Women and Political Participation

An illuminating analysis of the long and ongoing struggle of women in America to gain political equality and bring about change in public policy.

Barbara C. Burrell, Ph.D., is associate professor in the Political Science Department and associate director of the Public Opinion Laboratory at Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois

Series Foreword,

Raymond A. Smith

ix

Foreword,

Carol Moseley-Braun

xi

Preface

xiii

Acknowledgments

xv

1 Overview

1

(28)

The First Wave of Feminism,

4

(5)

The Second Wave of Feminism,

9

(2)

Contemporary Feminism,

11

(2)

The Impact of Feminism on Public Opinion,

13

(2)

Women's Current Status,

15

(5)

Controversial Current Issues,

20

(6)

References,

26

(3)

2 Protest Politics

29

(20)

Suffrage Protests,

29

(3)

Second-Wave Protests,

32

(2)

Case Study: The Clarence Thomas Hearings,

34

(2)

Case Study: Marches for Women's Lives,

36

(6)

Peace Activism,

41

(1)

Case Study: Women Strike for Peace,

42

(2)

Case Study: The Million Mom March,

44

(2)

Case Study: CODEPINK,

46

(1)

References,

47

(2)

3 Women's Movements and Organizations

49

(40)

Suffrage and the National Woman's Party,

50

(2)

The League of Women Voters,

52

(1)

The Women's Bureau,

53

(1)

The Second Wave: Equal Rights under the Law,

54

(5)

The Equal Pay Movement,

59

(1)

Title VII of the Civil Rights Act (1964),

60

(2)

The National Organization for Women (1966),

62

(3)

Hispanic Women's Movements,

65

(2)

The National Women's Political Caucus,

67

(1)

Women of Color Organizations,

68

(1)

The National Black Feminist Organization,

69

(1)

The Combahee River Collective,

70

(1)

The National Women's Conference (1977),

71

(2)

The Campaign for the Equal Rights Amendment (1970's to 1980's),

73

(5)

Concerned Women for America,

78

(1)

The National Political Congress of Black Women,

78

(1)

The Fund for a Feminist Majority,

79

(1)

The Independent Women's Forum,

80

(2)

The Rise of Feminist Interest Groups,

82

(2)

Case Study: NARAL Pro-Choice America and Feminists for Life,

84

(1)

References,

85

(4)

4 Participation in Electoral Politics

89

(40)

The Impact of Suffrage,

91

(5)

The Gender Gap,

96

(2)

Political Involvement beyond Voting,

98

(4)

Women and Political Parties,

102

(4)

Feminist Issues at the Polls,

106

(6)

The Effect of Gender on Elections,

112

(5)

Case Study: Soccer Moms,

117

(1)

Case Study: "W Stands for Women,"

118

(4)

Case Study: NASCAR Dads,

122

(2)

Case Study: Women's Voices, Women Vote,

124

(1)

References,

124

(5)

5 Women in Public Office

129

(52)

Women in Congress,

130

(3)

Case Study: The Sanchez Sisters,

133

(2)

Women State Officials,

135

(1)

Women Governors,

136

(1)

The United States in Comparative Perspective,

137

(3)

The Political Parties and Women Elected Officials,

140

(3)

Campaigning for Public Office,

143

(2)

A Woman for President?

145

(1)

Case Study: Geraldine Ferraro, Vice Presidential Nominee,

146

(1)

Case Study: EMILY's List and the WISH List,

147

(3)

Women in Legislative Leadership Positions,

150

(2)

Case Study: Nancy Pelosi, House Minority Leader,

152

(1)

Women's Leadership in State Legislatures,

153

(1)

Do Women in Public Office Make a Difference?

154

(1)

Case Study: The Congressional Caucus for Women's Issues,

155

(3)

Presidential Appointments and Presidential Staff,

158

(3)

Women in the Judiciary,

161

(1)

Conclusion,

162

(2)

Appendix: Women Elected and Appointed to Public Office,

164

(14)

References,

178

(3)

Documents

181

(14)

Key People, Laws, and Terms

195

(12)

Resources

207

(26)

Chronology

233

(14)

Annotated Bibliography

247

(12)

Index

259

(18)

About the Author

277

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Women and Political Participation

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials