Water and Sanitation in the World's Cities: Local Action for Global Goals

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ISBN: 9781844070046 | 1844070042
Cover: Nonspecific Binding
Copyright: 3/1/2003

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The world's governments agreed at the Millennium Summit to halve the number of people who lack access to safe water, mainly in the world's cities, by 2015. With rapidly growing urban populations the challenge is immense. This is a comprehensive and authoritative assessment of the problems and how they can be addressed. It sets out in detail the scale of inadequate provision of water and sanitation; it describes the impacts on health and economic performance, showing the potential gains of remedial action; it analyzes the proximate and underlying causes of poor provision and identifies information gaps affecting resource allocation; it outlines the consequences of further deterioration; and it explains how resources and institutional capacities -- public, private, and community -- can be used to deliver proper services through integrated water resource management.

Foreword	p. v
Acknowledgements	p. vii
List of Figures, Tables and Boxes	p. xiii
List of Acronyms and Abbreviations	p. xvi
Introduction	p. xvii
Notes and references	p. xxv
Provision for Water and Sanitation in Cities	p. 1
Introduction	p. 1
Judging who has adequate provision	p. 2
Setting standards	p. 4
The lack of data	p. 6
Provision for water and sanitation in each of the world's regions	p. 8
The regions where provision needs the greatest improvements	p. 12
Provision for water and sanitation in urban areas of Asia	p. 12
Provision for water and sanitation in urban areas of Africa	p. 21
Changes in provision for water and sanitation in urban areas of East Africa	p. 24
Provision for water in Africa's larger cities	p. 27
Provision for sanitation in Africa's larger cities	p. 30
Provision for water and sanitation in urban areas of Latin America and the Caribbean	p. 31
The special problems of smaller cities and towns in low-income countries	p. 39
Provision for water and sanitation	p. 39
Rural versus urban areas	p. 48
Notes and references	p. 50
The Impacts of Deficient Provision	p. 57
Introduction	p. 57
The health impacts of inadequate provision for water and sanitation	p. 57
Overall impacts	p. 57
Reinforcing inequality, poverty and destitution	p. 61
Water consumption	p. 66
Monetary costs of water and sanitation	p. 66
Time spent getting water	p. 71
Time and money lost to water-borne and other water-related diseases	p. 72
Impacts on infants and children	p. 73
Health burden for children	p. 74
Children's vulnerabilities	p. 76
The impacts for mental and social development	p. 77
What matters for children with regard to water and sanitation?	p. 78
Quantity and accessibility versus quality	p. 78
Storing water	p. 78
Sanitation	p. 79
Drainage and waste collection	p. 80
The quality of care and hygienic practices	p. 80
Vulnerability and susceptibility	p. 82
Women	p. 84
Renters	p. 91
Restricting economic development	p. 91
Improved provision for water and sanitation and poverty reduction	p. 92
Notes and references	p. 93
Explaining Deficiencies in Urban Water and Sanitation Provision	p. 101
Introduction	p. 101
Proximate causes	p. 104
Illegal status of many settlements	p. 104
Community capacity to develop autonomous solutions	p. 105
Household capacity to pay	p. 106
Contributory causes	p. 107
The weakness/incapacity of local utilities	p. 107
Rapid population growth	p. 108
The expansion of urban and city populations	p. 108
Patterns of growth and change in the distribution of the world's urban population	p. 110
What role for water within urban change?	p. 112
War and civil conflict	p. 113
Weak city and municipal government	p. 113
The developmental role of local government	p. 113
The weaknesses in local authorities	p. 114
Underlying causes	p. 117
The lack of international funding for investment in water and sanitation in urban areas	p. 118
The 'lack of development'	p. 120
The political under-pinning of good provision for water and sanitation	p. 123
Conclusions	p. 125
Notes and references	p. 125
Increasing Water Stress and How it Relates to Urban Water and Sanitation Provision	p. 129
Introduction	p. 129
Global trends and increasing water stress	p. 129
Predicting a global crisis	p. 130
Indicators of regional water stress	p. 131
Local variation and boundary issues	p. 132
Temporal variation and seasonal issues	p. 132
Adaptability and comparability issues	p. 132
Accessibility and economic capacity issues	p. 132
Unaccounted-for water	p. 132
Regional water stress and its consequences for urban water and sanitation provision and health	p. 134
Comparing statistics on water stress and water access	p. 136
Water stress, sanitation and health	p. 137
Urban development and its contribution to water stress	p. 139
Urban water demand	p. 140
Water pollution	p. 142
Structural transformations	p. 144
Disasters and water and sanitation	p. 146
Floods	p. 146
Other kinds of disaster	p. 148
Defining disasters	p. 149
Causes of disasters	p. 150
Understanding disaster risks in cities	p. 150
The growing number of water-related disasters	p. 151
Keeping track of urban disasters in Latin America and the Caribbean	p. 152
Notes and references	p. 154
Changing Perspectives and Roles in Urban Water and Sanitation Provision: Privatization and Beyond	p. 158
Introduction	p. 158
Evolving international perspectives on water and sanitation	p. 159
The increasing role of the private sector in water and sanitation utilities	p. 162
Defining privatization, private sector participation and public-private partnership	p. 162
Conceptual issues in the privatization debates: public goods, economic goods, natural monopolies and human rights	p. 163
Public goods and the case for public provisioning	p. 164
Economic goods and the case for private provisioning	p. 165
Natural monopolies and the case for regulation	p. 166
Human rights and the case for public accountability	p. 167
Different forms of private sector participation in water and sanitation utilities	p. 168
Service contract	p. 169
Management contract	p. 169
Affermage contract	p. 169
Lease contract	p. 169
Concession contract	p. 169
BOT (build-own-transfer) contracts	p. 170
Full privatization (divestiture)	p. 170
Joint ventures, public water PLCs and cooperatives	p. 170
Multi-utility contracts	p. 170
What drives the public sector to involve private enterprises?	p. 171
What drives the private sector to participate?	p. 171
The bidding process and renegotiations for large contracts	p. 172
Private participation and finance	p. 173
Regulation of private water and sanitation enterprises	p. 174
Privatization and measures for pro-poor provision	p. 176
Trends in private sector participation in water and sanitation utilities	p. 177
The role of small-scale providers	p. 181
The role of CSOs	p. 184
Notes and references	p. 189
Improving Urban Water and Sanitation Provision as part of Integrated Water Resource Management	p. 193
Introduction	p. 193
IWRM	p. 194
Urban demand-side water management as part of IWRM	p. 196
Managing demand to save water without compromising on water services	p. 198
Raising awareness of water and sanitation through public campaigns	p. 202
Target audiences for campaigns	p. 202
Campaign launch and duration	p. 204
Managing demand to improve public health	p. 206
Managing demand to increase economic efficiency and affordability	p. 209
Managing demand to empower deprived communities	p. 214
Combining demand-side strategies and serving the urban poor	p. 218
Notes and references	p. 222
Governance for Good Water and Sanitation Provision: Getting the Best Out of Public, Private and Community Organizations	p. 224
Introduction	p. 224
The role of city governments	p. 224
From improved government performance to good governance	p. 229
Towards more effective approaches	p. 231
Governance for small urban centres	p. 240
Better governance and mechanisms for extending provision to unserved or inadequately served households	p. 241
Community upgrading	p. 243
Supporting new homes with provision	p. 245
Better governance and the performance of water and sanitation utilities	p. 249
Better governance and integrated water resource management	p. 250
Developing strong local information systems	p. 251
International support for better local governance for water and sanitation	p. 254
Water and sanitation and the Millennium Development Goals	p. 258
Notes and references	p. 261
Index	p. 265
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