West African Challenge to Empire

Mahir Saul is an associate professor of anthropology at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. He has conducted research on West Africa for over twenty years and has published numerous articles and book chapters Patrick Royer is an associate member of the African Studies Center, Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales, Paris. He has conducted research in Burkina Faso and has published articles on regional cults, witch-craft, and sports

List of Illustrations

ix

Foreword

xi

Note on Spelling and Maps

xiii

Introduction

1

(2)

The Scope of the War

3

(3)

The Anticolonial Leadership

6

(4)

War, Colonialism, and Anthropology

10

(4)

The Ethnic Puzzle

14

(3)

Intentions and Structures

17

(3)

Colony, Postcolony, Hegemony

20

(3)

The Volta-Bani War in Historiographic Discourse

23

(5)

Our Sources

28

(2)

The West Volta in the Nineteenth Century

30

(21)

The Invention of the Village in the West Volta

31

(6)

Ritual Ties among Villages

37

(2)

Defensive Leagues

39

(7)

The Institution of War

46

(5)

The Muslim Houses of the Volta and the Beginnings of French Occupation

51

(23)

Wahabu

53

(4)

The Zaberma Allies

57

(3)

Al-Kari of Buse

60

(3)

The Beginnings of French Occupation in Northern Volta

63

(5)

French Expansion to the South

68

(6)

An Incomplete Colonial Occupation

74

(15)

The Territorial Organization

74

(2)

Models of Native Society

76

(4)

Native Heads of State

80

(4)

``Ruling over the Footpaths''

84

(5)

Before the Storm

89

(31)

The Colonial Administration in Dedougou: Maguet and Haillot

89

(2)

The Marabout ``Conspiracy''

91

(7)

The Affair of the Guards

98

(5)

The Conscription Campaign of November 1915

103

(5)

Maubert and Chiefly Policy in the Cercle of Bobo-Dioulasso

108

(12)

The Call to Arms

120

(21)

Planning the War

120

(7)

The League of Bona

127

(5)

War against the Cruel: Two Narratives

132

(9)

The First Victories of the Anticolonial Party

141

(32)

The Two Battles of Bona

142

(6)

The Siege of Bondokuy

148

(10)

Heading for the Great Clash

158

(3)

Yankaso

161

(7)

A Fallen Divinity

168

(5)

Terror as Strategy: The War in the Cercle of Dedougou

173

(40)

The Molard Column: Constitution, Armament, and Strategy

174

(5)

Responding to Local Military Strategy: Molard's First Campaign

179

(18)

Wiping Villages off the Map: Molard's Second Campaign

197

(8)

A Turning Point in French Strategy and First Submissions

205

(4)

Samo Country

209

(4)

The War in the Cercle of Bobo-Dioulasso

213

(23)

The Social Contours of the Opposition

218

(4)

A Series of Disconnected Sorties

222

(4)

The Repression in the Sambla-Tusia Zone

226

(3)

The Hecatomb of Boho

229

(2)

Final Confrontations and their Sequel

231

(5)

The Pilgrim and the Shrines: The War in Koutiala, San, and Bandiagara

236

(35)

Resistance and Accommodation in the Early Colonial Period

238

(4)

The Anticolonial Leadership in San and Neighboring Cercles

242

(2)

The Early Anticolonial Success (February to March 1916)

244

(3)

A Stopgap Reaction: The Carpentier Column

247

(4)

The Cercle of Bandiagara

251

(6)

Ants into Warriors: Tradition and Islam in the Attack of Koro

257

(2)

The Simonin Column in the Cercle of San

259

(6)

Molard's Campaign West of the Muhun River (July 1916)

265

(2)

The Pacification (July to August 1916)

267

(4)

East of the Volta: The War in the Cercle of Ouagadougou

271

(26)

The Gurunsi at the Time of Conquest

272

(1)

The Marabout Affair in Koudougou

273

(3)

The Beginnings of the Movement among the Gurunsi: The Leadership

276

(6)

Preparation for War

282

(2)

First Phase of the Gurunsi Conflict (January to March 1916)

284

(4)

Second Phase (March 7 to May 12 1916)

288

(3)

The cadence Column (May to August 1916)

291

(6)

Conclusion

297

(18)

Military Occupation

302

(3)

The Native Command

305

(1)

The ``Impulse to Revolt''

306

(1)

The Creation of Upper Volta

307

(4)

The Aftermath of the War

311

(4)

Appendix Letters Used as Evidence in the Muslim Conspiracy Trials

315

(8)

Notes

323

(30)

Glossary of Colonial Terms

353

(8)

Archival Sources

361

(10)

Bibliography

371

(14)

Index

385

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West African Challenge to Empire

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials