Wireless and Mobile Data Networks

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ISBN: 9780471670759 | 0471670758
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 7/20/2005

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Wireless and Mobile Data Networks provides a single point of knowledge about wireless data technologies, including: * Comprehensive easy-to understand resource on wireless data technologies * Includes wireless media, data transmission via cellular networks, and network security * Provides a single point of knowledge about wireless data * Focuses on wireless data networks, wireless channels, wireless local networks, wide area cellular networks and wireless network security An Instructor Support FTP site is available from the Wiley editorial department.

PREFACE

xxv

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

xxix

1. WIRELESS DATA-INTRODUCTION

(22)

1.1. Wireless Voice

(3)

1.1.1. Fixed Minimum Bandwidth

(1)

1.1.2. Vague Definition of Service Quality

(1)

1.1.3. Delay Requirements

(1)

1.2. Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs)

(2)

1.2.1. Ad Hoc WLAN

(1)

1.2.2. Infrastructure WLAN

(1)

1.3. Wide Area Cellular Networks

(1)

1.4. Fixed Wireless Networks

(2)

1.5. Personal Area Networks

(1)

1.6. Satellite-Based Data Networks

(2)

1.7. Mobile IP

(1)

1.8. The Wireless Spectrum

(8)

1.8.1. Licensed and License-Free Bands

(1)

1.8.2. Low-Power Wireless Data Systems

(1)

1.8.3. Ultra-Wide Band (UWB)

(1)

1.8.4. The ISM Band

(1)

1.8.5. U-NII Spectrum

(1)

1.8.6. Cellular Systems' Spectrum

(1)

1.8.7. Fixed Wireless Systems

(3)

1.8.8. Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks (WMAN)

(1)

1.8.9. Satellite Data Communications

(1)

References

(2)

2. REFERENCE ARCHITECTURES FOR WIRELESS DATA NETWORKS

(24)

2.1. Bluetooth™

(3)

2.1.1. Bluetooth Radio

(1)

2.1.2. Baseband Layer

(1)

2.1.3. Link Management Protocol (LMP)

(1)

2.1.4. Logical Link Control and Adaptation Protocol Layer (L2CAP)

(1)

2.1.5. Bluetooth Profiles

(1)

2.1.5.1. Generic Access Profile (GAP)

(1)

2.1.5.2. Service Discovery Application Profile (SDAP)

(1)

2.2. IEEE 802.11

(5)

2.2.1. Physical Layer (PHY)

(1)

2.2.1.1. Physical Medium Dependent (PMD) Sublayer

(1)

2.2.1.2. Physical Layer Convergence Protocol (PLCP)

(1)

2.2.2. Medium Access Control (MAC) Sublayer

(1)

2.2.2.1. Contention Windows

(1)

2.2.3. Layer and Station Management Planes

(1)

2.3. HIPERLAN2

(3)

2.3.1. Physical Layer

(1)

2.3.1.1. Link Adaptation

(1)

2.3.2. Data Link Control Layer

(1)

2.3.2.1. MAC

(1)

2.3.2.2. Radio Link Control (RLC)

(1)

2.3.2.3. Dynamic Frequency Selection (DFS)

(1)

2.3.2.4. Error Control (EC)

(1)

2.3.3. Convergence Layer (CL)

(1)

2.4. Broadband Wireless Access Networks

(3)

2.4.1. The User Plane

(1)

2.4.2. MAC Layer

(1)

2.4.2.1. Convergence Sublayer (CS)

(1)

2.4.2.2. MAC Common Part Sublayer (CPS)

(1)

2.4.2.3. Privacy Sublayer

(1)

2.4.3. PHY

(1)

2.4.4. IEEE 802.16a

(1)

2.4.5. Mobile Broadband Wireless Access (MBWA) Network

(1)

2.5. Cellular Data Networks

(5)

2.5.1. North American and European Cellular Networks

(1)

2.5.2. Voice-Grade Modems

(1)

2.5.3. Relative Look at Cellular Network Generations

(2)

2.5.4. Core Network

(1)

2.6. Summary

(1)

References

(4)

3. COMPONENTS OF A WIRELESS LAN

(20)

3.1. Local Area Networks (LANs)

(4)

3.1.1. LAN Interconnection (Topology)

(1)

3.1.2. Addressing Mechanisms

(1)

3.1.3. Medium Specification

(1)

3.1.4. Physical Layer Mechanisms

(1)

3.1.5. Data'Link Control Layer

(1)

3.1.6. Traffic Differentiation

(1)

3.1.7. WANLAN Connection

(1)

3.2. Wireless LAN Components

(14)

3.2.1. Physical Layer Components

(6)

3.2.1.1. Station Types

(1)

3.2.1.2. Channel Media

(1)

3.2.1.3. Physical Link

(1)

3.2.1.4. Signal Conditioning

(1)

3.2.1.5. Interference-Reduction Mechanisms

(2)

3.2.1.6. Modulation of Signals

(1)

3.2.1.7. Data Transmission

(1)

3.2.1.8. Convergence Procedures

(1)

3.2.1.9. Rate Selection Capability

(1)

3.2.1.10. Synchronization, Flow and Error-Control Capabilities

(1)

3.2.1.11. Physical Layer Management

(1)

3.2.2. Medium Access Control (MAC) Layer Components

(8)

3.2.2.1. Network Configurations

(1)

3.2.2.2. Channel Access

(1)

3.2.2.3. Multiple Access

(3)

3.2.2.4. User and Data Privacy

(1)

3.2.2.5. Power-Management Mechanisms

(1)

3.2.2.6. Fragmentation

(1)

3.2.2.7. Multimedia Service

(1)

3.2.2.8. Packet Forwarding

(1)

3.2.2.9. Mobility Support

(1)

3.2.2.10. MAC Layer Management

(1)

3.2.2.11. MAC Frames

(1)

3.2.2.12. Teleconferencing Capability

(1)

3.2.3. Logical Link Control (LLC) Layer

(1)

References

(1)

4. WLANs: THE PHYSICAL LAYER

(18)

4.1. IEEE 802.11 Standards Suite

(4)

4.1.1. Station Types

(1)

4.1.2. Channel Media

(1)

4.1.3. Physical Links

(1)

4.1.4. Signal Conditioning

(1)

4.1.5. IEEE 802.11g PHY

(2)

4.2. Interference Rejection Using Barker Sequence, OFDM and CCK

(7)

4.2.1. 11-Bit Barker Sequence

(2)

4.2.2. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)

(1)

4.2.3. Complementary Code Keying (CCK)

(1)

4.2.4. PHY Data Transmission

(2)

4.2.4.1. PLCP Frame Format for 802.11 Series

(1)

4.2.4.2. Meanings of Frame Fields

(1)

4.3. HIPERLAN PHY

(4)

4.3.1. Station Types

(1)

4.3.2. Channel Media

(1)

4.3.3. Signal Conditioning

(1)

4.3.4. Modulation and Coding

(1)

4.3.5. Data Transmission, Convergence and Rate Selectivity

(1)

4.3.6. PHY Management

(1)

4.4. Summary

(1)

References

(2)

5. WLANs: MEDIUM ACCESS CONTROL

(28)

5.1. IEEE 802.11 Medium Access Control

(9)

5.1.1. Network Configurations

(1)

5.1.2. Channel Access in IEEE 802.11

(1)

5.1.3. Channel Sensing

(1)

5.1.4. Collision Avoidance

(1)

5.1.4.1. Prioritizing IFS

(1)

5.1.4.2. Random Backoff

(1)

5.1.4.3. Discouraging Multiple Transmissions

(1)

5.1.4.4. Binary Exponential Backoff

(1)

5.1.4.5. Contention Window

(1)

5.1.5. Multiple Access in IEEE 802.11

(2)

5.1.6. DCF Transmission

(1)

5.1.7. PCF Transmission

(1)

5.1.8. User and Data Privacy

(2)

5.1.8.1. User Authentication

(1)

5.1.8.2. Data Encryption

(1)

5.1.9. Power Management

(1)

5.1.10. Fragmentation

(1)

5.1.11. Multimedia Support

(1)

5.2. IEEE 802.11e factor

(3)

5.2.1. Enhanced Station

(1)

5.2.2. Hybrid Coordinator

(1)

5.2.3. Enhanced DCF (EDCF)

(1)

5.2.4. Hybrid Coordination Function (HCF)

(1)

5.2.4.1. TXOP

(1)

5.3. Routing and Mobility Support

(1)

5.3.1. No Transition

(1)

5.3.2. BSS Transition

(1)

5.3.3. ESS Transition

(1)

5.4. MAC Layer Management

(1)

5.5. MAC Frames

(1)

5.6. Multicasting Capability

100

(1)

5.7. HIPERLAN MAC

100

(3)

5.7.1. Network Configuration

100

(1)

5.7.2. Channel Access

101

(1)

5.7.2.1. Contention

101

(1)

5.7.2.2. Yield

101

(1)

5.7.3. Multiple Access

102

(1)

5.8. HIPERLAN 2

103

(1)

5.8.1. Channel Access

103

(1)

5.8.2. Multiple Access

103

(1)

5.8.3. Broadcast Phase

103

(1)

5.8.4. Downlink Phase

104

(1)

5.8.5. Uplink Phase

104

(1)

5.8.6. Direct Link

104

(1)

5.8.7. Random Access Phases

104

(1)

5.9. User and Data Privacy

104

(1)

5.10. Power Management

105

(1)

5.11. Multimedia Services

105

(1)

5.12. Routing

106

(1)

5.13. Mobility Support

107

(1)

5.14. MAC Frame

107

(1)

5.15. Teleconferencing Capability

108

(1)

5.16. Data Link Control (DLC) Layer

109

(1)

References

109

(4)

6. MOBILITY AND INTERNET PROTOCOLS

113

(32)

6.1. Mobility in Internet Applications

114

(3)

6.1.1. Reconnectivity

114

(1)

6.1.2. Portability

114

(1)

6.1.3. Micromobility

115

(2)

6.2. Internet Protocols for Mobility

117

(1)

6.3. Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)

117

(6)

6.3.1. SIP versus H.323 and HTTP

117

(1)

6.3.2. SIP Provisions

118

(1)

6.3.3. SIP Request Types

118

(2)

6.3.4. SIP Response Types

120

(1)

6.3.5. SIP Operation

120

(1)

6.3.6. SIP and Cellular Networks

121

(2)

6.3.7. SIP and 3GPP, 3GPP2

123

(1)

6.4. Mobile IP

123

(10)

6.4.1. Mobile IP Components

124

(1)

6.4.1.1. Mobile Host (MH)

124

(1)

6.4.1.2. Home Address

124

(1)

6.4.1.3. Correspondent Host (CH)

124

(1)

6.4.1.4. Mobile Home Agent (HA)

124

(1)

6.4.1.5. Mobile Foreign Agent (FA)

124

(1)

6.4.1.6. Mobility Agent (MA)

124

(1)

6.4.1.7. Mobility Detection

124

(1)

6.4.2. Agent Discovery

125

(1)

6.4.3. Registration

125

(1)

6.4.4. De-registration

125

(1)

6.4.5. Care-of Address (CoA)

126

(1)

6.4.6. Tunneling

126

(1)

6.4.7. Mobile IP Usage Scenario

127

(2)

6.4.8. Security Measures in Mobile IP

129

(1)

6.4.9. Limitations of Mobile IP

129

(3)

6.4.10. Mobile IP Messages

132

(1)

6.4.11. Internet Standards for Cellular Networks

132

(1)

6.5. Mobility Management in an Access Network

133

(1)

6.5.1. Address Allocation

133

(1)

6.5.2. Data Communications

133

(1)

6.5.3. Mobility

134

(1)

6.6. Cellular IP

134

(5)

6.6.1. Components of a Cellular IP System

135

(1)

6.6.1.1. Active and Passive Mobile Hosts

135

(1)

6.6.1.2. Base Station

135

(1)

6.6.1.3. Gateway Router

135

(1)

6.6.1.4. Base Station Routing Cache

135

(1)

6.6.1.5. Route Update Packet

136

(1)

6.6.1.6. UplinkDownlink Packet

136

(1)

6.6.1.7. Semisoft Handoff

136

(1)

6.6.1.8. Paging Area

136

(1)

6.6.1.9. Paging Update Packet

136

(1)

6.6.1.10. Paging Cache

136

(1)

6.6.2. cIP Usage Scenario

136

(2)

6.6.2.1. Hard Handoff

138

(1)

6.6.2.2. Semisoft Handoff

138

(1)

6.6.3. cIP and Mobile IP

138

(1)

6.7. IPv6 and Mobility Management

139

(3)

6.7.1. Expanded Address Space

139

(1)

6.7.2. Efficient HA Registration

139

(1)

6.7.3. Autoconfiguration of IP Addresses

139

(1)

6.7.4. Mobility Detection

140

(1)

6.7.5. Optimized Routing

140

(1)

6.7.5.1. Higher Layer Bindings

140

(1)

6.7.6. Security

140

(1)

6.7.7. Micromobility

141

(1)

6.7.8. Network Support for Application-Level Mobile IPv6

141

(1)

6.7.9. Internet and Cellular Networking

141

(1)

References

142

(3)

7. DATA COMMUNICATIONS IN CELLULAR NETWORKS: CDMA2000

145

(28)

7.1. Business Wireless Data Networks

146

(2)

7.1.1. Cellular Digital Packet Data (CDPD) Network

147

(1)

7.1.2. ARDIS

147

(1)

7.1.3. RAM Data Networks

147

(1)

7.2. Cellular Data Networks

148

(3)

7.2.1. Cooperation Explosion

148

(1)

7.2.2. 3G Air Interfaces

149

(2)

7.2.3. UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA)

151

(1)

7.3. Release D for cdma2000 Based Access

151

(2)

7.3.1. Fast Call Setup (FCS)

152

(1)

7.3.2. Mobile Equipment Identifier (MEID)

152

(1)

7.3.3. Broadcast and Multicast Services (BCMCS)

153

(1)

7.4. cdma2000 Standard

153

(7)

7.4.1. CDMA Timescale

155

(1)

7.4.2. Physical Layer (PHY)

155

(5)

7.4.2.1. Radio Configuration (RC)

155

(1)

7.4.2.2. Access Channel

155

(1)

7.4.2.3. Reverse Packet Data Channel (R-PDCH) 10ms (19.2kbps-1.84Mbps)

155

(3)

7.4.2.4. Transmission

158

(2)

7.4.2.5. Forwards Packet Data Channel

160

(1)

7.5. cdma2000 Medium Access Control

160

(4)

7.5.1. Mux and QoS (MaQ) Sublayer

162

(1)

7.5.2. Access Channel Procedures

162

(1)

7.5.3. Packet Data Channel Control Functions (PDCHCF)

163

(1)

7.5.3.1. Forward PDCHCF (FPDCHCF)

164

(1)

7.5.3.2. Reverse PDCHCF (RPDCHCF)

164

(1)

7.6. All-IP Architecture

164

(5)

7.6.1. Networking Elements

164

(2)

7.6.1.1. Access Gateway (AGW)

164

(1)

7.6.1.2. Authentication Center (AC)

164

(1)

7.6.1.3. Base Station (BS)

164

(1)

7.6.1.4. Call Session Control Function (CSCF)

164

(1)

7.6.1.5. Databases

165

(1)

7.6.1.6. Equipment Identity Register (EIR)

165

(1)

7.6.1.7. Home Agent (HA)

165

(1)

7.6.1.8. Home Location Register (HLR)

165

(1)

7.6.1.9. Interworking Function (IWF)

165

(1)

7.6.1.10. Media Gateway (MGW)

165

(1)

7.6.1.11. Media Resource Function Processor (MRFP)

165

(1)

7.6.1.12. Mobile Station (MS)

165

(1)

7.6.1.13. Mobility Management (MM)

166

(1)

7.6.1.14. Mobile Switching Center (MSC)

166

(1)

7.6.1.15. Message Center (MC)

166

(1)

7.6.1.16. OSA-Service Capability Server (OSA-SCS)

166

(1)

7.6.1.17. Packet Control Function (PCF)

166

(1)

7.6.1.18. Policy Decision Function (PDF)

166

(1)

7.6.1.20. Visitor Location Register (VLR)

166

(1)

7.6.2. Planar Architecture

166

(9)

7.6.2.1. Access Plane

167

(1)

7.6.2.2. Network Plane

167

(2)

7.6.2.3. Multimedia Bearer Plane

169

(1)

7.6.2.4. Multimedia Application Server Control Plane

169

(1)

7.7. Summary

169

(1)

References

170

(3)

8. DATA COMMUNICATIONS IN CELLULAR NETWORKS: W-CDMA

173

(24)

8.1. Components of the UMTS Network

174

(1)

8.2. UMTS Network Domains

175

(2)

8.2.1. UE Domain

176

(1)

8.2.2. Infrastructure Domain

176

(1)

8.3. Strata

177

(1)

8.4. Radio Access Network (RAN)

177

(2)

8.4.1. Transport and Logical Channels

178

(1)

8.4.2. Physical Layer (PHY)

178

(1)

8.5. UMTS Services

179

(1)

8.6. Improvements Over Release 99

179

(6)

8.7. IMS System Concepts

185

(1)

8.7.1. Internet Multimedia Core Network (IM-CN)

186

(1)

8.7.2. IP Connectivity Access Network (IP-CAN)

186

(1)

8.7.3. Terminals

186

(1)

8.8. Session Layer Architecture

186

(2)

8.8.1. Interrogation CSCF (I-CSCF)

186

(1)

8.8.2. Proxy CSCF (P-CSCF)

187

(1)

8.8.3. Server CSCF (S-CSCF)

187

(1)

8.8.4. Home Subscriber Server (HSS)

187

(1)

8.8.5. Media Gateways and Associated Control Functions (MGW, MGCF, SGW, BGCF)

187

(1)

8.8.6. Media Resource Functions (MRF)

188

(1)

8.9. Open Service Access (OSA)

188

(3)

8.9.1. OSA Interfaces

188

(2)

8.9.2. OSA Functions

190

(1)

8.9.2.1. Framework (FW) Functions of OSA

190

(1)

8.9.2.2. Network Function of OSA

190

(1)

8.9.2.3. User Data Related Functions of OSA

190

(1)

8.10. Parlay

191

(1)

8.10.1. Parlay Background

191

(1)

8.11. IPv4IPv6 Scenarios Towards All-IP Infrastructure

192

(2)

8.11.1. GPRS Scenarios

192

(2)

8.11.2. IMS Scenarios

194

(1)

8.12. 3GPP Release 6 Objectives

194

(1)

8.13. Summary

194

(1)

References

195

(2)

9. SECURITY IN WIRELESS DATA NETWORKS

197

(42)

9.1. Ascribing Security to a Network

198

(1)

9.1.1. Why Are Wireless Network Devices a Bigger Challenge?

199

(1)

9.2. Security Network Architecture

199

(4)

9.2.1. Securing a Standalone Device

201

(1)

9.2.2. Securing a Networked Device

201

(1)

9.2.3. Securing a Wireless Networked Device

202

(1)

9.3. Secure Operating System (SOS)

203

(2)

9.4. Components of Security System

205

(16)

9.4.1. Protocols

206

(1)

9.4.1.1. Authentication

206

(1)

9.4.1.2. Association/Registration

206

(1)

9.4.1.3. Re-association/Visitor Registration

206

(1)

9.4.1.4. Wireline Equivalence Privacy (WEP)

206

(1)

9.4.1.5. IPsec

207

(1)

9.4.1.6. SSL

207

(1)

9.4.1.7. EAP

207

(1)

9.4.2. Algorithms

207

(4)

9.4.2.1. Encryption

208

(1)

9.4.2.2. Secret-Key Algorithms

208

(1)

9.4.2.3. Public-Key Algorithms

208

(1)

9.4.2.3.1. How Is Two-Key Cipher Possible?

209

(2)

9.4.2.4. Block and Stream Ciphers

211

(1)

9.4.2.5. Rounds, Key-Size and Data Block

211

(1)

9.4.3. Examples of Encryption Algorithms

211

(2)

9.4.3.1. Advanced Encryption System (AES)

211

(1)

9.4.3.2. Data Encryption System (DES) and Triple DES

212

(1)

9.4.3.3. f8 Algorithm

212

(1)

9.4.3.4. RC4

212

(1)

9.4.4. Hash Algorithms

213

(1)

9.4.4.1. Message Digest (MD)

213

(1)

9.4.4.2. Message Authentication Code (MAC)

213

(1)

9.4.4.3. Digital Signature (DS)

214

(1)

9.4.4.4. Digital Certificate (DC)

214

(1)

9.4.5. Examples of Hash Algorithms

214

(1)

9.4.5.1. SHA-1

214

(1)

9.4.5.2. MD5

214

(1)

9.4.5.3. H-MAC

214

(1)

9.4.5. Key

215

(6)

9.4.5.1. Key-Generation Algorithms

215

(1)

9.4.5.1.1. Diffie-Hellman (DH) Algorithm

217

(1)

9.4.5.1.2. RSA Algorithm

218

(1)

9.4.5.2. Server-Based Key Management

218

(1)

9.4.5.3. Public-Key Infrastructure (PKI)

219

(2)

9.4.5.4. Other Key Infrastructure

221

(1)

9.5. Wireline Equivalent Privacy (WEP)

221

(2)

9.5.1. WEP Architecture

221

(1)

9.5.2. WEP Vulnerabilities

222

(1)

9.6. Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA)

223

(4)

9.6.1. Temporal Key Integrity Protocol (TKIP)

223

(2)

9.6.1.1. Michael

224

(1)

9.6.1.2. IV Sequence Enforcement

224

(1)

9.6.1.3. Key Mixing

224

(1)

9.6.1.4. Rekeying

224

(1)

9.6.2. TKIP Encapsulation Process

225

(1)

9.6.3. WPA Authentication

226

(1)

9.6.3.1. RADIUS-Based Authentication

226

(1)

9.6.3.2. Pre-Shared Key (PSK) Authentication

226

(1)

9.7. IEEE 802.11i

227

(2)

9.7.1. Master Key (MK)

227

(1)

9.7.2. Pairwise Master Key (PMK)

228

(1)

9.7.3. Pairwise Transient Key (PTK)

228

(1)

9.7.4. IEEE 802.11i and WPA

229

(1)

9.8. Security in Cellular Networks

229

(4)

9.8.1. WCDMA Security Architecture

230

(2)

9.8.1.1. User Confidentiality

231

(1)

9.8.1.2. Mutual Authentication

231

(1)

9.8.1.3. Data Integrity and Encryption

232

(1)

9.8.1.4. Flexibility

232

(1)

9.8.2. Security in cdma2000

232

(1)

9.8.2.1. Using the A-Key

232

(1)

9.8.2.2. Amendments from Earlier Generations

233

(1)

9.9. Final Word

233

(2)

9.9.1. Alternative View

234

(1)

References

235

(4)

10. ROUTING IN WIRELESS LANs

239

(36)

10.1. Routing in Infrastructure Networks

240

(1)

10.2. Ad Hoc Wireless Networks

241

(2)

10.2.1. Characteristics of MANETs

242

(1)

10.2.2. Goals of the IETF MANET Working Group

242

(1)

10.2.3. Sources of Failure in MANETs

242

(1)

10.2.3.1. Topological Failures

242

(1)

10.2.3.2. Channel Failures

242

(1)

10.2.3.3. Protocol Failures

242

(1)

10.3. Characteristics of a Good Routing Protocol

243

(1)

10.3.1. Performance Metrics

243

(1)

10.3.2. Networking Context

243

(1)

10.4. Classifications of Routing Protocols

244

(1)

10.4.1. Pro-Active and Reactive Routing

244

(1)

10.4.2. Link State Versus Distance Vector

244

(1)

10.5. Routing Phases

245

(1)

10.6. Routing Mechanisms

245

(4)

10.6.1. Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP)

245

(1)

10.6.2. Dynamic Source Routing (DSR)

246

(1)

10.6.3. Destination Sequenced Distance Vector (DSDV)

247

(1)

10.6.4. Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector Routing (AODV)

247

(1)

10.6.5. Temporally Ordered Routing Algorithm (TORA)

247

(1)

10.6.6. Wireless Routing Protocol (WRP)

247

(1)

10.6.7. Mobile Multimedia Wireless Network (MMWN)

248

(1)

10.6.8. Transmission Power Optimization

248

(1)

10.6.8.1. Flow Augmentation Routing (FAR)

248

(1)

10.6.8.2. Online Max-Min Routing (OMMR)

248

(1)

10.6.8.3. Power-Aware Localized Routing (PLR)

248

(1)

10.6.8.4. Minimum Energy Routing (MER)

248

(1)

10.6.8.5. Retransmission-Energy Aware Routing (RAR)

248

(1)

10.6.8.6. Smallest Common Power (COMPOW)

248

(1)

10.6.9. Load Distribution Protocols

249

(1)

10.6.9.1. Localized Energy-Aware Routing (LEAR)

249

(1)

10.6.10. SPAN Protocol

249

(1)

10.6.11. Geographic Adaptive Fidelity (GAF)

249

(1)

10.6.12. Prototype Embedded Network (PEN)

249

(1)

10.7. Performance Comparison

249

(1)

10.8. Multicasting

250

(1)

10.8.1. Mobility Support Using Multicast IP (MSM-IP)

250

(1)

10.8.2. Multicast Routing in MANETs

251

(1)

10.9. Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) Protocol

251

(5)

10.9.1. Protocol Operation

251

(5)

10.9.1.1. Route Caching

251

(1)

10.9.1.2. Route Discovery

251

(2)

10.9.1.3. Data Transmission Phase

253

(1)

10.9.1.4. Route Maintenance

254

(2)

10.9.2. Flow State Option

256

(1)

10.9.3. DSR Packet

256

(1)

10.10. Selecting the Best Route

256

(10)

10.10.1. Topology of Fixed Ad-Hoc Networks

257

(1)

10.10.1.1. Topology Index

258

(1)

10.10.2. Effect of Mobility

258

(4)

10.10.2.1. Mobility and Displacement

259

(1)

10.10.2.2. Mobility and Path Loss Models

260

(2)

10.10.3. Residual Battery

262

(1)

10.10.4. Example of Application of Above Results

263

(2)

10.10.5. Discussion

265

(1)

10.11. WLAN Routing Through Cellular Network Infrastructure

266

(4)

10.11.1. Introduction to OWLAN

266

(1)

10.11.2. Design Objectives

266

(1)

10.11.3. OWLAN System Architecture

267

(1)

10.11.4. System Elements

267

(2)

10.11.4.1. Authentication Server (AS)

269

(1)

10.11.4.2. Access Controller (AC)

269

(1)

10.11.4.3. Mobile Terminal (MT)

269

(1)

10.11.5. System Operation

269

(9)

10.11.5.1. MT (Mobile Terminal)

269

(1)

10.11.5.2. AC (Access Controller)

270

(1)

10.11.5.3. AS (Authentication Server)

270

(1)

10.12. Routing in Personal Area Networks

270

(1)

10.13. Summary

270

(1)

References

271

(4)

11. WIRELESS PERSONAL AREA NETWORKS AND ULTRAWIDE BAND COMMUNICATIONS

275

(30)

11.1. Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPANs)

276

(2)

11.2. Terminology for WPANs

278

(1)

11.3. IEEE 802.15.1 Standard

278

(7)

11.3.1. Bluetooth Components

279

(3)

11.3.1.1. Bluetooth Stations

279

(1)

11.3.1.2. Network Configurations

279

(1)

11.3.1.3. Channel Media

280

(1)

11.3.1.4. Logical Channels

281

(1)

11.3.2. Bluetooth Network Operation

282

(3)

11.3.2.1. Access

283

(1)

11.3.2.2. Link Establishment

283

(1)

11.3.2.3. Synchronous Transmission Scenario

284

(1)

11.3.2.4. Asynchronous Connectionless (ACL) Mode

284

(1)

11.3.3. Bluetooth Summary

285

(1)

11.4. Higher Data Rate PANs (IEEE 802.15.3)

285

(5)

11.4.1. High-Data-Rate Piconet (HDR-PN)

285

(2)

11.4.1.1. Piconet Controller (PNC)

286

(1)

11.4.1.2. Piconet Device (DEV)

286

(1)

11.4.1.3. Piconet Hierarchy

286

(1)

11.4.2. Medium Access Control (MAC) Layer

287

(1)

11.4.2.1. MAC Superframe

287

(1)

11.4.2.2. Beacon

287

(1)

11.4.2.3. Contention Access Period (CAP)

287

(1)

11.4.2.4. Channel Time Allocation Period (CTAP)

287

(1)

11.4.2.5. Private CTA

288

(1)

11.4.3. IEEE 802.15.3 Physical Layer (PHY)

288

(2)

11.5. Ultra Wideband (UWB) Spectrum

290

(5)

11.5.1. UWB PHY for IEEE 802.15.3a

291

(1)

11.5.2. DS-UWB (Direct Sequence-Ultra Wideband)

292

(1)

11.5.2.1. Modulation

292

(1)

11.5.3. Multi-Band OFDM PHY Proposal

293

(2)

11.6. Low Data Rate WPANs (LR-WPANs) and IEEE 802.15.4

295

(8)

11.6.1. Network Configuration

297

(1)

11.6.1.1. Star Topology

297

(1)

11.6.1.2. Peer-to-Peer Topology

298

(1)

11.6.2. LR-PAN Physical Layer (PHY)

298

(1)

11.6.3. LR-PAN Medium Access Control (MAC)

299

(1)

11.6.3.1. MAC Features

299

(2)

11.6.3.2. Synchronization and Data Transfer

299

(2)

11.6.3.3. Beacons

301

(1)

11.6.3.4. Active and Inactive Portions

301

(1)

11.6.3.5. Contention Access Period (CAP) and Contention-Free Period (CFP)

301

(1)

11.6.4. Data Transfer Modes

301

(1)

11.6.5. MAC Frames

302

(1)

11.6.6. MAC Security

303

(1)

11.7. Summary

303

(1)

References

303

(2)

12. BROADBAND WIRELESS ACCESS (BWA)

305

(28)

12.1. Line-of-Site (LoS) and Non-Line-of-Site (NLoS) Systems

307

(1)

12.2. Effect of Antenna Type

308

(1)

12.3. BWA Spectrum

308

(1)

12.4. BRAN versus WirelessMAN™

309

(2)

12.5. IEEE WirelessMAN™

311

(17)

12.5.1. WirelessMAN Station Types

312

(1)

12.5.1.1. Base Station (BS)

312

(1)

12.5.1.2. Subscriber's Station (SS)

312

(1)

12.5.2. Network Topologies

312

(2)

12.5.2.1. Bandwidth Stealing

314

(1)

12.5.2.2. Adaptive Modulation

314

(1)

12.5.2.3. Adaptive Antenna System (AAS)

314

(1)

12.5.3. WirelessMAN Protocol Architecture

314

(1)

12.5.4. MAC Sublayer

314

(9)

12.5.4.1. Service Flow

315

(1)

12.5.4.2. MAC PDU

315

(1)

12.5.4.2.1. MAC Header

315

(1)

12.5.4.2.2. CRC

316

(1)

12.5.4.3. Transmission of MAC PDU

317

(1)

12.5.4.4. QoS Provisioning

318

(1)

12.5.4.5. Distributed and Centralized Scheduling in eWMAN

318

(1)

12.5.4.6. Duplexing Techniques

318

(3)

12.5.4.7. Bandwidth Management

321

(1)

12.5.4.8. Adaptive Antenna Systems (AAS)

321

(1)

12.5.4.9. Dynamic Frequency Selection (DFS)

321

(1)

12.5.4.10. Other MAC Sublayers

322

(1)

12.5.5. WirelessMAN PHYs

323

(1)

12.5.6. WMAN PHY (10-66 GHz)

323

(5)

12.5.6.1. PHY Frame

323

(1)

12.5.6.2. Downlink Frames

324

(1)

12.5.6.2. Uplink PHY Frame

325

(2)

12.5.6.3. Physical Medium Dependent (PMD) Sublayer

327

(1)

12.6. IEEE 802.20 Mobile Broadband Wireless Access (MBWA)

328

(2)

12.6.1. Objevtives

330

(1)

12.7. Cellular and Satellite Networks as Wireless Local Loops (WLL)s

330

(1)

References

331

(2)

APPENDIX: OVERVIEW AND GUIDE TO THE IEEE 802 LMSC

333

(10)

INDEX

343

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