- ISBN: 9781587052682 | 1587052687
- Cover: Paperback
- Copyright: 3/16/2007
Master the fundamentals of building a voice and video conferencing network with guidance from industry leaders at Cisco.
About the Authors
Scott Firestone holds a master’s degree in computer science from MIT and has designed
video conferencing and voice products since 1992, resulting in five patents. During his
10 years as a technical leader at Cisco, Scott developed architectures and solutions related to
video conferencing, voice and video streaming, and voice-over-IP security.
Thiya Ramalingam is an engineering manager for the Unified Communications organization at
Cisco. Thiya holds a master’s degree in computer engineering and an MBA from San Jose State
University. He holds several patents issued and pending, related to voice and video over IP. Thiya
is currently leading the development of multimedia conferencing products at Cisco.
Steve Fry is a technical leader in the Unified Communications organization at Cisco. For the past
several years, Steve has been involved in the design and development of telephony and
conferencing products. Prior to his conferencing projects, he was a principal engineer on the
CallManager MGCP gateway products. He is currently leading product development in video
conferencing.
| Foreword | p. xviii |
| Introduction | p. xix |
| Overview of Conferencing Services | p. 3 |
| p. 4 | |
| Reservationless Conferences | p. 5 |
| Scheduled Conferences | p. 6 |
| Voice and Video Conferencing Components | p. 9 |
| Video Conferencing Modes | p. 11 |
| Voice-Activated Conferences | p. 11 |
| Continuous Presence Conferences | p. 13 |
| Lecture Mode and Round-Robin Conferences | p. 15 |
| Types of Endpoints | p. 16 |
| Desktop Conferencing Systems | p. 16 |
| Room Conferencing Systems | p. 16 |
| Telepresence Systems | p. 16 |
| Video Controls: Far-End Camera Control | p. 17 |
| Text Overlay | p. 18 |
| Summary | p. 18 |
| Chapter 2 | p. 21 |
| Components of a Conferencing System | p. 21 |
| User Interface | p. 23 |
| Conference Control | p. 25 |
| Control Plane | p. 26 |
| Media Plane | p. 27 |
| Conferencing Architectures | p. 37 |
| Centralized Architecture | p. 37 |
| Distributed Architecture | p. 38 |
| Full-Mesh Networks | p. 40 |
| Advanced Conferencing Scenarios | p. 41 |
| Escalation of Point-to-Point-to-Multipoint Call | p. 41 |
| Lecture Mode Conferences | p. 41 |
| Panel Mode Conference | p. 42 |
| Floor Control | p. 42 |
| Video Mixing and Switching Scenarios | p. 42 |
| Summary | p. 43 |
| References | p. 43 |
| Chapter 3 | p. 45 |
| Evaluating Video Quality, Bit Rate, and Signal-to-Noise Ratio | p. 45 |
| Video Source Formats | p. 47 |
| Profiles and Levels | p. 47 |
| Frame Rates, Form Factors, and Layouts | p. 47 |
| Standard and High Definitions | p. 48 |
| Color Formats | p. 49 |
| Basics of Video Coding | p. 52 |
| Preprocessing | p. 52 |
| Post-Processing | p. 54 |
| Encoder Overview | p. 55 |
| Hybrid Coding | p. 72 |
| Hybrid Decoder | p. 72 |
| P-Frames | p. 74 |
| Hybrid Encoder | p. 74 |
| Predictor Loop | p. 76 |
| Motion Estimation | p. 77 |
| B-Frames | p. 82 |
| Predictor Loops for Parameters | p. 86 |
| Error Resiliency | p. 88 |
| Scalable Layered Codecs | p. 91 |
| SNR and Spatial Scalability | p. 93 |
| Temporal Scalability | p. 95 |
| Switching Frames | p. 99 |
| Video Codecs | p. 100 |
| Video Stream Hierarchy | p. 100 |
| Macroblocks | p. 101 |
| HD-Capable Codecs | p. 102 |
| Summary | p. 102 |
| References | p. 103 |
| Chapter 4 | p. 105 |
| Overview of RTP | p. 105 |
| RTP Header | p. 107 |
| RTP Port Numbers | p. 111 |
| SSRC Collisions | p. 111 |
| RTP Header Extensions | p. 112 |
| Overview of RTCP | p. 113 |
| RTCP Packet Headers | p. 113 |
| RTCP Sender Report | p. 114 |
| RTCP Receiver Report | p. 116 |
| RTCP Source Description (SDES) | p. 117 |
| RTCP BYE | p. 119 |
| RTCP APP | p. 120 |
| RTP Devices in Conference Systems | p. 120 |
| RTP Translator | p. 120 |
| RTP Mixer | p. 123 |
| Audio Mixer | p. 123 |
| Video MCU | p. 124 |
| Video Switcher | p. 124 |
| Video Stream RTP Formats | p. 126 |
| H.263 | p. 126 |
| H.264 | p. 133 |
| Detecting Stream Loss | p. 141 |
| Summary | p. 142 |
| References | p. 143 |
| Chapter 5 | p. 145 |
| SIP Overview | p. 145 |
| User Agent | p. 146 |
| Proxy Server | p. 146 |
| Redirect Server | p. 147 |
| Registrar | p. 147 |
| SIP Transactions and Dialogs | p. 148 |
| SIP Messages | p. 149 |
| SIP Requests | p. 149 |
| SIP Responses | p. 152 |
| SIP Record Routing | p. 153 |
| Event Subscription and Notification | p. 154 |
| Session Description Protocol | p. 155 |
| SIP Conferencing Models | p. 157 |
| Conference URI | p. 157 |
| Early and Delayed Offer | p. 158 |
| DTMF Support | p. 159 |
| Ad Hoc Audio Conferencing | p. 160 |
| Ad Hoc Video Conferencing | p. 162 |
| Video SDP Extensions | p. 163 |
| Bandwidth Information in the SDP | p. 167 |
| Multiple Stream Support and Grouping of Media Lines | p. 168 |
| Escalation and De-escalation | p. 169 |
| Media Control Support | p. 172 |
| Scheduled Conferences | p. 173 |
| Entry IVR | p. 174 |
| In-Conference Features | p. 177 |
| Roll Call | p. 177 |
| Hold and Resume | p. 178 |
| Mute and Unmute | p. 179 |
| Outdial | p. 179 |
| RSVP/QoS Support in Conferencing Flows | p. 180 |
| Summary | p. 182 |
| References | p. 183 |
| Chapter 6 | p. 185 |
| H.323 Overview | p. 185 |
| H.323 Endpoint Aliasing | p. 187 |
| H.225 Call Signaling | p. 188 |
| H.225 Message Format | p. 188 |
| Common H.225 Message Types Used in H.323 Signaling | p. 189 |
| H.245 Control Protocol | p. 191 |
| H.245 Messages | p. 192 |
| Video-Specific H.245 Messages | p. 202 |
| H.323 Fast Connect Mode | p. 204 |
| Using the Empty Capability Set | p. 207 |
| Call Hold Signaling with the Empty Capability Set | p. 207 |
| Call Transfer with the Empty Capability Set | p. 207 |
| H.323 Device Types | p. 208 |
| H.323 Gatekeeper Services | p. 209 |
| Required H.323 Gatekeeper Features | p. 209 |
| Optional H.323 Gatekeeper Features | p. 210 |
| Gatekeeper Signaling Options | p. 211 |
| Gatekeeper RAS Signaling | p. 212 |
| Mid-Call Bandwidth Requests | p. 214 |
| Configuring a Gatekeeper in Cisco Unified CallManager | p. 215 |
| Configuring Gatekeeper Support in a Cisco IOS Router | p. 217 |
| H.225 Call Setup for Video Devices Using a Gatekeeper | p. 217 |
| Using Service Prefixes with MCUs | p. 219 |
| Summary | p. 220 |
| References | p. 220 |
| Chapter 7 | p. 223 |
| Understanding Lip Sync Skew | p. 223 |
| Human Perceptions | p. 223 |
| Measuring Ske | |
| Table of Contents provided by Publisher. All Rights Reserved. |
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