The Vatican and Italian Fascism, 1929â€“32: A

This is a study of relations between the Vatican and the Fascist regime in Italy in the most troubled and crucial phase of their relationship, the period 1929-32. It is the first time that any historian, either in Italy or elsewhere, has carried out a detailed and comprehensive study of the conflicts between the Vatican and Italian Fascism in these years; nor has there been any detailed analysis of the causes and the consequences of the crisis of 1931. As well as considering the various causes of conflict in this period, the author sets out what he believes to be the long-term consequences of the 1931 crisis, and in so doing challenges a number of previously accepted interpretations.

Acknowledgements

ix

Abbreviations

xi

1 INTRODUCTION

1

(14)

The protagonists: the Church

3

(7)

The protagonists: Italian Fascism

10

(5)

2 THE ADVENT OF THE CONCILIAZIONE

15

(33)

Church and State relations in the Liberal era

16

(3)

The First World War and the birth of the P.P.I.

19

(8)

The rapprochement between the Vatican and Fascism: from the March on Rome to the Matteotti Crisis

27

(4)

The Catholic movement and the process of 'fascistisation'

31

(6)

The 'fascistisation' of youth and the opening of the negotiations for a solution of the 'Roman Question'

37

(5)

The negotiations for the Lateran Pacts, 1926-9

42

(6)

3 REACTIONS TO THE CONCILIAZIONE AND THE RATIFICATION OF THE PACTS

48

(27)

Catholic reactions to the Conciliazione

49

(8)

Catholics and the 'Plebiscite' of March 1929

57

(4)

Fascist reactions to the Conciliazione

61

(3)

The implementation and ratification of the Pacts

64

(11)

4 THE DIPLOMATIC DIMENSION: ITALIAN FOREIGN POLICY AND THE VATICAN, 1929-31

75

(28)

The diplomatic establishments of the Vatican and Italy

76

(3)

Italo-Vatican relations on the morrow of the Conciliazione

79

(3)

The Vatican and the League of Nations

82

(3)

Mussolini's attempts to exploit the new Vatican connection: the Near East and Africa

85

(6)

The minorities problem and Yugoslavia

91

(12)

5 THE CATHOLIC OFFENSIVE: CATHOLIC ACTION AND THE REGIME, 1929-31

103

(30)

The Christian restoration of society

103

(3)

Catholic Action on the march

106

(8)

Catholic activities in the economic and social fields

114

(3)

A losing battle — Catholic Action and the Catholic press

117

(3)

Catholic youth and Fascist youth, 1929-31

120

(4)

The Fascist response — Catholic Action under surveillance

124

(3)

The 'creeping' crisis of 1929-30

127

(6)

6 THE CRISIS OF 1931

133

(34)

The leadership changes and their repercussions

134

(4)

The origins of the 1931 crisis: Fascist reactions to the Rerum Novarum celebrations

138

(1)

The attack on the sezioni professionali

139

(3)

The crisis deepens — the Fascist attack on Catholic youth

142

(5)

The dissolution of the Catholic youth organisations

147

(7)

The Catholic response to the dissolution

154

(3)

Non Abbiamo Bisogno and the resolution of the crisis

157

(4)

Reconciliation — the significance of the September Accords

161

(6)

7 CONCLUSION AND EPILOGUE

167

(28)

Appendix I. The Law of Guarantees of 1871

195

(2)

Appendix II. The Lateran Pacts of 1929

197

(19)

Appendix III. The September Accords, 1931

216

(1)

Appendix IV. A note on archival and other sources

217

(4)

Bibliography

221

(10)

Index

231

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The Vatican and Italian Fascism, 1929â€“32: A Study in Conflict

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