The World of Philosophy An Introductory Reader

Accessible, flexible, and affordable, The World of Philosophy: An Introductory Reader, Second Edition, presents philosophy in all its diverse array of thought and practice, offering a distinctive combination of standard analytical materials and Western historical texts alongside writings reflecting Chinese, Japanese, Indian, Arabic, African, South American, Chicano, and Native American sources. Approximately 25% of the contemporary readings are by women, including leading feminist theorists. Many articles have been edited to sharpen their focus and make them understandable to students with little or no background in philosophy. The readings are enhanced by introductions, study questions, and a glossary at the end of the book.

Steven M. Cahn is Professor Emeritus of Philosophy at The City University of New York Graduate Center. He is the author or editor of sixty books. Most recently, he wrote Teaching Philosophy: A Guide (2018) and Religion Within Reason (2017). Dr. Cahn is the editor of Exploring Philosophy, Sixth Edition (OUP, 2017), and Exploring Ethics, Fourth Edition (OUP, 2017).

*=New to this Edition
Preface
I. THE NATURE OF PHILOSOPHY
Monroe C. Beardsley and Elizabeth Lane Beardsley: What Is Philosophy?
Bertrand Russell: The Value of Philosophy
Plato: Defence of Socrates
* Plato: Crito
* Plato: Phaedo
II. REASONING
* Steven M. Cahn, Patricia Kitcher, and George Sher: What is Reason?
Carl G. Hempel: Scientific Inquiry
* Gillian Barker and Philip Kitcher: Antiscientism
III. KNOWLEDGE
René Descartes: Meditations on First Philosophy
* John Locke: An Essay Concerning Human Understanding
* Gottfried Leibniz: New Essays on Human Understanding
George Berkeley: A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge
David Hume: An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding
Immanuel Kant: Critique of Pure Reason
A. J. Ayer: What Is Knowledge?
Edmund L. Gettier: Is Justified True Belief Knowledge?
Uma Narayan: The Project of Feminist Epistemology
* Nagarjuna: Examination of the Senses
IV. REALITY
A. Mind and Body
René Descartes: Meditations on First Philosophy
Gilbert Ryle: The Ghost in the Machine
Paul M. Churchland: The Mind-Body Problem
Thomas Nagel: What Is It Like to Be a Bat?
* Frank Jackson: The Qualia Problem
* Alan Turing: Computing Machinery and Intelligence
John Searle: Do Computers Think?
Barbara Montero: The Body Problem
B. The Self
Joel Kupperman: Hinduism and the Self
* The Upanishads
Thomas P. Kasulis: The Buddhist Concept of Self
* David Hume: A Treatise of Human Nature
C. Identity
Brian Smart: A Case of Identity
John Perry: The Problem of Personal Identity
* John Locke: Of Identity and Diversity
* Thomas Reid: Essays on the Intellectual Powers of Man
* Terence Penelhum: Identity and Immortality
D. Free Will
Thomas Nagel: Free Will
W. T. Stace: Free Will and Determinism
Steven M. Cahn: Freedom or Determinism?
* Kitaro Nishida: The Freedom of the Will
V. RELIGION
A. Religious Beliefs
Anselm and Gaunilo: The Ontological Argument
Thomas Aquinas: The Five Ways
William L. Rowe: The Kalam Cosmological Argument
* William Paley: Natural Theology
Ernest Nagel: Does God Exist?
B. The Problem of Evil
Richard Swinburne: Why God Allows Evil
* Eleonore Stump: Knowledge, Freedom, and the Problem of Evil
* Kwame Gyekye: The Problem of Evil: An Akan Perspective
Raynor Johnson: Karma and Rebirth
Whitley R. P. Kaufman: Karma, Rebirth, and the Problem of Evil
C. Belief Without Proof
Blaise Pascal: The Wager
Linda Trinkaus Zagzebski: Pascal's Wager: An Assessment
* W.K. Clifford: The Ethics of Belief
* William James: The Will to Believe
B. Religious Diversity
Philip L. Quinn and Kevin Meeker: The Challenge of Religious Diversity
Jeffery D. Long: The Jain Path
* Mahapurana
Ray Billington: The Tao
* Tao Te Ching
Twelve Zen Stories
* Ninian Smart: The Muslim Experience
* The Qur'an
* Gustavo Gutierrez: Liberation Theology
Vine Deloria, Jr.: God Is Red: A Native View of Religion
John H. Hick: Religious Pluralism and Salvation
Dalai Lama: Interreligious Harmony
VI. MORAL THEORY
Steven M. Cahn: God and Morality
Mary Midgley: Moral Isolationism
James Rachels: Egoism and Moral Skepticism
Immanuel Kant: The Categorical Imperative
John Stuart Mill: Utilitarianism
Aristotle: The Nature of Virtue
* Kwame Gyekye: Character in Akan Ethics
Virginia Held: The Ethics of Care
Friedrich Nietzsche: Beyond Good and Evil
Albert Camus: The Myth of Sisyphus
Jean-Paul Sartre: Existentialism Is a Humanism
Christopher W. Gowans: The Buddha's Message
* The Dhammapada
Henry Rosemont, Jr: Confucian Morality
* The Analects
VII. MORAL PROBLEMS
A. Abortion
Judith Jarvis Thomson: A Defense of Abortion
* Mary Anne Warren: On the Moral and Legal Status of Abortion
Don Marquis: Why Abortion Is Immoral
* B. Euthanasia
* James Rachels: Active and Passive Euthanasia
* Bonnie Steinbock: The Intentional Termination of Life
C. World Hunger
Peter Singer: Famine, Affluence, and Morality
* Travis Timmerman: A Reply to Singer
VIII. SOCIETY
Plato: The Republic
Thomas Hobbes: Leviathan
Karl Marx: Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844
John Stuart Mill: On Liberty
John Dewey: Democracy
Martin Luther King, Jr.: Letter from a Birmingham Jail
* Jorge M. Valadez: Developing Democratic Citizenship in Multicultural Societies
John Rawls: A Theory of Justice
Robert Nozick: Distributive Justice
Virginia Held: Non-contractual Society: A Feminist View
* Iris Marion Young: Five Faces of Oppression
* Kwame Anthony Appiah: Globalizing Human Rights
* IX. THE GOOD LIFE
* The Bhagavad Gita
Xunzi: A Discussion of Heaven
Epicurus: Writings
* Ecclesiastes
* The Gospel According to Matthew
* Epictetus: The Handbook
Albert Camus: The Myth of Sisyphus
Richard Taylor: The Meaning of Life
Susan Wolf: Meaning in Life
Christine Vitrano: Meaningful Lives
* Thich Nhat Hanh: Realizing Well-Being
Glossary
Index