Veterinary Techniques in Llamas and Alpacas

Practical resource for how-to information on performing hands-on procedures in llamas and alpacas, with step-by-step descriptions, photographs, and practice tips.

Thoroughly revised to reflect new techniques, knowledge, and research, the Second Edition of Veterinary Techniques in Llamas and Alpacas provides practical step-by-step descriptions of techniques ranging from routine to not-so-common, helping veterinarians to confidently handle and perform common medical and surgical procedures in llamas and alpacas. To aid in practical application, hundreds of high-quality color photographs demonstrate the steps for each technique, making it a useful patient-side resource. Organized by body system, the book encompasses techniques associated with the physical exam, anesthesia, ultrasound, surgery, and more.

Veterinary Techniques in Llamas and Alpacas presents a wide range of techniques, including:

• Physical restraint and injection sites, including manual restraint (standing, sternal recumbency (“cushed”), and lateral recumbency), chute restraint, and ear squeeze
• Catheterization, including jugular, cephalic, saphenous, lateral thoracic, auricular vein, auricular artery, femoral artery, intraosseous, intraperitoneal, and caudal epidural
• The abdomen, including ultrasonography, abdominocentesis, liver biopsy, first forestomach compartment paracentesis, and intubation of the forestomach
• The female genital system, with information on anatomical considerations, pregnancy diagnosis, vaginoscopy, teat and udder examination, mastectomy, c-section, and uterine torsion

The Second Edition of Veterinary Techniques in Llamas and Alpacas is an essential resource for veterinary practitioners with a camelid caseload, with accessible information and detailed picture-based tutorials on how to perform key procedures.

The authors

David E. Anderson, DVM, MS, DACVS, is Associate Dean for Research and Graduate Studies in the College of Veterinary Medicine at the University of Tennessee in Knoxville, Tennessee, USA.

Matt Miesner, DVM, MS, DACVIM, is Clinical Professor and Section Head of Livestock Services in the College of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Health Center, Kansas State University in Manhattan, Kansas, USA.

Meredyth Jones, DVM, MS, DACVIM, is Associate Professor at the College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University in Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA.

Contents

Preface xi

Section I Behavior and Capture Techniques 1

1 Behavior and Capture Techniques 3

David E. Anderson

Section II Physical Restraint and Injection Sites 9

2 Haltering 11

Meredyth L. Jones

3 Manual Restraint 14

David E. Anderson

4 Chute Restraint 21

Meredyth L. Jones

5 Ear Squeeze (Ear Twitch) 24

Meredyth L. Jones

6 Injections—Subcutaneous (SC), Intramuscular (IM), Intradermal (ID), Intravenous (IV) 26

Meredyth L. Jones

Section III Chemical Restraint and Anesthesia 31

7 Sedation and Tranquilization 33

David E. Anderson

8 Injectable Anesthesia 37

David E. Anderson

9 Orotracheal Intubation 41

David E. Anderson

10 Nasotracheal Intubation 45

David E. Anderson

11 Percutaneous Tracheal Intubation (Also Referred to as Retrograde Tracheal Intubation) 48

Matt D. Miesner

Section IV Catheterization 53

12 Vascular Catheterization—Jugular Vein 55

Meredyth L. Jones

13 Vascular Catheterization—Cephalic Vein 61

Meredyth L. Jones

14 Vascular Catheterization—Saphenous Vein 63

Meredyth L. Jones

15 Vascular Catheterization—Lateral Thoracic Vein 65

Meredyth L. Jones

16 Vascular Catheterization—Auricular Artery and Vein 67

Meredyth L. Jones

17 Vascular Catheterization—Femoral Artery 69

Meredyth L. Jones

18 Intramedullary Cannulation of the Femur for Administration of Parenteral Fluids 71

David E. Anderson

19 Intraperitoneal Cannula for Plasma or Fluid Administration 75

David E. Anderson

20 Caudal (Sacro-coccygeal) Epidural Anesthesia 78

Matt D. Miesner

21 Epidural Catheterization 80

Matt D. Miesner

22 Lumbo-Sacral Epidural Anesthesia 85

Matt D. Miesner

Section V Head and Neck 89

23 Anatomical Features of the Head and Neck 91

David E. Anderson

24 Dental Examination and Trimming 95

Meredyth L. Jones

25 Tooth Extraction—Oral Approach 100

David E. Anderson

26 Tooth Extraction—Lateral Approach to Premolars and Molars 105

David E. Anderson

27 Examination of the Ear 110

Matt D. Miesner

Section VI Skin 115

28 Anatomical Comments on the Skin 117

Matt D. Miesner

29 Skin Scraping 121

Meredyth L. Jones and Patricia Payne

30 Skin Biopsy 124

Meredyth L. Jones

31 Toenail Trimming 128

Meredyth L. Jones

Section VII Respiratory 131

32 Thorax Anatomy and Auscultation 133

Matt D. Miesner

33 Tracheotomy/Tracheostomy 135

Matt D. Miesner

34 Field Diagnosis of Choanal Atresia 139

David E. Anderson

35 Transtracheal Wash 143

Matt D. Miesner

Section VIII Abdomen 147

36 Anatomical Comments on the Camelid Abdomen 149

Matt D. Miesner

37 Abdominal Ultrasound 152

Matt D. Miesner

38 Abdominocentesis 157

Matt D. Miesner

39 Liver Biopsy 161

Meredyth L. Jones

40 First Compartment Paracentesis (Rumenocentesis) and Fluid Evaluation 165

Meredyth L. Jones

41 Intubation of the First Forestomach Compartment (“C1” or “Pseudorumen”) 169

David E. Anderson

42 Laparotomy—Lateral Approach 173

David E. Anderson

43 Laparotomy—Ventral Midline 180

David E. Anderson

44 Laparoscopy 186

David E. Anderson

45 Creation of Stoma into First Forestomach Compartment (“Rumenostomy”) 191

David E. Anderson

Section IX Musculoskeletal 195

46 Musculoskeletal Anatomy and Ambulation 197

David E. Anderson

47 Regional Intravenous Drug Perfusion 200

Meredyth L. Jones

Section X Urinary System 203

48 Urinary Tract Examination and Anatomy 205

Meredyth L. Jones

49 Urethral Catheterization 208

Meredyth L. Jones

50 Ultrasound of the Urinary System 212

Matt D. Miesner

51 Cystocentesis 217

Meredyth L. Jones

Section XI Female Genital Anatomy 221

52 Comments Regarding Female Genital Anatomy 223

David E. Anderson

53 Pregnancy Diagnosis 226

David E. Anderson

54 Procedure: Vaginoscopy and Uterine Culture 232

David E. Anderson

55 Teat and Udder Examination 236

David E. Anderson

56 Mastectomy (Udder Amputation) 239

Matt D. Miesner

57 Cesarean Section 243

David E. Anderson

58 Diagnosis and Management of Uterine Torsion 247

David E. Anderson

Section XII Male Genital Anatomy 253

59 Male Genitalia Anatomical Comments and Breeding Behavior and Soundness 255

David E. Anderson

60 Examination of the Penis and Prepuce 258

David E. Anderson

61 Examination of Accessory Sex Glands 261

David E. Anderson

62 Examination of the Scrotum and Testicles 264

David E. Anderson

63 Semen Collection and Evaluation 267

David E. Anderson

64 Castration 272

Meredyth L. Jones

Section XIII Nervous System 277

65 Neurological Examination and Anatomy 279

Meredyth L. Jones and Matt D. Miesner

66 Cerebrospinal Fluid Collection and Interpretation 283

Meredyth L. Jones

Section XIV Ophthalmology 287

67 Eye Exam 289

Tracy Miesner and Matt Miesner

68 Nasolacrimal Duct Cannulation 293

Meredyth L. Jones

69 Conjunctivorhinostomy for Alleviation of Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction 295

David E. Anderson

70 Ocular Extirpation 298

David E. Anderson

71 Subpalpebral Lavage System 301

Tracy Miesner

72 Conjunctival Pedicle Graft 305

Tracy Miesner and Matt Miesner

Section XV Miscellaneous 309

73 Blood Transfusion 311

Meredyth L. Jones

74 Plasma Transfusion 315

Meredyth L. Jones

Index 317

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