Water Wells Implementation, Maintenance and Restoration

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ISBN: 9780471966951 | 0471966959
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 7/7/1997

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This book brings together material essential for the understanding and application of techniques used in relation to water wells. Adopting a practical approach, emphasis is put on field-based trials and effective implementation. The basic concepts of hydrogeology are presented, explaining the fundamentals of subsurface hydraulics. This is supplemented by the main exploration methods used in hydrogeology, the criteria for developing groundwater resources and the main principles of water chemistry. A detailed description of the various drilling techniques is given, and each stage in the design and construction of water wells is set out. Numerous practical examples are included. Database management tools providing techniques for the monitoring and storing of information are described.

Preface

Chapter I BASIC CONCEPTS OF HYDROGEOLOGY

(52)

1.1 The water cycle

(2)

1.2 Hydrological systems

(3)

1.2.1 Identification and recharge of groundwater bodies

(1)

1.2.2 The water balance

(1)

a) Balance for a drainage basin

(1)

b) Balance for a groundwater basin

(1)

c) Balance for an aquifer

(1)

1.3 Aquifer characteristics

(5)

1.3.1 Unconfined aquifers

(1)

1.3.2 Confined aquifers

(1)

1.3.3 Semi-confined or leaky aquifers

(1)

1.4 Reservoir and aquifer characteristics

(8)

1.4.1 Groundwater flow

(1)

1.4.2 Darcy's Law

(2)

1.4.3 Permeability

(1)

1.4.4 Porosity

(1)

1.4.5 Hydrodynamic parameters

(1)

a) Transmissivity

(1)

b) Storage coefficient

(1)

c) Diffusivity

(1)

1.5 Aquifer exploitation criteria

(4)

1.5.1 Evaluation of water reserves

(2)

1.5.2 Evaluation of water resources

(1)

1.5.3 Extraction strategies

(1)

1.6 Prospection methods

(18)

1.6.1 Preliminary studies

(1)

1.6.2 Field studies

(1)

1.6.3 Photo-interpretation

(1)

a) Aerial photography

(1)

b) Remote sensing

(1)

1.6.4 Electromagnetic methods

(1)

1.6.5 Seismic methods

(1)

a) Principles of seismic refraction

(4)

b) Seismic reflection

(1)

1.6.6 Electric survey methods

(1)

a) Potential difference method

(1)

b) Resistivity method

(2)

c) Electric logging

(3)

d) Electric panel arrays

(2)

1.6.7 Gravimetry

(1)

1.7 Water chemistry

(8)

1.7.1 Dissolution

(1)

a) Salts

(1)

b) Gases

(1)

1.7.2 Chemical attack

(1)

1.7.3 Physico-chemical properties of waters

(1)

a) Water colour

(1)

b) Turbidity

(1)

c) pH

(1)

d) Conductivity

(1)

e) Hardness

(1)

f) Alkalinity

(1)

g) Chemical substances present in water

(2)

1.7.4 Isotopic characteristics

(1)

1.7.5 Qualitative requirements

(1)

1.8 Conclusion

(3)

Chapter II WELL DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION

(50)

2.1 Drilling techniques

(6)

2.1.1 Percussion drilling

(1)

2.1.2 Drilling by cutting

(1)

2.1.3 Rotary drilling

(3)

2.1.4 Down-the-hole (DTH) hammer drilling

(1)

a) Conventional down-the-hole hammer drill

(1)

b) The Odex system for soft unstable formations

(1)

2.2 Drilling fluids

(12)

2.2.1 Properties of drilling fluids

(1)

a) Density

(3)

b) Viscosity

(1)

c) Cake and mud filtrate

(1)

d) pH

(1)

e) Sand content

(2)

f) Thixotropy

(1)

g) Conditioning the mud

(1)

2.2.2 Bentonitic muds

(1)

a) Bentonite

(1)

b) Special muds for swelling marls

(1)

c) Muds with emulsified oil

(1)

2.2.3 Polymer muds

(1)

a) Natural polymers

(1)

b) Synthetic polymers

(1)

c) Biodegradable polymer mud

(2)

2.2.4 Compressed air

(1)

a) Rotary drilling

(1)

b) Drilling with a DTH percussion tool

(1)

2.2.5 Stabilized foam

(1)

a) Foam for rotary drilling

(1)

b) Foam for air drilling

(1)

2.3 Water well equipment

(12)

2.3.1 Casings

(1)

2.3.2 Screens

(4)

a) Open area and screen slot size

(1)

b) Positioning of the screens

(3)

2.3.3 Gravel pack

(2)

2.4 Cementation

(4)

2.4.1 Cementation through the outside of the casing

(1)

2.4.2 Cementation through the inside of the casing

(1)

a) Float shoe method

(1)

b) Free plug method

(1)

c) Cementation with a guided plug

(1)

d) Partial cementation

(1)

2.4.3 Well head

(1)

2.5 Development of water wells in alluvial formations

(13)

2.5.1 Cleaning

(1)

2.5.2 Development

(1)

a) Methods of development

(7)

b) Principle of development with air-lift pumping

(4)

c) Monitoring well development

(1)

2.6 Conclusion

100

(3)

Chapter III WELL HYDRAULICS

103

(56)

3.1 Basic concepts

103

(3)

3.1.1 Flow superposition

103

(2)

3.1.2 Influence of starting up water extraction

105

(1)

3.2 Metrology

106

(5)

3.2.1 Choice and layout of observation wells (piezometers)

106

(1)

3.2.2 Measurement methods

107

(1)

a) Measurement of flow rates

107

(2)

b) Measurement of water-level

109

(2)

3.2.3 Implementation of a pumping test

111

(1)

3.3 Pumping tests in a steady-state regime

111

(7)

3.3.1 Methodology

111

(2)

3.3.2 Interpretation

113

(1)

3.3.3 Concept of critical velocity

114

(1)

3.3.4 Comparison of several tests on the same catchment structure

115

(1)

3.3.5 Calculation of head losses

116

(2)

3.3.6 Determination of the maximum operational yield capacity

118

(1)

3.4 Pumping tests in a non-steady state regime

118

(2)

3.5 Interpretation of pumping tests in a confined aquifer

120

(20)

3.5.1 Theis's bi-logarithmic method

121

(5)

3.5.2 Jacob's semi-logarithmic method

126

(2)

a) Determination of T

128

(1)

b) Determination of S

128

(2)

3.5.3 The critical radius

130

(1)

3.5.4 Analysis of the Theis equation after cessation of pumping

131

(2)

3.5.5 Anomalies encountered with the Theis graphical method

133

(1)

3.5.6 The skin effect and post-production

134

(6)

3.6 Interpretation of pumping tests in semi-confined (leaky) aquifers

140

(7)

3.6.1 Semi-confined aquifers

141

(1)

a) Leakage coefficient (or leakance)

142

(1)

b) Leakage factor

142

(1)

3.6.2 The Hantush-Walton bilogarithmic method

142

(1)

3.6.3 The Hantush-Berkaloff semi-logarithmic method

143

(3)

3.6.4 Jacob's bilogarithmic method using depression curves

146

(1)

3.7 Interpretation of pumping tests in unconfined aquifers

147

(8)

3.7.1 General rules

147

(1)

3.7.2 Unconfined aquifer with strong drawdown

148

(1)

3.7.3 Boulton's bilogarithmic method

149

(4)

3.7.4 Berkaloff-Boulton semi-logarithmic method

153

(2)

3.8 Conclusion

155

(1)

Notation used

156

(3)

Chapter IV SUPERVISION AND FINAL ACCEPTANCE TESTS

159

(30)

4.1 Preliminary checks before drilling

159

(3)

4.1.1 The environment

160

(1)

4.1.2 Equipment

161

(1)

4.1.3 The well site

161

(1)

4.2 The "day-to-day checks"

162

(3)

4.2.1 Sample collection

163

(1)

4.2.2 Depth drilled

163

(1)

4.2.3 Water inflow

163

(1)

4.2.4 Conformity of the equipment

164

(1)

4.2.5 Particular incidents

164

(1)

4.3 Specific checks

165

(20)

4.3.1 Determining the nature of the formations

165

(1)

a) Drilling rate or rate of penetration

166

(1)

b) Pressure on the tool

166

(1)

c) Reflected impact

166

(1)

d) Injection fluid pressure

167

(1)

e) Data processing

167

(1)

f) Torque

168

(1)

g) Other parameters

168

(1)

4.3.2 Measurement of permeability

168

(2)

4.3.3 Downhole logging

170

(1)

a) Electric log

171

(2)

b) Acoustic log

173

(1)

c) Nuclear methods

173

(1)

d) Borehole diameter measurement

173

(1)

e) Thermometric measurements

174

(1)

f) Micro-current meter

174

(1)

g) Interpretation

175

(1)

4.3.4 Test for water-bearing layers

176

(1)

a) Method

176

(1)

b) Relation between drawdown and discharge

176

(1)

4.3.5 Equipment of the well

177

(1)

a) Installation of lining equipment

178

(2)

b) Emplacement of additional gravel

180

(1)

c) Cementation

181

(1)

4.3.6 Well development

182

(1)

4.3.7 Pumping tests

182

(1)

4.3.8 Well data sheet

183

(2)

4.4 Acceptance of the water well

185

(2)

4.4.1 Acceptance pumping tests

186

(1)

4.4.2 Video camera inspection

187

(1)

4.4.3 Well logging tests

187

(1)

4.5 Conclusion

187

(2)

Chapter V WATER WELL PROTECTION

189

(14)

5.1 Catchment protection zones

190

(10)

5.1.1 Groundwater regimes

190

(1)

5.1.2 Effects of pumping on aquifers

191

(1)

a) Shape of the cone of depression

191

(2)

b) Growth of the cone of depression

193

(1)

c) Groundwater flow under conditions of pumping

193

(1)

5.1.3 Protection zones

194

(1)

a) Estimating the purifying capacity of terrains

195

(2)

b) Drawdown

197

(1)

c) Transfer time

197

(1)

d) Distance

198

(1)

e) Limits of water flow

198

(1)

f) Current technical regulations in member-states of the European Union

198

(1)

g) Summary

199

(1)

5.2 Conclusion

200

(3)

Chapter VI WATER WELL MANAGEMENT

203

(64)

6.1 Well operation

203

(3)

a) Adapting the pump to the hydraulic characteristics of the well

203

(1)

b) Knowledge of historical well data

204

(1)

c) Technical equipment

205

(1)

6.2 Well maintenance

206

(10)

6.2.1 Basic principles

206

(1)

6.2.2 Regular maintenance

207

(1)

a) Maintenance of the pumping system

207

(2)

b) Maintenance of the catchment structure

209

(1)

6.2.3 Monitoring methods

210

(1)

a) Quantitative monitoring

210

(2)

b) Qualitative monitoring

212

(1)

c) Checking of constituent materials

213

(1)

6.2.4 Monitoring equipment

213

(1)

6.2.5 Frequency of measurements

214

(2)

6.2.6 Summary

216

(1)

6.3 Ageing of well structures

216

(35)

6.3.1 Corrosion phenomena

217

(2)

a) Electrochemical corrosion

219

(16)

6.3.2 Clogging phenomena

235

(1)

a) Mechanical clogging

235

(3)

b) Chemical clogging

238

(2)

c) Biological clogging

240

(4)

6.3.3 Failures linked to the resource

244

(1)

a) Rainfall deficit

244

(1)

b) Hydraulic perturbations

244

(1)

6.3.4 Failures linked to management of the catchment structure

244

(1)

a) Overextraction

245

(1)

b) Unadapted extraction

245

(1)

6.3.5 Ageing diagnosis

246

(2)

a) Warning signs

248

(1)

b) Identifying causes

248

(2)

6.3.6 Summary

250

(1)

6.4 Protection of catchment works

251

(3)

6.4.1 Passive protection

251

(1)

6.4.2 Cathodic protection

252

(1)

6.4.3 Choice of materials

253

(1)

6.5 Artificial recharge of aquifers

254

(5)

6.5.1 Clogging of recharge basins

256

(1)

6.5.2 Functioning of aquifer recharge

257

(2)

6.6 River-bank effects

259

(6)

6.6.1 Nature of the problem

260

(1)

6.6.2 Choice of study site

261

(1)

6.6.3 Geology and hydrodynamics of the site

261

(1)

6.6.4 Characterization of the biogeochemical system

262

(3)

6.6.5 Summary

265

(1)

6.7 Conclusion

265

(2)

Chapter VII RESTORATION OF WATER WELLS

267

(46)

7.1 Treatment of sanding up

269

(3)

7.1.1 System for uniform inflow distribution

272

(1)

7.2 Treatment of mechanical clogging

272

(8)

7.2.1 Physical treatment

273

(1)

a) Air-lift pumping

273

(1)

b) Controlled overpumping

273

(1)

c) Compressed-air treatment

273

(1)

d) Water injection

274

(1)

7.2.2 Chemical treatment

275

(5)

7.3 Treatment of carbonate clogging

280

(10)

7.3.1 Preventive treatment with polyphosphates

283

(1)

7.3.2 Mechanical treatment

284

(1)

a) Scraping

284

(1)

b) Use of explosives

285

(1)

7.3.3 Acidization treatment

285

(1)

a) Principle of acidization

285

(1)

b) Introduction of additives

286

(1)

c) Carrying out of acidization

286

(2)

d) An example of acidization

288

(2)

7.4 Treatment of iron-manganese clogging

290

(1)

7.5 Treatment of biological clogging

291

(11)

7.5.1 Estimation of contaminated aquifer volume

294

(1)

7.5.2 Definition of successive annular volumes for treatment

295

(2)

7.5.3 Treatment protocol

297

(1)

7.5.4 Sodium hypochlorite treatment

298

(4)

7.6 Regeneration after corrosion

302

(3)

7.6.1 Preventive measures

302

(1)

7.6.2 Inspection

303

(1)

7.6.3 Restoration

303

(1)

7.6.4 Treatment of chemical corrosion

304

(1)

7.6.5 Treatment of electrochemical corrosion

305

(1)

7.6.6 Treatment of bacterial corrosion

305

(1)

7.7 Cleaning and pumping

305

(1)

7.8 Role of well age

306

(1)

7.9 General course of action prior to preventive maintenance

307

(1)

7.10 Abandonment of wells

308

(1)

7.11 Conclusion

309

(4)

Chapter VIII MANAGEMENT TOOLS

313

(16)

8.1 Electronic data processing

314

(2)

8.2 General management tools

316

(2)

8.2.1 Engineering research tools

317

(1)

8.3 Interdisciplinary tools

318

(6)

8.3.1 Management of historical data

320

(1)

8.3.2 Management of time-dependent data

321

(1)

8.3.3 Strategic management

322

(2)

8.4 Trends and perspectives

324

(3)

8.4.1 The commitment of hydrogeologists to these new technologies

326

(1)

8.4.2 Computer science as a tool in advanced communication

327

(1)

8.5 Conclusion

327

(2)

Chapter IX CONCLUSION

329

(4)

Chapter X BIBLIOGRAPHY

333

(20)

General bibliography

333

(1)

Basic references

334

(2)

References cited -- main published articles

336

(12)

Main journals

348

(3)

Main professional associations

351

(2)

APPENDICES

353

(4)

GLOSSARY

357

(18)

INDEX

375

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Water Wells Implementation, Maintenance and Restoration

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

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Water Wells Implementation, Maintenance and Restoration

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

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