Water

Through the ages, water has been the inspiration of poets, painters, composers and philosophers. Today however, water is perceived as a commodity, with little thought for its role in influencing chemical reactions and shaping our terrestrial environment to make it fit for life. Water 2nd Edition is an update and extension of the RSC paperback first published in 1983. This book discusses current scientific knowledge of water: its remarkable properties, its influence on dissolved substances and its usually neglected but controlling role in the life sciences and ecology. With emphasis on developments over the last two decades, attention is drawn to important issues such as water quality, usage, economics and politics.

Origin and Distribution of Water in the Ecosphere: Water and Prehistoric Life

1

(8)

The Eccentric Liquid

1

(1)

The Hydrologic Cycle

1

(1)

Available Water and Global Warming

2

(2)

Water and the Development of Life

4

(2)

Aerobic and Anaerobic Life Forms

6

(1)

Impact of the Physical Properties of Water on Terrestrial Ecology

7

(2)

Structure of the Water Molecule and the Nature of the Hydrogen Bond in Water

9

(6)

The Isolated Water Molecule

9

(2)

The Water Dimer

11

(4)

Physical Properties of Liquid Water

15

(17)

The Place of Water in a General Classification of Liquids

15

(4)

Isotopic Composition

19

(1)

Thermodynamic Properties

20

(4)

Volume Properties

21

(3)

Thermal Properties

24

(1)

Dynamics of Liquid Water

24

(5)

Bulk Transport Properties

29

(3)

Crystalline Water

32

(9)

Occurrence in the Ecosphere and Beyond

32

(2)

Structure and Polymorphism

34

(4)

Ice Dynamics

38

(1)

Clathrate Hydrates

39

(2)

The Structure of Liquid Water

41

(12)

Diffraction Methods

41

(1)

Theoretical Approaches

42

(5)

The Concept of Water-structure Making and Breaking-Computer Simulation

47

(2)

General Significance of u(r) and g(r)

49

(2)

Present `Best Guess'

51

(2)

Aqueous Solutions of `Simple' Molecules

53

(16)

Molecular Interactions in Solution

53

(3)

Classification of Solution Behaviour -- Thermodynamic Excess Functions

56

(4)

Hydrophobic Hydration -- Structure and Thermodynamics

60

(2)

Hydrophobic Interactions

62

(4)

Dynamic Manifestations of Hydrophobic Effects

66

(3)

Aqueous Solutions of Electrolytes

69

(17)

Classical Electrostatics

69

(1)

Short-range Effects -- Ion Hydration

70

(4)

Structural Approaches

74

(2)

Assignment of Ionic Radii

76

(1)

The Concept of Structure Making/Breaking

77

(3)

Water Dynamics

80

(1)

Ion-specific Effects -- Lyotropism

81

(1)

Ionic Solutions at Extreme Temperatures and Pressures

82

(1)

The Hydrated Proton

82

(4)

Aqueous Solutions of Polar Molecules

86

(22)

Classification

86

(1)

Solution Behaviour and Water Structure

86

(2)

Polyhydroxy Compounds -- a Special Case

88

(1)

PHC Hydration: Theory and Measurement

89

(7)

Influence of Water on Solute-Solute Interactions

96

(3)

Hydration and Computer Simulation

99

(2)

Solvation and PHC Conformation

101

(4)

Hydrophobic/Hydrophilic Competition

105

(3)

Chemical Reactions in Aqueous Solutions

108

(10)

Water as Solvent

108

(1)

Water Participation in Chemical Reactions

109

(1)

The Self-ionisation of Water

109

(3)

Ionisation Reactions

112

(3)

Reactions in Mixed Aqueous Solvents

115

(3)

Hydration and the Molecules of Life

118

(24)

Water Structure as a Determinant of Biological Function

118

(1)

Comparison of the Molecules of Life

119

(2)

Protein Stability In Vitro

121

(4)

Heat and Cold Inactivation

125

(2)

Hydration of `Dry' Proteins

127

(3)

Nucleotide Hydration

130

(5)

Lipid Thermotropism and Lyotropism

135

(3)

Oligo- and Polysacharide Hydration

138

(4)

Water in the Chemistry and Physics of Life

142

(10)

The Physiological Water Cycle

142

(1)

Water Biochemistry

143

(4)

Physics of the Natural Aqueous Environment

147

(5)

`Unstable' Water

152

(11)

Liquid Water outside its `Normal' Temperature Range

152

(1)

Undercooled Liquid Water

152

(2)

Homogeneous Nucleation of Ice in Undercooled Water

154

(5)

Nucleation of Ice by Particulate Matter

159

(1)

Water Near its Undercooling Limit

160

(1)

Glassy Water

161

(1)

Superheated Water

162

(1)

Supersaturated and Solid Aqueous Solutions

163

(24)

Equilibrium and Metastable Aqueous Systems

163

(1)

Freeze Concentration

164

(3)

Properties of Supersaturated Aqueous Solutions

167

(3)

Amorphous States and Freezing Behaviour

170

(2)

Dynamics in Supersaturated and Vitrified Solutions

172

(1)

Theory of Structural Relaxation by Cooperative Motions

173

(1)

Kinetics in Amorphous Solids

174

(2)

Significance of Glassy States in Drying Process Technology

176

(3)

Natural Freezing and Drought Resistance

179

(8)

Water Availability, Usage and Quality

187

(20)

Water as an Essential Resource

187

(1)

Water Availability

187

(6)

Supplementation of Water Resources by Climatic Modification -- a Case Study

193

(3)

Natural Water Quality

196

(6)

Water Purity and Purification

202

(2)

Pure Water in Medicine and Industry

204

(3)

Economics and Politics

207

(7)

Economics of Water Consumption

207

(2)

Human Attitudes and Politics

209

(2)

Commercial Exploitation of Water Shortages

211

(1)

Future Outlook

211

(3)

Summary and Prognosis

214

(4)

Suggestions for Further Reading

218

(4)

Subject Index

222

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