The World of Fashion Merchandising

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ISBN: 9781566378918 | 1566378915
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 1/1/2002

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Summary

Supplemental Materials

Brings to life the business aspects of the fashion world. It presents the basics of market economics, textiles, design, and promotion.

Part 1 Basic Fashion and Business Concepts

The Meaning of Clothing and Fashion

(16)

Reasons for Wearing Clothing

(5)

Physical Need

(2)

Psychological Needs

(1)

Social Needs

(2)

Why People Select Certain Clothes

(2)

Values and Attitudes

(1)

Conformity Versus Individuality

(1)

Personality Traits

(1)

Needs Versus Wants

(1)

Ongoing Fashion Perspectives

(3)

Fashion as Art and Science

(2)

Private and Public Fashion Viewpoints

(1)

Economic, Political, and Other Influences on Fashion

(1)

Fashion Terminology

(6)

Fashion Movement

(12)

Understanding Fashion Movement

(2)

Fashion Leaders and Followers

(1)

Theories of Fashion Movement

(1)

The Trickle-Down Theory

(1)

The Trickle-Up Theory

(1)

The Trickle-Across Theory

(1)

The Fashion Cycle

(4)

Stages of the Fashion Cycle

(2)

The Overall Fashion Cycle

(1)

Length of Fashion Cycles

(2)

Principles of Fashion Movement

(1)

The Role of Consumer Acceptance or Rejection in Establishing Fashions

(1)

Fashion Acceptance and Price

(1)

Sales Promotion and Fashion

(1)

Fashion Movement: Evolutionary, Not Revolutionary

(1)

Fashion Extremes---Reversals or Abrupt Changes

(1)

Factors That Speed Up Slow Fashion Movement

(3)

Factors that Speed Up Fashion Movement

(2)

Factors that Slow Down Fashion Movement

(1)

The Importance of Fashion Change

(2)

Basic Economic Concepts

(14)

The Free-Market System

(2)

Profit Motivation

(1)

The Significance of Competition

(1)

The Supply and Demand Relationship

(1)

Impacts on Society

(1)

Competitive Market Structures

(2)

Basic Forms of Business Organizations

(3)

Sole Properietorships

(1)

Partnerships

(1)

Corporations

(2)

Business Cycles

(1)

The Concept of Marketing

(3)

Product

(1)

Price

(1)

Place

(1)

Promotion

(1)

The Concept of Merchandising

(3)

Substance of the Fashion Industry

(16)

The Soft Goods Chain

(2)

The Textile Segment

(1)

The Apparel Segment

(1)

The Retail Segment

(1)

The Four-Groups Approach

(2)

Primary Group

(1)

Secondary Group

(1)

Retail Group

(1)

Auxiliary Group

(1)

Vertical Integration

(1)

Commodity, Fashion, and Seasonal Goods

(1)

Other Textile End-Use Industries

(3)

Household Textile Products

(2)

Industrial Textile Products

(1)

The Home Sewing Industry

(1)

Fashion Industry Associations and Publications

(2)

Trade Associations

(2)

Trade Publications

(1)

Geographic Locations of Industry Segments

(5)

Satisfying the Fashion Market

(20)

Market Growth and Share

(1)

Market Segmentation

(2)

Demographics

(1)

Psychographics

(1)

Market Research

(2)

Methods of Market Research

(1)

Product Development

(1)

Fashion Industry Information Technology

(6)

Codes and Printers

(2)

Optical Scanners

(1)

Technology Disadvantages

(1)

Open Systems

(1)

Electronic Data Interchange

(2)

Cooperation for Industry Excellence

(2)

Quick Response

(1)

Textile/Clothing Technology Corporation

(1)

Other Partnerships

(1)

Improving the Industry's Image

(6)

Business Concerns

(6)

Part 2 Textile/Apparel Building Blocks

Textile Fibers and Yarns

(20)

Natural Fibers

(7)

Cotton

(1)

Wool

(1)

Silk

(1)

Flax (Linen)

(1)

Other Natural Fibers

(1)

Marketing Natural Fibers

100

(2)

Leather and Fur

102

(3)

Leather

102

(2)

Fur

104

(1)

Manufactured Fibers

105

(6)

Categories of Manufactured Fibers

105

(1)

Characteristics of Manufactured Fibers

106

(3)

Fiber Innovation

109

(1)

The Latest Fiber Trends

109

(1)

The Marketing of Manufactured Fibers

110

(1)

Spinning Fibers into Yarns

111

(4)

Yarn Blends and Textures

113

(1)

The Marketing of Yarn

113

(2)

Textile Fabrics and Finishes

115

(22)

Fabric Design and Construction

115

(8)

Weaving

116

(3)

Knitting

119

(2)

Other Construction Methods

121

(2)

Fabric Finishing

123

(4)

Bleaching

123

(1)

Dyeing

123

(1)

Printing

124

(2)

Finishes

126

(1)

Quality and Performance Standards

127

(1)

The Textile Industry

128

(2)

Technology

128

(1)

Fashion

129

(1)

Marketing

129

(1)

Selling the Finished Fabrics

130

(2)

Trade Information

132

(1)

The Future of Textiles

132

(5)

Part 3 Designing and Producing Apparel

Using Design in Fashion

137

(20)

Using the Elements of Design

137

(11)

Color

137

(7)

Shape

144

(1)

Line

145

(2)

Texture

147

(1)

Using the Principles of Design

148

(4)

Balance

148

(1)

Proporation

149

(1)

Emphasis

150

(1)

Rhythm

151

(1)

Harmony

152

(1)

Illusions Created by Design

152

(5)

The Fashion Design Segment

157

(24)

Price Market Categories of Apparel

157

(3)

Designer

158

(1)

Bridge

158

(1)

Better

159

(1)

Moderate

159

(1)

Budget

160

(1)

Collection Showings

160

(1)

Capitalizing on Name Recognition

161

(3)

Secondary Lines

163

(1)

House Boutiques

163

(1)

Licensing

163

(1)

Franchising

164

(1)

Sewing Patterns

164

(1)

The Designing Process

164

(4)

Sources of Inspiration

166

(1)

Using Technology In Fashion Design

167

(1)

World Fashion Design Centers

168

(4)

United States

168

(1)

France

168

(1)

Italy

169

(1)

Great Britain

169

(1)

Other European Fashion Centers

169

(1)

Canada

169

(1)

Central and South America

170

(1)

Japan

170

(1)

China and Hong Kong

170

(1)

Taiwan

171

(1)

South Korea

171

(1)

Other World Locations

171

(1)

Some Influential Fashion Designers

172

(4)

U.S. Fashion Awards and Associations

176

(5)

Ready-to-Wear Manufacturing

181

(18)

The Business of Apparel Manufacturing

182

(3)

Competitive Strategies

182

(2)

Fashion Seasons and Lines

184

(1)

Garment Districts

185

(1)

Inside and Outside Shops

185

(2)

Pros of Using Contractors

186

(1)

Cons of Using Contractors

186

(1)

Pre-Production Procedures

187

(4)

Selecting and Costing the Designs

188

(1)

Editing the Line

189

(1)

Pre-Cutting Processes

189

(1)

Cutting

190

(1)

Apparel Production

191

(3)

Traditional Tailor System

191

(1)

Progressive Bundle System

191

(1)

Unit Production System

191

(1)

Modular Manufacturing

192

(2)

Finishing

194

(1)

Employer Concerns

194

(1)

Offshore Production

195

(4)

Wholesale Apparel Marketing and Distribution

199

(20)

Inventory Management

199

(2)

Inventory Planning and Execution

200

(1)

Benchmarking for Quality Products

201

(1)

Quality Programs

201

(1)

Trademark Protection

202

(1)

Technological Advances in Apparel Manufacturing

203

(2)

Computer-Integrated Manufacturing

204

(1)

Ideas About the Future

205

(1)

Selling the Finished Apparel

205

(6)

Selling Locations

207

(1)

Sales Expertise

208

(2)

Sales Promotion

210

(1)

Distribution of the Finished Apparel

211

(3)

Order Processing

212

(1)

Merchandise Shipping

212

(2)

Apparel Industry Trade Information

214

(5)

Part 4 Retail Business Fundamentals

The Retail Segment

219

(17)

Functional Areas of Fashion Retail Firms

220

(1)

Main Types of Apparel Retailers

221

(12)

Department Stores

223

(1)

Chain Stores

224

(1)

Discount Stores

224

(3)

Specialty Stores

227

(1)

Nonstore Retailers

228

(3)

Other Types of Fashion Retailing

231

(2)

Store Ownership Group

233

(1)

Retail Trade Associations and Publications

233

(3)

Retail Positioning

236

(19)

Targeting a Specific Market

236

(3)

Understanding Buying Motives

237

(2)

Differentiating from Competitors

239

(3)

Presenting an Image

241

(1)

Product Strategy

242

(2)

Merchandise Selection

242

(1)

Service Selection

243

(1)

Price Strategy

244

(2)

The Price/Quality Relationship

245

(1)

Specific Pricing Approaches

245

(1)

Place Strategy

246

(5)

Site Location

246

(1)

Types of Store Clusters

247

(2)

Market Coverage in Site Selection

249

(1)

Facilities Design

249

(2)

Promotion Strategy

251

(1)

Recent Trends in Retail Positioning

252

(3)

Efficiency for Shoppers

252

(1)

Entertainment Plus Shopping

252

(3)

Retail Merchandise

255

(21)

Women's Apparel

256

(2)

Women's Apparel Sizes

256

(2)

Women's Apparel Classifications

258

(1)

Men's Apparel

258

(6)

Production of Menswear Lines

261

(1)

Men's Apparel Sizes and Classifications

262

(2)

Infants' and Children's Apparel

264

(4)

Attitudes Related to Childrenswear

264

(2)

Infantswear Sizes and Desirable Features

266

(1)

Toddlers' Sizes and Features

266

(1)

Childrenswear Sizes

267

(1)

Apparel for Older Children

267

(1)

Additional Features of Childrenswear

267

(1)

Accessories

268

(4)

Footwear

269

(1)

Hosiery

269

(1)

Handbags and Small Leather Goods

270

(1)

Belts

271

(1)

Jewelry

271

(1)

Headwear

271

(1)

Scarves

271

(1)

Neckties

271

(1)

Handwear

272

(1)

Cosmetics Industry Products

272

(4)

Planning to Buy

276

(18)

The Merchandise Planning Function

277

(1)

Gathering Planning Information

277

(2)

Availability of Internal Information

277

(2)

Availability of External Information

279

(1)

Preparing Buying Plans

279

(4)

Financial Planning and Control

280

(1)

Assortment Planning

281

(2)

Additional Planning Considerations

283

(1)

Ongoing Inventory Management

284

(1)

Selecting Merchandise Sources

285

(9)

Types of Merchandise Sources

285

(2)

Evaluating Vendor Attributes

287

(1)

Selecting Specific Sources

288

(1)

Brand Names Versus Private Label Merchandise

288

(2)

Offshore Sourcing

290

(4)

Merchandise Buying

294

(19)

Market Weeks

294

(3)

Advantages of Market Weeks for Retail Buyers

295

(2)

Advantages of Market Weeks for Vendors

297

(1)

Trade Shows

297

(1)

Apparel Marts

298

(2)

Domestic Fashion Markets

300

(2)

New York

300

(1)

Los Angeles

301

(1)

Dallas

301

(1)

Chicago

301

(1)

Miami

302

(1)

Atlanta

302

(1)

Other Domestic Market Centers

302

(1)

Buying Foreign Goods

302

(2)

Helpful Buying Resources

304

(2)

Resident Buying Offices

304

(1)

Other Buying Resources

305

(1)

Market Trip Strategies

306

(2)

Visits to Vendors

306

(2)

Making Merchandise Decisions

308

(1)

Writing the Orders

308

(5)

Types of Orders

309

(4)

Part 5 Strategies for Retail Success

Communicating Information

313

(18)

Internal Business Communication

313

(2)

Lines of Authority

314

(1)

The Communication Process

315

(1)

Nonverbal Communication

316

(1)

Verbal Communication Skills

317

(7)

Reading Skills

318

(1)

Listening Skills

318

(1)

Speaking Skills

319

(1)

Writing Skills

320

(3)

Telephone Use

323

(1)

Computer Skills

323

(1)

Technology for Information Management

324

(4)

Information Management

324

(1)

Electronic Communication via Computer Technology

325

(1)

Other Communication Aids

326

(2)

Communication Technology Advancement

328

(3)

Concepts for Successful Selling

331

(17)

The Direct Selling Function

331

(4)

Sales Clerks Versus Sales Associates

332

(1)

Customer-Oriented Selling

333

(1)

Sales Goals and Rewards

334

(1)

Creating a Selling Environment

335

(4)

Stockkeeping Duties

335

(1)

Keeping the selling Floor in Order

336

(1)

Gaining Merchandise Knowledge

337

(2)

Using the Selling Steps Effectively

339

(5)

Approach and Greeting

339

(1)

Classifying Customers

340

(1)

Presentation of Merchandise

340

(1)

Overcoming Objections

341

(1)

Closing the Sale

342

(1)

Supplementary Suggestions

342

(1)

Maintaining Relationships

343

(1)

Merchandise Sales Transactions

344

(4)

Methods of Payment

345

(1)

Returns, Exchanges, and Other Adjustments

346

(2)

Calculating for Best Results

348

(13)

Financial Records

348

(1)

The Operating Statement

348

(3)

Net Sales

350

(1)

Inventory Cost Calculations

350

(1)

Gross Margin

350

(1)

Expenses

351

(1)

Profit/Loss

351

(1)

Comparative Analysis

351

(3)

Operating Ratios

351

(1)

Selling Space Performance

352

(1)

Other Sales Analysis

353

(1)

Expense Management

354

(1)

Pricing Considerations

354

(2)

Other Pricing Strategies

355

(1)

The Cost of Overbuying

355

(1)

Pricing Calculations

356

(5)

Markups

356

(1)

Price Reductions

357

(1)

Markdown Strategies

358

(1)

Maintained Markup

359

(2)

Service, Safety, and Security

361

(18)

Customer Service

361

(7)

Assessing Service Quality

363

(2)

Service Features

365

(3)

Credit and Other Payment Services

368

(3)

Retail Credit Cards

369

(1)

Retail-Affiliated Credit Card Banks

370

(1)

Other Electronic Processing

370

(1)

Safety

371

(1)

Customer Safety

371

(1)

Employee Safety

371

(1)

Store Security

372

(7)

External Theft

373

(1)

Internal Theft

373

(2)

Loss Prevention Programs

375

(4)

Part 6 Fashion Promotion

Fashion Promotion Through Advertising and the Press

379

(18)

Fashion Promotion

379

(6)

The Purposes of Fashion Promotion

380

(1)

Promotion Levels

380

(1)

Promotion Planning

381

(1)

Putting the Promotion Program into Action

382

(1)

Calculating Total Promotion Expenses

383

(1)

Allocating Promotion Budgets

384

(1)

Promotion Ethics

384

(1)

Advertising

385

(8)

Purposes of Advertising

385

(1)

Types of Advertising

385

(2)

Using Advertising Agencies and Freelancers

387

(1)

Advertising Strategy

388

(1)

Forms of Advertising Media

388

(4)

Developing Effective Print Advertisements

392

(1)

Public Relations

393

(1)

The Fashion Press

394

(3)

Visual Merchandising

397

(20)

The Importance of Visual Merchandising

397

(1)

The Store Interior

397

(3)

Selling Area Layout

399

(1)

Store Decor

400

(1)

Merchandise Presentation

400

(5)

Merchandise Fixtures

401

(3)

Merchandise Arrangements on Walls

404

(1)

Interior Displays

405

(7)

Components of Displays

407

(3)

Planning Interior Displays

410

(2)

Window Displays

412

(5)

Advantages and Disadvantages of Window Displays

412

(1)

Types of Displays Windows

413

(4)

Special Event Fashion Shows

417

(24)

Purposes

417

(1)

Types of Fashion Shows

418

(1)

Planning Fashion Shows

419

(4)

The Fashion Show Coordinator

420

(1)

Pinpointing the Audience

420

(1)

Deciding on the Theme

421

(1)

Timing and Location for the Show

421

(1)

Safety and Security Considerations

422

(1)

Budget Planning

422

(1)

Coordinating Merchandise and Models

423

(6)

Merchandise Selection

423

(3)

Model Selection

426

(1)

The Fittings and Lineup

427

(2)

Coordinating Physical Layout, Music, Choreography, and Commentary

429

(5)

The Physical Layout

429

(2)

The Music

431

(1)

The Choreography

432

(1)

The Commentary

432

(2)

Promoting and Presenting the Show

434

(1)

Invitations, Tickets, and Programs

435

(1)

Rehearsals and Show Time!

435

(2)

Follow-Up and Evaluation

437

(4)

Part 7 Fashion Business in Today's World

A Global Perspective

441

(16)

Trade Trends and Policy

441

(3)

Free Trade Versus Protectionism

442

(2)

World Trade Organization

444

(1)

The Relationship of Textiles/Apparel to Developing Nations

444

(1)

Trade With Developing Nations

445

(1)

The World's Major Trade Regions

446

(3)

Asia-Pacific Plus India

446

(1)

Europe Plus North Africa

447

(1)

The Americas

447

(2)

International Sourcing for U.S. Fashion Importing

449

(2)

Methods of Offshore Sourcing

450

(1)

International Market Opportunities for U.S. Fashion Exporting

451

(4)

International Retailing

453

(1)

Satisfying Market Differences

453

(2)

Discovering the Offshore Sources and Opportunities

455

(2)

The Latest Fashion Business Trends

457

(22)

Satisfying a Changing Consumer Market

457

(4)

The Importance of Demographics and Psychographics

459

(2)

Niche Marketing

461

(3)

Database Research for Niche Marketing

463

(1)

Trends in Retail Formats

464

(6)

Discount Retailing

464

(2)

Nonstore Retailing

466

(1)

Multi-Channel Retailing

467

(3)

Survival Business Strategies

470

(3)

Horizontal Restructuring of the Industry

470

(2)

Vertical Restructuring of the Industry

472

(1)

Employee Training and Service

473

(1)

Technology Leading to Customization

473

(6)

Part 8 Your Future in the Fashion Industry

Is a Fashion Career in Your Future?

479

(16)

An Overview of the Field of Fashion

479

(3)

Steps Along a Career Path

480

(1)

Job Levels Along the Way

481

(1)

Selecting a Career Path

482

(4)

Evaluate Yourself

483

(2)

Evaluate Careers

485

(1)

Strive Toward the Needed Training and Experience

486

(4)

Educational Requirements

487

(1)

Gaining Experience

488

(2)

What Compensation Can You Expect?

490

(1)

Additional Compensation

490

(1)

Ethical and Legal Issues of Employment

491

(1)

Workplace Diversity

492

(1)

Maintaining High Ethical Standards

492

(1)

Fashion Industry Future for Employment

492

(3)

Textile and Apparel Careers

495

(19)

A Career in the Textile Industry

496

(6)

Textile Research and Development

496

(2)

Textile Design Employment

498

(3)

Textile Production

501

(1)

A Career in the Apparel Industry

502

(7)

Fashion Design

502

(3)

Apparel Manufacturing

505

(4)

Textile and Apparel Sales and Distribution

509

(5)

Sales Positions

511

(1)

Distribution Jobs

511

(3)

Retail Careers

514

(15)

Is a Retail Career in Your Future?

514

(3)

Retail Sales Positions

517

(2)

The Merchandise Management Career Track

519

(5)

Retail Buyers

519

(4)

Merchandise Managers

523

(1)

Fashion Director

523

(1)

The Operations Management Career Track

524

(1)

Other Retail Employees

524

(5)

Stockkeeping Employees

525

(1)

Additional Retail Jobs

525

(4)

Promotion Careers

529

(15)

Communicating Fashion

529

(9)

Modeling

529

(4)

Fashion Photography

533

(1)

Fashion Writing

534

(4)

Visual Merchandising

538

(1)

Fashion Advertising

539

(3)

Advertising Director

539

(1)

Account Executive

540

(1)

Media Buyers

541

(1)

Art Director

541

(1)

Other Advertising Design Jobs

541

(1)

Public Relations

542

(2)

Entrepreneurship and Other Fashion-Related Careers

544

(14)

Entrepreneurship

544

(8)

personal Traits to Succeed as an Entrepreneur

544

(2)

Factors to Consider When Starting Your Own Business

546

(1)

Entrepreneurial Opportunities

547

(5)

Other Fashion-Related Careers

552

(6)

The Home Sewing Industry

552

(1)

Theatrical Costuming

553

(2)

Clothing Care

555

(1)

Clothing Preservation

555

(1)

Education

556

(2)

Gaining Success in the Fashion Industry

558

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The World of Fashion Merchandising

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials