentration and Uptake	p. 222
Use Efficiency and S Harvest Index	p. 225
Interaction with Other Nutrients	p. 226
Management Practices to Maximize S Use Efficiency	p. 227
Liming Acid Soils	p. 227
Use of Appropriate Source, Rate, Method, and Timing of Application	p. 228
Soil Test for Making S Recommendations	p. 231
Recommendations Based on Crop Removal, Tissue Critical S Concentration, and Crop Responses	p. 232
Other Management Practices	p. 233
Conclusions	p. 234
References	p. 235
Zinc	p. 241
Introduction	p. 241
Cycle in Soil-Plant Systems	p. 247
Functions and Deficiency Symptoms	p. 250
Concentration in Plant Tissues and Uptake	p. 252
Use Efficiency and Zn Harvest Index	p. 258
Interaction with Other Nutrients	p. 260
Management Practices to Maximize Zn Use Efficiency	p. 264
Appropriate Source, Method, and Rate of Application	p. 264
Soil Test as a Criterion for Recommendations	p. 266
Use of Efficient Crop Species/Genotypes	p. 267
Symbiosis with Mycorrhizae and Other Microflora	p. 269
Other Management Practices	p. 270
Conclusions	p. 270
References	p. 271
Copper	p. 279
Introduction	p. 279
Cycle in Soil-Plant Systems	p. 282
Functions and Deficiency Symptoms	p. 284
Concentration in Plant Tissues and Uptake	p. 286
Use Efficiency and Cu Harvest Index	p. 289
Interaction with Other Nutrients	p. 291
Management Practices to Maximize Cu Use Efficiency	p. 291
Appropriate Method and Source	p. 292
Adequate Rate	p. 292
Use of EFficient Crop Species/Genotypes	p. 294
Conclusions	p. 296
References	p. 297
Iron	p. 301
Introduction	p. 301
Cycle in Soil-Plant Systems	p. 305
Functions and Deficiency Symptoms	p. 307
Iron Toxicity	p. 308
Management Practices to Ameliorate Fe Toxicity	p. 309
Concentration and Uptake	p. 312
Use Efficiency and Fe Harvest Index	p. 317
Interaction with Other Nutrients	p. 318
Management Practices to Maximize Fe Use Efficiency	p. 320
Source, Method, and Rate of Application	p. 320
Soil Test to Identify Critical Fe Level	p. 321
Use of Efficient Crop Species/Genotypes	p. 322
Breeding for Fe Efficiency	p. 323
Conclusions	p. 324
References	p. 325
Manganese	p. 333
Introduction	p. 333
Cycle in Soil-Plant Systems	p. 335
Functions and Deficiency Symptoms	p. 338
Concentration and Uptake	p. 339
Use Efficiency and Mn Harvest Index	p. 342
Interaction with Other Nutrients	p. 342
Management Practices to Maximize Mn Use Efficiency	p. 345
Use of Adequate Rate, Appropriate Source, and Methods	p. 345
Use of Acidic Fertilizers in the Band and Neutral Salts	p. 347
Use of Soil Test	p. 347
Use of Efficient Crop Species/Genotypes	p. 349
Conclusions	p. 351
References	p. 352
Boron	p. 359
Introduction	p. 359
Cycle in Soil-Plant Systems	p. 361
Functions and Deficiency Symtpoms	p. 363
Concentration and Uptake	p. 365
Use Efficiency and B Harvest Index	p. 368
Interaction with Other Nutrients	p. 369
Management Practices to Maximize B Use Efficiency	p. 370
Appropriate Source, Methods, and Adequate Rate	p. 370
Use of Soil Test	p. 373
Use of Efficient Crop Species/Genotypes	p. 374
Conclusions	p. 375
References	p. 376
Molybdenum	p. 381
Introduction	p. 381
Cycle in Soil-Plant Systems	p. 381
Functions and Deficiency Symptoms	p. 382
Concentration and Uptake	p. 383
Interaction with Other Nutrients	p. 384
Management Practices to Maximize Mo Use Efficiency	p. 385
Liming Acid Soils	p. 385
Use of Appropriate Source, Method, and Rate of Application	p. 385
Soil Test	p. 386
Use of Efficient Crop Species/Genotypes	p. 387
Conclusions	p. 387
References	p. 388
Chlorine	p. 393
Introduction	p. 393
Cycle in Soil-Plant Systems	p. 394
Functions and Deficiency Symptoms	p. 395
Concentration and Uptake	p. 396
Interaction with Other Nutrients	p. 398
Management Practices to Maximize Cl Use Efficiency	p. 398
Use of Appropriate Source and Rate	p. 398
Soil Test	p. 399
Planting Cl-Efficient/Tolerant Plant Species/Genotypes	p. 400
Conclusions	p. 401
References	p. 401
Nickel	p. 405
Introduction	p. 405
Cycle in Soil-Plant Systems	p. 406
Functions and Deficiency/Toxicity Symptoms	p. 407
Concentration and Uptake	p. 408
Interactions with Other Nutrients	p. 410
Management Practices to Maximize Ni Use Efficiency and Reduce Toxicity	p. 410
Appropriate Source and Rate	p. 411
Liming Acid Soils	p. 411
Improving Organic Matter Content of Soils	p. 412
Planting Tolerant Plant Species	p. 413
Use of Adequate Rate of Fertilizers	p. 413
Use of Rhizobacterium	p. 414
Conclusions	p. 414
References	p. 415
Index	p. 419
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The Use of Nutrients in Crop Plants

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