Words and Phrases Corpus Studies of Lexical

This book fills a gap in studies of meaning by providing detailed case studies of attested corpus data on the meanings of words and phrases. It places lexis and phraseology at the centre of semantics and pragmatics. Words and Phrases starts from traditional concepts of lexical semantics, including meaning as use, denotation and connotation, lexical field, sense relations, phraseology and collocation. It also uses innovative corpus data to explore these concepts with an exciting new technology. The main chapters are detailed case studies of words in collocations, words in texts and words in culture. Concluding chapters discuss the implications of corpus analysis for linguistic theory, especially lexico-grammar and theories of competence and performance.

Michael Stubbs is Professor of English Linguistics at the University of Trier in Germany. He was Chair of BAAL (the British Association for Applied Linguistics) from 1988 to 1991. He has published widely on language in education, on text and discourse analysis, and on corpus linguistics. His previous books include Discourse Analysis (Blackwell 1983), Educational Linguistics (Blackwell 1986), and Text and Corpus Analysis (Blackwell 1996).

Figures, Concordances and Tables

xi

Acknowledgments

xii

Data Conventions and Terminology

xiv

Notes on Corpus Data and Software

xvi

PART I Introduction

1

(54)

Words in Use: Introductory Examples

3

(21)

Text and Discourse: Some Distinctions

5

(1)

Language, Action, Knowledge and Situation

6

(1)

Words and Expectations

7

(1)

Language, Logic and Truth

8

(1)

Common-sense Knowledge

9

(2)

Linguistic Conventions

11

(2)

Possible and Actual

13

(6)

Example 1: the ambiguity of Surgery

13

(1)

Example 2: the (non-)ambiguity of Bank

14

(2)

Example 3: the days of the week

16

(1)

Example 4: lonely hearts ads

17

(2)

Summary and Implications

19

(2)

Background and Further Reading

21

(1)

Topics for Further Study

22

(2)

Words, Phrases and Meanings: Basic Concepts

24

(31)

Terminology

24

(1)

Words: Word-forms and Lemmas

25

(4)

Example: the lemmas Consume and Seek

27

(2)

Collocation

29

(1)

Words and Units of Meaning

30

(2)

Delexicalization

32

(2)

Denotation and Connotation

34

(1)

Relational Lexical Semantics

35

(4)

Semantic fields

35

(1)

Synonyms, antonyms and hyponyms

36

(3)

Frequent and Less Frequent Words

39

(4)

Content and function words: lexical density

39

(2)

Core vocabulary

41

(2)

Two Examples

43

(6)

Example 1: Bloomfield's analysis of SALT

43

(2)

Example 2: CAUSE problems and Cause amusement

45

(4)

Summary and Implications

49

(1)

Background and Further Reading

50

(1)

Topics for Further Study

51

(4)

PART II Case Studies

55

(140)

Words in Phrases 1: Concepts, Data and Methods

57

(23)

Background

57

(3)

Communicative Competence

60

(1)

Corpus Methods: Observing Patterns

61

(1)

Terminology

62

(4)

Corpus, Concordance, Data-base

66

(1)

The Cobuild Collocations Data-base on CD-ROM

67

(4)

The corpus

67

(2)

The data-base

69

(1)

Precision and recall

70

(1)

Data for Semantics and Pragmatics

71

(1)

Summary and Implications

72

(1)

Appendix 1: Measures of Statistical Significance

73

(2)

Appendix 2: Further Notes on the Data-base

75

(2)

Background and Further Reading

77

(1)

Topics for Further Study

78

(2)

Words in Phrases 2: A Case Study of the Phraseology of English

80

(20)

Frequency of Phraseological Units

80

(1)

Strength of Attraction: Word-forms, Lemmas and Lexical Sets

81

(3)

Lexical Profiles: Comprehensive Coverage of Data

84

(3)

Example 1: lexical profile for resemblance

85

(1)

Example 2: lexical profile for reckless

85

(1)

Example 3: lexical profile for backdrop

86

(1)

Example 4: lexical profile for Doses

86

(1)

A Model of Extended Lexical Units

87

(9)

Example 5: lexical profile for Undergo

89

(6)

Example 6: lexical profile for Chopped

95

(1)

Summary and Implications

96

(1)

Background and Further Reading

97

(1)

Topics for Further Study

97

(3)

Words in Texts 1: Words, Phrases and Text Cohesion

100

(23)

Words and Co-text

100

(1)

Routine and Creativity

101

(1)

Variable Phrases and Textual Cohesion

102

(1)

Antonyms and Synonyms

103

(2)

Discourse Prosodies

105

(3)

Lexical Cohesion: Textual Examples

108

(9)

Example 1: just large enough to see with the naked eye

108

(4)

Example 2: causing untold damage

112

(3)

Example 3: causing growing pains and undergoing a transition

115

(1)

Example 4: undergoing rapid star formation

115

(2)

Collocations and Coherence

117

(3)

Summary and Implications

120

(1)

Background and Further Reading

121

(1)

Topics for Further Study

122

(1)

Words in Texts 2: A Case Study of a Short Story

123

(22)

Public Data and Replicable Experiments

123

(1)

Lexis and Text Structure

124

(2)

Analysis 1: Frequency Statistics (Descending Frequency Order)

126

(3)

Frequency of function words: statistics

126

(1)

Interpretation

127

(1)

Frequency of content words: statistics

127

(1)

Interpretation

128

(1)

Analysis 2: Frequency Statistics (Keywords)

129

(1)

Analysis 3: Frequency Statistics (Order of Occurrence)

130

(3)

Statistics

130

(2)

Interpretation

132

(1)

Analysis 4: A Vocabulary-management Profile

133

(7)

Types and tokens, vocabulary and text

133

(1)

Youmans's method

134

(1)

`Eveline'

135

(5)

A Further Note on Replication

140

(1)

Limitations on the Analyses

141

(1)

Summary and Implications

142

(2)

Background and Further Reading

144

(1)

Topics for Further Study

144

(1)

Words in Culture 1: Case Studies of Cultural Keywords

145

(25)

Data and Citation Conventions

146

(1)

Text and Discourse

147

(1)

Case Study 1: Ethnic, Racial and Tribal

147

(2)

Case Study 2: Heritage and Care

149

(5)

Keyword: Heritage

150

(1)

Keyword: Care

151

(3)

Keyword: Community

154

(1)

Case Study 3: Proper Standards

154

(7)

Keyword: Standard

155

(1)

Keyword: Proper

156

(4)

Keyword: Trendy

160

(1)

Case Study 4: Little Red Riding Hood

161

(3)

Discursive Formations

164

(2)

Summary and Implications

166

(2)

Background and Further Reading

168

(1)

Topics for Further Study

168

(2)

Words in Culture 2: Case Studies of Loan Words in English

170

(25)

Data

170

(1)

The Etymological Fallacy

171

(2)

Language Change

173

(1)

Terminology

174

(1)

Words, Politics and National Stereotypes

175

(2)

Fields of Knowledge and Text-Types

177

(1)

A Case Study of German Loan Words in English

178

(6)

Frequency in the Vocabulary versus Frequency in Texts

184

(1)

False Friends: Flak, Blitz and Angst

185

(3)

The OED and Cultural Keywords

188

(2)

A Further Note on Vocabulary and Text

190

(2)

Summary and Implications

192

(1)

Background and Further Reading

192

(1)

Topics for Further Study

193

(2)

PART III Implications

195

(50)

Words, Phrases and Connotations: On Lexico-grammar and Evaluative Language

197

(23)

Connotations

197

(1)

Verbs, Discourse Prosodies and Point of View

198

(8)

Example 1: I was accosted in the street by a stranger

199

(2)

Example 2: fears lurking just below the surface

201

(1)

Example 3: Loiter and other verbs

202

(1)

Inter-collocations: the example of Street

203

(3)

A Lexico-syntactic Example: Make one's way somewhere

206

(4)

A Note on Syntax

210

(1)

A Cognitive View

210

(1)

A Syntactic Example: BE-passives and Get-passives

211

(4)

Summary and Implications

215

(1)

Background and Further Reading

216

(2)

Topics for Further Study

218

(2)

Data and Dualisms: On Corpus Methods and Pluralist Models

220

(25)

Principles

220

(1)

Problems?

221

(5)

Dualisms and Monisms

226

(6)

Cartesian dualism

226

(3)

Monism: version 1

229

(1)

Monism: version 2

229

(2)

The Saussurian paradox

231

(1)

Pluralist Positions

232

(1)

Brute and Institutional Facts

232

(2)

Physical, Psychological and Social

234

(2)

Worlds 1, 2 and 3

236

(2)

A Pluralist Model

238

(1)

Performance Data, Corpora and Routine Behaviour

239

(3)

Summary and Implications

242

(2)

Background and Further Reading

244

(1)

References

245

(14)

Name Index

259

(4)

Subject Index

263

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Words and Phrases Corpus Studies of Lexical Semantics

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials