Wings of the Gods Birds in the World's Religions

Birds have a larger place in religions than any other non-human animal, from their role as messenger between humans and gods among the ancient Mayans, to the Christian Holy Spirit taking flesh as a dove. More than symbols, birds gained divine status by guiding humans to water and food, replanting forests after ice ages and fires, and living with humans as they settled into farming and urban life. With the natural world facing multiple crises--climate change, epidemics of disease, pollution, famine--Peter (Petra) Gardella and Laurence Krute argue that humanity needs a new religion, a religion of nature in which birds and other animals are treated as equal inhabitants and citizens of Earth, to save the beauty and wonder that has inspired belief in God.

Wings of the Gods surveys the many roles that birds have played in the development of religions, from legends, rituals, costumes, wars, and spiritual disciplines to the current ecological crisis. It also explores the relations between birds and humans from an evolutionary perspective, starting with the roles of birds in creating the human world. Gardella and Krute, both scholars and birdwatchers, transcend a narrow focus on humanity to instead explore the agency of birds in world history.

Peter (Petra) Gardella is a retired Professor whose research focuses on Religious Studies. They most recently taught at Manhattanville College from 1983 to 2022. They are the author of five books, including Innocent Ecstasy: How Christianity Gave America an Ethic of Sexual Pleasure and American Civil Religion: What Americans Hold Sacred.

Laurence Krute is an independent scholar trained in Linguistics and Anthropology. He has conducted fieldwork with Piaroa, an indigenous language and society of the Venezuelan Amazon, administered a School of Education, and taught a wide range of courses in Education, Anthropology and Linguistics, including courses on Native American religion.

Introduction: Birds and Religions
Chapter 1: Birds in Creation, Evolution, and Creation Stories
Chapter 2: Birds and Humans in Each Other's Rituals (and Costumes)
Chapter 3: Bird Heroes and Villains
Chapter 4: Bird Spirit Guides
Chapter 5: Extinctions and Apocalyptic Birds
Chapter 6: Birds in Romantic Arts, Sciences, and Religions
Chapter 7: Birds Leading Humans to Another World
Epilogue: How the Cover of this Book, the Artist Who Painted it, and the Albatross He Painted Embody a Religion of Nature

Notes
Bibliography
Index