Western Heritage, The: Combined Volume

, by Kagan, Donald; Ozment, Steven; Turner, Frank M.

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ISBN: 9780131950689 | 0131950681
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 1/1/2010

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A core text for introductory-level survey courses in Western Civilization and European History and Civilization. Written by leading scholars in the field, this authoritative text presents an engaging and balanced narrative of the central developments in Western history. Seamlessly integrating coverage of social, cultural and political history, this text is presented in a flexible chronological organization. The new Ninth Edition provides updated scholarship, expanded coverage of cultural history, the ancient Near East, late antiquity, imperialism, and the Holocaust.

Preface

xxvi

PART 1 The Foundations of Western Civilization in the Ancient World 1,000,000 B.C.E.--400 C.E.

xxxii

The Birth of Civilization

(34)

Early Humans and Their Culture

(3)

The Paleolithic Age

(1)

The Neolithic Age

(1)

The Bronze Age and the Birth of Civilization

(1)

Early Civilizations to about 1000 B.C.E.

(3)

Mesopotamian Civilization

(3)

A Closer Look: The Royal Standard of Ur

(4)

Encountering the Past: Divination in Ancient Mesopotamia

(8)

Egyptian Civilization

(6)

Ancient Near Eastern Empires

(2)

The Hittites

(1)

The Assyrians

(1)

The Second Assyrian Empire

(1)

The Neo-Babylonians

(1)

The Persian Empire

(4)

Cyrus the Great

(1)

Darius the Great

(1)

Government and Administration

(1)

Religion

(1)

Art and Culture

(1)

Palestine

(2)

The Canaanites and the Phoenicians

(1)

The Israelites

(1)

The Jewish Religion

(1)

General Outlook of Mideastern Cultures

(3)

Humans and Nature

(1)

Humans and the Gods, Law, and Justice

(2)

Toward the Greeks and Western Thought

(1)

In Perspective

(1)

Review Questions

(1)

Suggested Readings

(1)

Documents CD-ROM

(1)

The Rise of Greek Civilization

(30)

The Bronze Age on Crete and on the Mainland to about 1150 B.C.E.

(4)

The Minoans

(1)

The Mycenaeans

(3)

The Greek ``Middle Ages'' to about 750 B.C.E.

(3)

Greek Migrations

(1)

The Age of Homer

(3)

The Polis

(2)

Development of the Polis

(1)

The Hoplite Phalanx

(2)

The Importance of the Polis

(1)

Expansion of the Greek World

(3)

Magna Graecia

(1)

The Greek Colony

(1)

The Tyrants (about 700--500 B.C.E.)

(1)

The Major States

(5)

Sparta

(2)

Athens

(3)

Life in Archaic Greece

(3)

Society

(2)

Religion

(1)

Encountering the Past: Greek Athletics

(1)

A Closer Look: The Trireme

(2)

Poetry

(1)

The Persian Wars

(3)

The Ionian Rebellion

(1)

The War in Greece

(3)

In Perspective

(1)

Review Questions

(1)

Suggested Readings

(1)

Documents CD-ROM

(1)

Classical and Hellenistic Greece

(40)

Aftermath of Victory

(1)

The Delian League

(1)

The Rise of Cimon

(1)

The First Peloponnesian War: Athens against Sparta

(1)

The Breach with Sparta

(1)

The Division of Greece

(1)

Classical Greece

(2)

The Athenian Empire

(1)

Athenian Democracy

(1)

Encountering the Past: Going to Court in Athens

(6)

The Women of Athens: Legal Status and Everyday Life

(4)

Slavery

(1)

Religion in Public Life

(1)

The Great Peloponnesian War

(3)

Causes

(1)

Strategic Stalemate

(1)

The Fall of Athens

(1)

Competition for Leadership in the Fourth Century B.C.E.

(1)

The Hegemony of Sparta

(1)

The Hegemony of Thebes: The Second Athenian Empire

(1)

The Culture of Classical Greece

(6)

The Fifth Century B.C.E.

(5)

The Fourth Century B.C.E.

(1)

Philosophy and the Crisis of the Polis

(1)

A Closer Look: The Erechtheum: Porch of the Maidens

(6)

The Hellenistic World

(5)

The Macedonian Conquest

(2)

Alexander the Great

(2)

The Successors

100

(1)

Hellenistic Culture

101

(4)

Philosophy

101

(2)

Literature

103

(1)

Architecture and Sculpture

103

(1)

Mathematics and Science

104

(1)

In Perspective

105

(1)

Review Questions

106

(1)

Suggested Readings

106

(1)

Documents CD-ROM

107

(1)

Rome: From Republic to Empire

108

(36)

Prehistoric Italy

110

(1)

The Etruscans

110

(1)

Government

110

(1)

Religion

110

(1)

Women

111

(1)

Dominion

111

(1)

Royal Rome

111

(2)

Government

111

(1)

The Family

112

(1)

Women in Early Rome

112

(1)

Clientage

113

(1)

Patricians and Plebeians

113

(1)

The Republic

113

(2)

Constitution

113

(2)

A Closer Look: Lictors

115

(7)

The Conquest of Italy

116

(2)

Rome and Carthage

118

(3)

The Republic's Conquest of the Hellenistic World

121

(1)

Civilization in the Early Roman Republic

122

(2)

Religion

122

(2)

Encountering the Past: Two Roman Festivals: The Saturnalia and Lupercalia

124

(4)

Education

125

(3)

Slavery

128

(1)

Roman Imperialism: The Late Republic

128

(7)

The Aftermath of Conquest

128

(1)

The Gracchi

129

(5)

Marius and Sulla

134

(1)

The Fall of the Republic

135

(6)

Pompey, Crassus, Caesar, and Cicero

135

(1)

The First Triumvirate

136

(1)

Julius Caesar and his Government of Rome

137

(3)

The Second Triumvirate and the Triumph of Octavian

140

(1)

In Perspective

141

(1)

Review Questions

142

(1)

Suggested Readings

143

(1)

Documents CD-ROM

143

(1)

The Roman Empire

144

(44)

The Augustan Principate

146

(3)

Administration

146

(1)

The Army and Defense

147

(1)

Religion and Morality

148

(1)

Civilization of the Ciceronian and Augustan Ages

149

(2)

The Late Republic

149

(1)

The Age of Augustus

150

(1)

Imperial Rome, 14 to 180 C.E.

151

(2)

The Emperors

151

(2)

A Closer Look: Spoils from Jerusalem on the Arch of Titus in Rome

153

(8)

The Administration of the Empire

154

(2)

Women of the Upper Classes

156

(2)

Life in Imperial Rome: The Apartment House

158

(1)

The Culture of the Early Empire

159

(2)

The Rise of Christianity

161

(1)

Jesus of Nazareth

161

(1)

Encountering the Past: Chariot Racing

162

(5)

Paul of Tarsus

163

(2)

Organization

165

(1)

The Persecution of Christians

165

(2)

The Emergence of Catholicism

167

(1)

Rome as a Center of the Early Church

167

(1)

The Crisis of the Third Century

167

(2)

Barbarian Invasions

168

(1)

Economic Difficulties

168

(1)

The Social Order

169

(1)

Civil Disorder

169

(1)

The Late Empire

169

(8)

The Fourth Century and Imperial Reorganization

169

(4)

The Triumph of Christianity

173

(4)

Arts and Letters in the Late Empire

177

(2)

The Preservation of Classical Culture

178

(1)

Christian Writers

178

(1)

The Problem of the Decline and Fall of the Empire in the West

179

(1)

In Perspective

180

(1)

Review Questions

180

(1)

Suggested Readings

180

(1)

Documents CD-ROM

181

(1)

The West & the World: Ancient Warfare

182

(6)

PART 2 The Middle Ages 476 C.E.--1300 C.E.

188

(100)

Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages: Creating a New European Society and Culture (476--1000)

190

(36)

On the Eve of the Frankish Ascendancy

192

(2)

Germanic Migrations

192

(1)

New Western Masters

193

(1)

The Byzantine Empire

194

(6)

The Reign of Justinian

195

(4)

The Spread of Byzantine Christianity

199

(1)

Persians and Muslims

199

(1)

Islam and the Islamic World

200

(4)

Muhammad's Religion

200

(2)

Islamic Diversity

202

(1)

Islamic Empires

202

(1)

The Western Debt to Islam

203

(1)

Western Society and the Developing Christian Church

204

(5)

Monastic Culture

204

(2)

The Doctrine of Papal Primacy

206

(1)

The Religious Division of Christendom

207

(2)

The Kingdom of the Franks From Clovis to Charlemagne

209

(6)

Governing the Franks

209

(2)

The Reign of Charlemagne (768--814)

211

(3)

Breakup of the Carolingian Kingdom

214

(1)

A Closer Look: A Multicultural Book Cover

215

(4)

Feudal Society

219

(1)

Origins

219

(1)

Encountering the Past: Medieval Cooking

220

(4)

Vassalage and the Fief

221

(1)

Daily Life and Religion

222

(2)

Fragmentation and Divided Loyalty

224

(1)

In Perspective

224

(1)

Review Questions

225

(1)

Suggested Readings

225

(1)

Documents CD-ROM

225

(1)

The High Middle Ages: The Rise of European Empires and States (1000--1300)

226

(30)

Otto I and the Revival of the Empire

228

(1)

Unifying Germany

228

(1)

Embracing the Church

228

(1)

The Reviving Catholic Church

229

(7)

The Cluny Reform Movement

229

(2)

The Investiture Struggle: Gregory VII and Henry IV

231

(2)

The Crusades

233

(3)

A Closer Look: European Embrace of a Black Saint

236

(6)

The Pontificate of Innocent III (r. 1198--1216)

237

(5)

England and France: Hastings (1066) to Bouvines (1214)

242

(4)

William the Conqueror

242

(1)

Henry II

243

(1)

Eleanor of Aquitaine and Court Culture

243

(2)

Popular Rebellion and Magna Carta

245

(1)

Philip II Augustus

245

(1)

Encountering the Past: Pilgrimages

246

(1)

France in the Thirteenth Century: The Reign of Louis IX

247

(1)

Generosity Abroad

247

(1)

Order and Excellence at Home

247

(1)

The Hohenstaufen Empire (1152--1272)

248

(6)

Frederick I Barbarossa

248

(2)

Henry VI and the Sicilian Connection

250

(1)

Otto IV and the Welf Interregnum

250

(1)

Frederick II

251

(2)

Romanesque and Gothic Architecture

253

(1)

In Perspective

254

(1)

Review Questions

254

(1)

Suggested Readings

254

(1)

Documents CD-ROM

255

(1)

Medieval Society: Hierarchies, Towns, Universities, and Families (1000--1300)

256

(32)

The Traditional Order of Life

258

(1)

Nobles

258

(1)

A Closer Look: The Joys and Pains of the Medieval Joust

259

(2)

Encountering the Past: Warrior Games

261

(6)

Clergy

262

(2)

Peasants

264

(3)

Towns and Townspeople

267

(5)

The Chartering of Towns

268

(1)

The Rise of Merchants

268

(1)

Challenging the Old Lords

268

(1)

New Models of Government

269

(2)

Towns and Kings

271

(1)

Jews in Christian Society

271

(1)

Schools and Universities

272

(7)

University of Bologna

273

(1)

Cathedral Schools

274

(1)

University of Paris

274

(2)

The Curriculum

276

(1)

Philosophy and Theology

276

(3)

Women in Medieval Society

279

(1)

Image and Status

280

(1)

Life Choices

280

(1)

Working Women

280

(1)

The Lives of Children

280

(2)

Children as ``Little Adults''

281

(1)

Childhood as a Special Stage

282

(1)

In Perspective

282

(1)

Review Questions

283

(1)

Suggested Readings

283

(1)

Documents CD-ROM

283

(1)

The West & The World The Invention of Printing in China and Europe

284

(4)

PART 3 Europe in Transition 1300--1750

288

(260)

The Late Middle Ages: Social and Political Breakdown (1300--1453)

290

(26)

The Black Death

292

(4)

Preconditions and Causes of the Plague

292

(1)

Popular Remedies

292

(2)

Social and Economic Consequences

294

(2)

Encountering the Past: Dealing with Death

296

(2)

New Conflicts and Opportunities

297

(1)

The Hundred Years' War and the Rise of National Sentiment

298

(4)

The Causes of the War

298

(1)

Progress of the War

299

(3)

Ecclesiastical Breakdown and Revival: The Late Medieval Church

302

(10)

The Thirteenth-Century Papacy

302

(2)

Boniface VIII and Philip the Fair

304

(2)

The Avignon Papacy (1309--1377)

306

(1)

John Wycliffe and John Huss

307

(2)

The Great Schism (1378--1417) and the Conciliar Movement to 1449

309

(3)

Medieval Russia

312

(1)

Politics and Society

312

(1)

Mongol Rule (1243--1480)

312

(1)

A Closer Look: The Delights and Dangers of the Medieval Bath

313

(1)

In Perspective

314

(1)

Review Questions

314

(1)

Suggested Readings

314

(1)

Documents CD-ROM

315

(1)

Renaissance and Discovery

316

(36)

The Renaissance in Italy (1375--1527)

318

(4)

The Italian City-State

319

(2)

Humanism

321

(1)

Encountering the Past: The Renaissance Garden

322

(6)

Renaissance Art

327

(1)

A Closer Look: Leonardo Plots the Perfect Man

328

(3)

Slavery in the Renaissance

330

(1)

Italy's Political Decline: The French Invasions (1494--1527)

331

(4)

Charles VIII's March Through Italy

332

(1)

Pope Alexander VI and the Borgia Family

332

(1)

Pope Julius II

332

(1)

Niccolo Machiavelli

333

(2)

Revival of Monarchy in Northern Europe

335

(3)

France

336

(1)

Spain

336

(1)

England

337

(1)

The Holy Roman Empire

337

(1)

The Northern Renaissance

338

(4)

The Printing Press

339

(1)

Erasmus

340

(1)

Humanism and Reform

341

(1)

Voyages of Discovery and the New Empires in the West and East

342

(8)

The Portuguese Chart the Course

342

(1)

The Spanish Voyages of Columbus

342

(3)

The Spanish Empire in the New World

345

(2)

The Church in Spanish America

347

(1)

The Economy of Exploitation

347

(2)

The Impact on Europe

349

(1)

In Perspective

350

(1)

Review Questions

350

(1)

Suggested Readings

351

(1)

Documents CD-ROM

351

(1)

The Age of Reformation

352

(36)

Society and Religion

354

(2)

Social and Political Conflict

354

(1)

Popular Religious Movements and Criticism of the Church

354

(2)

Martin Luther and the German Reformation to 1525

356

(1)

Justification by Faith Alone

356

(1)

A Closer Look: A Saint at Peace in the Grasp of Temptation

357

(7)

The Attack on Indulgences

358

(2)

Election of Charles V

360

(1)

Luther's Excommunication and the Diet of Worms

360

(2)

Imperial Distractions: War with France and the Turks

362

(1)

How the Reformation Spread

362

(1)

The Peasants' Revolt

362

(2)

The Reformation Elsewhere

364

(6)

Zwingli and the Swiss Reformation

364

(3)

Anabaptists and Radical Protestants

367

(1)

John Calvin and the Genevan Reformation

368

(2)

Political Consolidation of the Lutheran Reformation

370

(1)

The Diet of Augsburg

370

(1)

The Expansion of the Reformation

370

(1)

Reaction Against Protestants

371

(1)

The Peace of Augsburg

371

(1)

The English Reformation to 1553

371

(3)

The Preconditions of Reform

371

(1)

The King's Affair

372

(1)

The ``Reformation Parliament''

372

(1)

Wives of Henry VIII

373

(1)

The King's Religious Conservatism

373

(1)

The Protestant Reformation under Edward VI

374

(1)

Catholic Reform and Counter-Reformation

374

(3)

Sources of Catholic Reform

374

(1)

Ignatius of Loyola and the Jesuits

375

(1)

The Council of Trent (1545--1563)

375

(2)

The Social Significance of the Reformation in Western Europe

377

(4)

The Revolution in Religious Practices and Institutions

377

(2)

The Reformation and Education

379

(2)

The Reformation and the Changing Role of Women

381

(1)

Family Life in Early Modern Europe

381

(1)

Encountering the Past: A Child Is Born: Welcoming the Newborn in Late Medieval Europe

382

(2)

Later Marriages

383

(1)

Arranged Marriages

383

(1)

Family Size

383

(1)

Birth Control

383

(1)

Wet Nursing

383

(1)

Loving Families?

384

(1)

Literary Imagination in Transition

384

(2)

Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra: Rejection of Idealism

384

(1)

William Shakespeare: Dramatist of the Age

385

(1)

In Perspective

386

(1)

Review Questions

386

(1)

Suggested Readings

386

(1)

Documents CD-ROM

387

(1)

The Age of Religious Wars

388

(28)

Renewed Religious Struggle

390

(1)

A Closer Look: Baroque and Plain Church: Architectural Reflections of Belief

390

(2)

The French Wars of Religion (1562--1598)

392

(5)

Appeal of Calvinism

392

(1)

Catherine de Medicis and the Guises

393

(1)

The Rise to Power of Henry of Navarre

394

(2)

The Edict of Nantes

396

(1)

Imperial Spain and Philip II (R. 1556--1598)

397

(5)

Pillars of Spanish Power

397

(2)

The Revolt in the Netherlands

399

(3)

England and Spain (1553--1603)

402

(2)

Mary I (r. 1553--1558)

402

(1)

Elizabeth I (r. 1558--1603)

403

(1)

Encountering the Past: Going to the Theater

404

(3)

The Thirty Years' War (1618--1648)

407

(8)

Preconditions for War

408

(2)

Four Periods of War

410

(3)

The Treaty of Westphalia

413

(2)

In Perspective

415

(1)

Review Questions

415

(1)

Suggested Readings

415

(1)

Documents CD-ROM

415

(1)

European State Consolidation in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries

416

(36)

The Netherlands: Golden Age to Decline

418

(1)

Urban Prosperity

418

(1)

Economic Decline

419

(1)

Two Models of European Political Development

419

(1)

Constitutional Crisis and Settlement in Stuart England

420

(2)

James I

420

(2)

Encountering the Past: Early Controversy over Tobacco and Smoking

422

(6)

Charles I

423

(1)

The Long Parliament and Civil War

423

(1)

Oliver Cromwell and the Puritan Republic

424

(1)

Charles II and the Restoration of the Monarchy

425

(1)

The ``Glorious Revolution''

426

(1)

The Age of Walpole

427

(1)

Rise of Absolute Monarchy in France: The World of Louis XIV

428

(2)

Years of Personal Rule

428

(1)

Versailles

429

(1)

King by Divine Right

429

(1)

Louis's Early Wars

429

(1)

A Closer Look: Versailles

430

(8)

Louis's Repressive Religious Policies

432

(1)

Louis's Later Wars

433

(4)

France After Louis XIV

437

(1)

Central and Eastern Europe

438

(5)

Poland: Absence of Strong Central Authority

438

(1)

The Habsburg Empire and the Pragmatic Sanction

439

(1)

Prussia and the Hohenzollerns

440

(3)

Russia Enters the European Political Arena

443

(4)

The Romanov Dynasty

443

(1)

Peter the Great

443

(4)

The Ottoman Empire

447

(3)

Religious Toleration and Ottoman Government

447

(2)

The End of Ottoman Expansion

449

(1)

In Perspective

450

(1)

Review Questions

450

(1)

Suggested Readings

451

(1)

Documents CD-ROM

451

(1)

New Directions in Thought and Culture in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries

452

(28)

The Scientific Revolution

454

(5)

Nicolaus Copernicus Rejects an Earth-Centered Universe

454

(3)

Tycho Brahe and Johannes Kepler Make New Scientific Observations

457

(1)

Galileo Galilei Argues for a Universe of Mathematical Laws

457

(1)

Isaac Newton Discovers the Laws of Gravitation

458

(1)

Philosophy Responds to Changing Science

459

(7)

Nature as Mechanism

459

(1)

Francis Bacon: The Empirical Method

459

(2)

Rene Descartes: The Method of Rational Deduction

461

(1)

Thomas Hobbes: Apologist for Absolute Government

462

(2)

John Locke: Defender of Moderate Liberty and Toleration

464

(2)

The New Institutions of Expanding Natural Knowledge

466

(2)

Women in the World of the Scientific Revolution

468

(2)

The New Science and Religious Faith

470

(2)

The Case of Galileo

470

(2)

A Closer Look: The Sciences and the Arts

472

(1)

Blaise Pascal: Reason and Faith

472

(1)

The English Approach to Science and Religion

473

(1)

Continuing Superstition

473

(2)

Witch-Hunts and Panic

474

(1)

Village Origins

474

(1)

Influence of the Clergy

474

(1)

Who Were the Witches?

474

(1)

End of the Witch-Hunts

475

(1)

Baroque Art

475

(2)

Encountering the Past: Midwives

477

(1)

In Perspective

478

(1)

Review Questions

478

(1)

Suggested Readings

478

(1)

Documents CD-ROM

478

(2)

Society and Economy Under the Old Regime in the Eighteenth Century

480

(34)

Major Features of Life in the Old Regime

482

(1)

Maintenance of Tradition

482

(1)

Hierarchy and Privilege

482

(1)

The Aristocracy

482

(1)

A Closer Look: An Aristocratic Couple

483

(2)

Varieties of Aristocratic Privilege

484

(1)

Aristocratic Resurgence

485

(1)

The Land and Its Tillers

485

(3)

Peasants and Serfs

485

(2)

Aristocratic Domination of the Countryside: The English Game Laws

487

(1)

Family Structures and the Family Economy

488

(5)

Households

489

(1)

The Family Economy

490

(1)

Women and the Family Economy

490

(2)

Children and the World of the Family, Economy

492

(1)

The Revolution in Agriculture

493

(4)

New Crops and New Methods

494

(3)

Expansion of the Population

497

(1)

The Industrial Revolution of the Eighteenth Century

497

(7)

A Revolution in Consumption

498

(1)

Industrial Leadership of Great Britain

499

(1)

New Methods of Textile Production

499

(2)

The Steam Engine

501

(1)

Iron Production

501

(1)

The Impact of the Agricultural and Industrial Revolutions on Working Women

502

(2)

The Growth of Cities

504

(2)

Patterns of Preindustrial Urbanization

504

(1)

Urban Classes

505

(1)

Encountering the Past: Water, Washing, and Bathing

506

(4)

The Urban Riot

508

(2)

The Jewish Population: The Age of the Ghetto

510

(1)

In Perspective

510

(2)

Review Questions

512

(1)

Suggested Readings

512

(1)

Documents CD-ROM

513

(1)

The Transatlantic Economy, Trade Wars, and Colonial Rebellion

514

(34)

Periods of European Overseas Empires

516

(1)

Mercantile Empires

517

(2)

Mercantilist Goals

517

(1)

French-British Rivalry

518

(1)

The Spanish Colonial System

519

(4)

Colonial Government

519

(1)

Trade Regulation

519

(1)

Colonial Reform Under the Spanish Bourbon Monarchs

519

(4)

Black African Slavery, the Plantation System, and the Atlantic Economy

523

(3)

The African Presence in the Americas

524

(2)

Encountering the Past: Sugar Enters the Western Diet

526

(5)

Slavery and the Transatlantic Economy

527

(1)

The Experience of Slavery

528

(3)

A Closer Look: The Slave Ship Brookes

531

(1)

Mid-Eighteenth-Century Wars

532

(3)

The War of Jenkins's Ear

532

(1)

The War of the Austrian Succession (1740--1748)

532

(1)

The ``Diplomatic Revolution'' of 1756

533

(1)

The Seven Years' War (1756--1763)

534

(1)

The American Revolution and Europe

535

(6)

Resistance to the Imperial Search for Revenue

536

(1)

The Crisis and Independence

537

(1)

American Political Ideas

537

(1)

Events in Great Britain

538

(3)

Broader Impact of the American Revolution

541

(1)

In Perspective

541

(1)

Review Questions

542

(1)

Suggested Readings

542

(1)

Documents CD-ROM

543

(1)

The West & The World: The Columbian Exchange: Disease, Animals, and Agriculture

544

(4)

Part 4 Enlightenment and Revolution 1700--1850

548

(180)

The Age of Enlightenment: Eighteenth-Century Thought

550

(42)

Formative Influences on the Enlightenment

552

(2)

Ideas of Newton and Locke

552

(1)

The Example of British Toleration and Political Stability

552

(1)

The Emergence of a Print Culture

553

(1)

The Philosophes

554

(1)

Encountering the Past: Coffeehouses and Enlightenment

555

(3)

Voltaire---First Among the Philosophes

557

(1)

The Enlightenment and Religion

558

(6)

Deism

559

(1)

Toleration

559

(1)

Radical Enlightenment Criticism of Christianity

560

(1)

Jewish Thinkers in the Age of Enlightenment

560

(2)

Islam in Enlightenment Thought

562

(2)

The Enlightenment and Society

564

(3)

The Encyclopedia: Freedom and Economic Improvement

564

(1)

Beccaria and Reform of Criminal Law

564

(1)

The Physiocrats and Economic Freedom

565

(1)

Adam Smith on Economic Growth and Social Progress

566

(1)

Political Thought of the Philosophes

567

(4)

Montesquieu and Spirit of the Laws

567

(1)

Rousseau: A Radical Critique of Modern Society

567

(2)

Enlightened Critics of European Empires

569

(2)

Women in the Thought and Practice of the Enlightenment

571

(4)

Rococo and Neoclassical Styles in Eighteenth-Century Art

575

(3)

A Closer Look: An Eighteenth-Century Artist Appeals to the Ancient World

578

(2)

Enlightened Absolutism

580

(9)

Frederick the Great of Prussia

580

(4)

Joseph II of Austria

584

(2)

Catherine the Great of Russia

586

(2)

The Partition of Poland

588

(1)

The End of the Eighteenth Century in Central and Eastern Europe

588

(1)

In Perspective

589

(1)

Review Questions

590

(1)

Suggested Readings

590

(1)

Documents CD-ROM

591

(1)

The French Revolution

592

(34)

The Crisis of the French Monarchy

594

(2)

The Monarchy Seeks New Taxes

594

(1)

Necker's Report

595

(1)

Calonne's Reform Plan and the Assembly of Notables

595

(1)

Deadlock and the Calling of the Estates General

596

(1)

The Revolution of 1789

596

(2)

The Estates General Becomes the National Assembly

596

(2)

A Closer Look: Challenging the French Political Order

598

(5)

Fall of the Bastille

599

(2)

The ``Great Fear'' and the Night of August 4

601

(1)

The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

601

(2)

The Parisian Women's March on Versailles

603

(1)

The Reconstruction of France

603

(2)

Political Reorganization

603

(1)

Economic Policy

604

(1)

Encountering The Past: The Metric System

605

(4)

The Civil Constitution of the Clergy

607

(1)

Counterrevolutionary Activity

608

(1)

The End of the Monarchy: A Second Revolution

609

(3)

Emergence of the Jacobins

609

(1)

The Convention and the Role of the Sans-culottes

610

(2)

Europe at War with the Revolution

612

(3)

Edmund Burke Attacks the Revolution

613

(1)

Suppression of Reform in Britain

613

(1)

The Second and Third Partitions of Poland, 1793, 1795

613

(2)

The Reign of Terror

615

(5)

War with Europe

615

(1)

The Republic Defended

615

(1)

The ``Republic of Virtue'' and Robespierre's Justification of Terror

616

(2)

Repression of the Society of Revolutionary Republican Women

618

(1)

De-Christianization

618

(1)

Revolutionary Tribunals

619

(1)

The End of the Terror

619

(1)

The Thermidorian Reaction

620

(4)

Establishment of the Directory

622

(1)

Removal of the Sans-culottes from Political Life

622

(2)

In Perspective

624

(1)

Review Questions

625

(1)

Suggested Readings

625

(1)

Documents CD-ROM

625

(1)

The Age of Napoleon and the Triumph of Romanticism

626

(30)

The Rise of Napoleon Bonaparte

628

(1)

Early Military Victories

628

(1)

The Constitution of the Year VIII

628

(1)

The Consulate in France (1799--1804)

629

(1)

Suppressing Foreign Enemies and Domestic Opposition

629

(1)

Concordat with the Roman Catholic Church

629

(1)

The Napoleonic Code

630

(1)

Establishing a Dynasty

630

(1)

Napoleon's Empire (1804--1814)

630

(2)

Conquering an Empire

630

(2)

A Closer Look: The Coronation of Napoleon

632

(1)

The Continental System

633

(1)

European Response to the Empire

633

(1)

Encountering the Past: Sailors and Canned Food

634

(6)

German Nationalism and Prussian Reform

635

(2)

The Wars of Liberation

637

(1)

The Invasion of Russia

638

(1)

European Coalition

639

(1)

The Congress of Vienna and the European Settlement

640

(3)

Territorial Adjustments

640

(1)

The Hundred Days and the Quadruple Alliance

641

(2)

The Romantic Movement

643

(1)

Romantic Questioning of the Supremacy of Reason

643

(2)

Rousseau and Education

643

(1)

Kant and Reason

644

(1)

Romantic Literature

645

(3)

The English Romantic Writers

645

(2)

The German Romantic Writers

647

(1)

Romantic Art

648

(1)

The Cult of the Middle Ages and Neo-Gothicism

648

(1)

Nature and the Sublime

649

(1)

Religion in the Romantic Period

649

(2)

Methodism

650

(1)

New Directions in Continental Religion

651

(1)

Romantic Views of Nationalism and History

651

(3)

Herder and Culture

652

(1)

Hegel and History

652

(1)

Islam, the Middle East, and Romanticism

652

(2)

In Perspective

654

(1)

Review Questions

655

(1)

Suggested Readings

655

(1)

Documents CD-ROM

655

(1)

The Conservative Order and the Challenges of Reform (1815--1832)

656

(32)

The Challenges of Nationalism and Liberalism

658

(4)

The Emergence of Nationalism

658

(1)

Early-Nineteenth-Century Political Liberalism

659

(3)

Conservative Governments: The Domestic Political Order

662

(5)

Conservative Outlooks

662

(2)

Liberalism and Nationalism Resisted in Austria and the Germanies

664

(3)

Encountering the Past: Gymnastics and German Nationalism

667

(3)

Postwar Repression in Great Britain

668

(1)

Bourbon Restoration in France

668

(2)

The Conservative International Order

670

(2)

The Congress System

670

(1)

The Spanish Revolution of 1820

670

(1)

Revolt Against Ottoman Rule in the Balkans

671

(1)

A Closer Look: An English Poet Appears as an Albanian

672

(1)

The Wars of Independence in Latin America

673

(5)

Revolution in Haiti

673

(2)

Wars of Independence on the South American Continent

675

(2)

Independence in New Spain

677

(1)

Brazilian Independence

678

(1)

The Conservative Order Shaken in Europe

678

(7)

Russia: The Decembrist Revolt of 1825

678

(2)

Revolution in France (1830)

680

(2)

Belgium Becomes Independent (1830)

682

(1)

The Great Reform Bill in Britain (1832)

683

(2)

In Perspective

685

(1)

Review Questions

686

(1)

Suggested Readings

686

(1)

Documents CD-ROM

687

(1)

Economic Advance and Social Unrest (1830--1850)

688

(40)

Toward an Industrial Society

690

(2)

Population and Migration

690

(1)

Railways

691

(1)

The Labor Force

692

(1)

The Emergence of a Wage-Labor Force

692

(1)

Encountering the Past: The Potato and the Great Hunger in Ireland

693

(2)

Working-Class Political Action: The Example of British Chartism

694

(1)

Family Structures and the Industrial Revolution

695

(1)

The Family in the Early Factory System

695

(1)

A Closer Look: The Great Exhibition in London

696

(1)

Women in the Early Industrial Revolution

697

(5)

Opportunities and Exploitation in Employment

699

(1)

Changing Expectations in the Working-Class Marriage

700

(2)

Problems of Crime and Order

702

(2)

New Police Forces

702

(1)

Prison Reform

703

(1)

Classical Economics

704

(1)

Malthus on Population

704

(1)

Ricardo on Wages

704

(1)

Government Policies Based on Classical Economics

704

(1)

Early Socialism

705

(5)

Utopian Socialism

706

(1)

Anarchism

707

(1)

Marxism

708

(2)

1848: Year of Revolutions

710

(10)

France: The Second Republic and Louis Napoleon

712

(3)

The Habsburg Empire: Nationalism Resisted

715

(2)

Italy: Republicanism Defeated

717

(2)

Germany: Liberalism Frustrated

719

(1)

In Perspective

720

(1)

Review Questions

720

(1)

Suggested Readings

720

(1)

Documents CD-ROM

721

(1)

The West & the World: The Abolition of Slavery in the Transatlantic Economy

722

(6)

PART 5 Toward the Modern World 1850--1939

728

(208)

The Age of Nation-States

730

(30)

The Crimean War (1853--1856)

732

(1)

Peace Settlement and Long-Term Results

732

(1)

Reforms in the Ottoman Empire

732

(1)

A Closer Look: The Crimean War Recalled

733

(1)

Italian Unification

734

(4)

Romantic Republicans

734

(1)

Cavour's Policy

735

(3)

The New Italian State

738

(1)

German Unification

738

(5)

Bismarck

739

(2)

The Franco-Prussian War and the German Empire (1870--1871)

741

(2)

France: From Liberal Empire to the Third Republic

743

(3)

The Paris Commune

744

(1)

The Third Republic

744

(1)

The Dreyfus Affair

745

(1)

The Habsburg Empire

746

(4)

Formation of the Dual Monarchy

746

(1)

Unrest of Nationalities

747

(3)

Russia: Emancipation and Revolutionary Stirrings

750

(2)

Reforms of Alexander II

750

(1)

Revolutionaries

751

(1)

Great Britain: Toward Democracy

752

(2)

The Second Reform Act (1867)

753

(1)

Encountering the Past: The Arrival of Penny Postage

754

(4)

Gladstone's Great Ministry (1868--1874)

755

(1)

Disraeli in Office (1874--1880)

755

(1)

The Irish Question

756

(2)

In Perspective

758

(1)

Review Questions

758

(1)

Suggested Readings

759

(1)

Documents CD-ROM

759

(1)

The Building of European Supremacy: Society and Politics to World War I

760

(34)

Population Trends and Migration

762

(1)

The Second Industrial Revolution

762

(3)

New Industries

763

(2)

Economic Difficulties

765

(1)

The Middle Classes in Ascendancy

765

(2)

Social Distinctions Within the Middle Classes

765

(2)

Encountering the Past: Bicycles: Transportation, Freedom, and Sport

767

(1)

Late-Nineteenth-Century Urban Life

768

(4)

The Redesign of Cities

768

(1)

Urban Sanitation

769

(1)

Housing Reform and Middle-Class Values

770

(2)

Varieties of Late-Nineteenth-Century Women's Experiences

772

(8)

Women's Social Disabilities

772

(1)

New Employment Patterns for Women

773

(2)

Working-Class Women

775

(1)

Poverty and Prostitution

775

(1)

Women of the Middle Class

775

(2)

The Rise of Political Feminism

777

(3)

Jewish Emancipation

780

(1)

Differing Degrees of Citizenship

780

(1)

Broadened Opportunities

780

(1)

Labor, Socialism, and Politics to World War I

781

(9)

Trade Unionism

781

(1)

Democracy and Political Parties

782

(1)

Karl Marx and the First International

782

(1)

Great Britain: Fabianism and Early Welfare Programs

783

(1)

France: ``Opportunism'' Rejected

784

(1)

Germany: Social Democrats and Revisionism

784

(1)

Russia: Industrial Development and the Birth of Bolshevism

785

(5)

A Closer Look: Bloody Sunday, St. Petersburg 1905

790

(2)

In Perspective

792

(1)

Review Questions

792

(1)

Suggested Readings

793

(1)

Documents CD-ROM

793

(1)

The Birth of Modern European Thought

794

(32)

The New Reading Public

796

(1)

Advances in Primary Education

796

(1)

Reading Material for the Mass Audience

796

(1)

Science at Midcentury

797

(1)

Comte, Positivism, and the Prestige of Science

797

(1)

Encountering the Past: The Birth of Science Fiction

798

(2)

Darwin's Theory of Natural Selection

799

(1)

Science and Ethics

799

(1)

Christianity and the Church under Siege

800

(3)

Intellectual Skepticism

800

(1)

Conflict Between Church and State

801

(1)

Areas of Religious Revival

802

(1)

The Roman Catholic Church and the Modern World

802

(1)

A Closer Look: Conflict Between Church and State in Germany

803

(2)

Islam and Late-Nineteenth-Century European Thought

804

(1)

Toward a Twentieth-Century Frame of Mind

805

(15)

Science: The Revolution in Physics

805

(1)

Literature: Realism and Naturalism

806

(2)

Modernism in Literature

808

(1)

The Coming of Modern Art

809

(3)

Friedrich Nietzsche and the Revolt Against Reason

812

(1)

The Birth of Psychoanalysis

813

(2)

Retreat from Rationalism in Politics

815

(1)

Racism

815

(3)

Anti-Semitism and the Birth of Zionism

818

(2)

Women and Modern Thought

820

(4)

Antifeminism in Late-Century Thought

820

(1)

New Directions in Feminism

821

(3)

In Perspective

824

(1)

Review Questions

824

(1)

Suggested Readings

824

(1)

Documents CD-ROM

825

(1)

Imperialism, Alliances, and War

826

(50)

Expansion of European Power and the New Imperialism

828

(2)

The New Imperialism

828

(1)

Motives for the New Imperialism

829

(1)

The ``Scramble for Africa''

830

(1)

A Closer Look: The French in Morocco

830

(8)

Asia

836

(2)

Emergence of the German Empire and the Alliance Systems (1873--1890)

838

(5)

Bismarck's Leadership

838

(3)

Forging the Triple Entente (1890--1907)

841

(2)

World War I

843

(11)

The Road to War (1908--1914)

843

(2)

Sarajevo and the Outbreak of War (June-August 1914)

845

(3)

Strategies and Stalemate: 1914--1917

848

(6)

The Russian Revolution

854

(4)

The Provisional Government

854

(1)

Lenin and the Bolsheviks

855

(1)

The Communist Dictatorship

856

(2)

The End of World War I

858

(4)

Germany's Last Offensive

859

(1)

The Armistice

860

(1)

The End of the Ottoman Empire

861

(1)

The Settlement at Paris

862

(1)

Obstacles the Peacemakers Faced

862

(1)

Encountering the Past: War Propaganda and the Movies: Charlie Chaplin

863

(5)

The Peace

864

(3)

Evaluating the Peace

867

(1)

In Perspective

868

(1)

Review Questions

868

(1)

Suggested Readings

869

(1)

Documents CD-ROM

869

(1)

The West & The World: Imperialism: Ancient and Modern

870

(6)

Political Experiments of the 1920s

876

(30)

Political and Economic Factors after the Paris Settlement

878

(2)

Demands for Revision of the Paris Settlement

878

(1)

Postwar Economic Problems

878

(1)

New Roles for Government and Labor

879

(1)

The Soviet Experiment Begins

880

(3)

War Communism

880

(1)

The New Economic Policy

880

(2)

Stalin Versus Trotsky

882

(1)

The Third International

883

(1)

A Closer Look: Bolshevik Visions of World Revolution

883

(3)

Women and the Family in the Early Soviet Union

885

(1)

The Fascist Experiment in Italy

886

(5)

The Rise of Mussolini

887

(2)

The Fascists in Power

889

(1)

Motherhood for the Nation in Fascist Italy

890

(1)

Joyless Victors

891

(3)

France: The Search for Security

891

(1)

Great Britain: Economic Confusion

892

(2)

Encountering the Past: The Coming of Radio: The BBC

894

(1)

Trials of the Successor States in Eastern Europe

895

(3)

Economic and Ethnic Pressures

895

(1)

Poland: Democracy to Military Rule

896

(1)

Czechoslovakia: A Viable Democratic Experiment

896

(1)

Hungary: Turn to Authoritarianism

897

(1)

Austria: Political Turmoil and Nazi Occupation

897

(1)

Southeastern Europe: Royal Dictatorships

897

(1)

The Weimar Republic in Germany

898

(6)

Constitutional Flaws

898

(1)

Lack of Broad Popular Support

898

(1)

Invasion of the Ruhr and Inflation

899

(1)

Hitler's Early Career

899

(3)

The Stresemann Years

902

(1)

Locarno

903

(1)

In Perspective

904

(1)

Review Questions

904

(1)

Suggested Readings

905

(1)

Documents CD-ROM

905

(1)

Europe and the Great Depression of the 1930s

906

(30)

Toward the Great Depression

908

(3)

The Financial Tailspin

908

(1)

Problems in Agricultural Commodities

909

(1)

Depression and Government Policy

910

(1)

Confronting the Great Depression in the Democracies

911

(4)

Great Britain: The National Government

912

(1)

France: The Popular Front

913

(2)

Germany: The Nazi Seizure of Power

915

(2)

Depression and Political Deadlock

915

(1)

Hitler Comes to Power

915

(1)

Hitler's Consolidation of Power

916

(1)

Encountering the Past: Cinema of the Political Left and Right

917

(7)

The Police State and Anti-Semitism

919

(2)

Racial Ideology and the Lives of Women

921

(2)

Nazi Economic Policy

923

(1)

A Closer Look: The Nazi Party Rally

924

(1)

Italy: Fascist Economics

925

(1)

Syndicates

925

(1)

Corporations

925

(1)

Stalin's Soviet Union: Central Economic Planning, Collectivization, and Party Purges

926

(7)

The Decision for Rapid Industrialization

926

(1)

The Collectivization of Agriculture

927

(3)

Flight to the Soviet Cities

930

(1)

Urban Consumer Shortages

930

(1)

Foreign Reactions and Repercussions

931

(1)

The Purges

932

(1)

In Perspective

933

(1)

Review Questions

934

(1)

Suggested Readings

934

(1)

Documents CD-ROM

935

(1)

PART 6 Global Conflict, Cold War, and New Directions 1939-2005

936

World War II

938

(40)

Again the Road to War (1933--1939)

940

(8)

Hitler's Goals

940

(1)

Italy Attacks Ethiopia

941

(1)

Remilitarization of the Rhineland

942

(1)

The Spanish Civil War

943

(1)

Austria and Czechoslovakia

944

(1)

Munich

945

(3)

The Nazi-Soviet Pact

948

(1)

World War II (1939--1945)

948

(7)

The German Conquest of Europe

948

(1)

The Battle of Britain

949

(1)

The German Attack on Russia

950

(2)

Hitler's Plans for Europe

952

(1)

Japan and the United States Enter the War

952

(1)

The Tide Turns

953

(2)

Encountering the Past: Rosie the Riveter and American Women in the War Effort

955

(5)

The Defeat of Nazi Germany

956

(2)

Fall of the Japanese Empire

958

(2)

The Cost of War

960

(1)

Racism and the Holocaust

960

(6)

The Destruction of the Polish Jewish Community

960

(1)

Polish Anti-Semitism Between the Wars

961

(2)

The Nazi Assault on the Jews of Poland

963

(1)

Explanations of the Holocaust

964

(2)

The Domestic Fronts

966

(2)

Germany: From Apparent Victory to Defeat

966

(1)

France: Defeat, Collaboration, and Resistance

967

(1)

A Closer Look: The Vichy Regime in France

968

(4)

Great Britain: Organization for Victory

969

(2)

The Soviet Union: ``The Great Patriotic War''

971

(1)

Preparations for Peace

972

(2)

The Atlantic Charter

972

(1)

Tehran: Agreement on a Second Front

972

(1)

Yalta

973

(1)

Potsdam

974

(1)

In Perspective

974

(2)

Review Questions

976

(1)

Suggested Readings

976

(1)

Documents CD-ROM

977

(1)

The Cold War Era and the Emergence of a New Europe

978

(46)

The Emergence of the Cold War

980

(9)

Containment in American Foreign Policy

981

(2)

Soviet Domination of Eastern Europe

983

(1)

The Postwar Division of Germany

984

(2)

NATO and the Warsaw Pact

986

(1)

The Creation of the State of Israel

987

(1)

The Korean War

988

(1)

The Khrushchev Era in the Soviet Union

989

(3)

Khrushchev's Domestic Policies

990

(1)

The Three Crises of 1956

990

(2)

Later Cold War Confrontations

992

(1)

The Berlin Wall

992

(1)

The Cuban Missile Crisis

992

(1)

The Brezhenev Era

993

(3)

1968: The Invasion of Czechoslovakia

993

(1)

The United States and Detente

993

(1)

The Invasion of Afghanistan

994

(1)

Communism and Solidarity in Poland

995

(1)

Relations with the Reagan Administration

995

(1)

Decolonization: The European Retreat from Empire

996

(4)

Major Areas of Colonial Withdrawal

996

(1)

India

996

(2)

Further British Retreat from Empire

998

(2)

The Turmoil of French Decolonization

1000

(3)

France and Algeria

1000

(1)

France and Vietnam

1001

(1)

Vietnam Drawn into the Cold War

1001

(1)

Direct United States Involvement

1002

(1)

The Collapse of European Communism

1003

(2)

Gorbachev Attempts to Reform the Soviet Union

1004

(1)

Encountering the Past: Rock Music and Political Protest

1005

(3)

1989: Revolution in Eastern Europe

1006

(2)

A Closer Look: Collapse of the Berlin Wall

1008

(6)

The Collapse of the Soviet Union

1009

(3)

The Yeltsin Decade and Putin

1012

(2)

The Collapse of Yugoslavia and Civil War

1014

(1)

The Rise of Radical Political Islamism

1015

(3)

Arab Nationalism

1015

(1)

The Iranian Revolution

1016

(1)

Afghanistan and Radical Islamism

1016

(2)

A Transformed West

1018

(3)

In Perspective

1021

(1)

Review Questions

1021

(1)

Suggested Readings

1022

(1)

Documents CD-ROM

1023

(1)

The West at the Dawn of the Twenty-First Century

1024

The Twentieth-Century Movement of People

1026

(2)

Displacement Through War

1026

(1)

External and Internal Migration

1026

(1)

The New Muslim Population

1027

(1)

European Population Trends

1028

(1)

Toward a Welfare State Society

1028

(3)

Christian Democratic Parties

1029

(1)

The Creation of Welfare States

1029

(1)

Resistance to the Expansion of the Welfare State

1030

(1)

New Patterns in Work and Expectations of Women

1031

(3)

Feminism

1031

(1)

More Married Women in the Work Force

1032

(1)

New Work Patterns

1032

(2)

Women in the New Eastern Europe

1034

(1)

Transformations in Knowledge and Culture

1034

(5)

Communism and Western Europe

1034

(1)

Existentialism

1035

(1)

Expansion of the University Population and Student Rebellion

1036

(2)

The Americanization of Europe

1038

(1)

A Consumer Society

1038

(1)

Encountering the Past: Toys from Europe Conquer the United States

1039

(1)

Environmentalism

1040

(1)

Art since World War II

1040

(2)

Cultural Divisions and the Cold War

1040

(1)

Memory of the Holocaust

1041

(1)

The Christian Heritage

1042

(2)

Neo-Orthodoxy

1042

(1)

Liberal Theology

1043

(1)

Roman Catholic Reform

1043

(1)

A Closer Look: The Copenhagen Opera House

1044

(1)

Late-Twentieth-Century Technology: The Arrival of the Computer

1045

(3)

The Demand for Calculating Machines

1045

(1)

Early Computer Technology

1046

(1)

The Development of Desktop Computers

1047

(1)

The Challenges of European Unification

1048

(2)

Postwar Cooperation

1048

(1)

The European Economic Community

1048

(1)

The European Union

1048

(1)

Discord over the Union

1049

(1)

In Perspective

1050

(1)

Review Questions

1051

(1)

Suggested Readings

1051

(1)

Documents CD-ROM

1051

(1)

The West & The World: Energy and the Modern World

1052

Glossary

(1)

Index

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Western Heritage, The: Combined Volume

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials