World Politics 96/97

, by Purkitt, Helen E.

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ISBN: 9780697316820 | 0697316823
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 4/1/1996

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Supplemental Materials

World Map

(4)

To the Reader

Topic Guide

(2)

Unit 1 Alternative Visions of World Politics into the Twenty-First Century Three articles consider some of the challenges facing the world: the impact of local conflicts on foreign policy, major influences on domestic and international security, and the consequences of globalization.

Overview

(2)

1. The Coming Anarchy, Criminal anarchy is emerging as the real "strategic" danger in areas beyond the developed sectors of the world. Scarcity, crime, overpopulation, tribalism, and disease erode international borders, fuel support for private armies and international drug cartels, and destroy the social fabric of the planet. Robert Kaplan warns that deteriorating conditions and local conflicts will constitute the core foreign policy challenges and principal sources of destabilization worldwide.

(5)

Robert D. Kaplan, The Atlantic Monthly, February 1994.

2. Communal Conflicts and Global Security, Conflicts between communal groups and states represent major challenges to domestic and international security. After summarizing key characteristics of politically active communal groups, this study that progress toward a more pluralist world system will require acceptance of a common obligation to protect the collective rights of national peoples and minorities in the emergent system.

(7)

Ted Robert Gurr, Current History, May 1995.

3. Four Futures, Georg Sorensen summarizes four perspectives on the consequences of globalization: an optimistic view of the globalization of the economy; the risks and dangerous changes created by these processes; the need for a civic ethic for the global neighborhood, which includes the basic values shared by humanity; and population growth over the next 30 years.

(4)

Georg Sorensen, The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, July August 1995.

Unit 2 The Western Hemisphere Seven selections discuss current and future U.S. foreign policy. North American free trade, and the role Latin America plays in the Western Hemisphere.

Overview

(2)

4. Onward Cyber Soldiers, Computer technology is revolutionizing the science of warfare. The U.S. Pentagon attempts to take full advantage of new information warfare (IW) technology. Defense planners are working on using computer viruses, computer logic bombs, and psychological operations designed to revolutionize and, perhaps, even prevent fighting. Ironically, the United States itself may be even more vulnerable to many of these same tactics.

(4)

Douglas Waller, Time, August 21, 1995.

5. The New "Rogue State" Doctrine, Iraq, Iran, Libya, Syria, and North Korea have become the dominant enemy image for the U.S. government. "Roque states" replace cold war enemies in recent U.S. strategic doctrines. Michael Klare argues that this new strategic concept is used primarily as a justification to prepare the American people to subsidize a cold war military establishment.

(3)

Michael T. Klare, The Nation, May 8, 1995.

6. America, A European Power, The most important foreign policy goal facing the United States is to help to construct a new security architecture in Europe. Richard Holbrooke describes the major issues involved in the expansion of NATO, efforts to strengthen the new Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), and moves to integrate Russia and Ukraine into a stable European security system.

(6)

Richard Holbrooke, Foreign Affairs, March April 1995.

7. The United States and China: A New Cold War? David Shambaugh outlines the reason why relationships between the United States and China will continue to be a mixture of cooperation and friction fueled by nationalism and ideology on both sides. Normalization must wait until the dust settles from the Chinese succession struggle and the 1996 American presidential elections.

(7)

David Shambaugh, Current History, September 1995.

8. Misreading the Public Mood, Steven Kull presents public opinion data showing that in most cases a majority of Americans favor U.S. participation in peacekeeping operations. A core of 45 to 50 percent support peacekeeping when the mission is perceived to be part of a UN peacekeeping operation, is consistent with U.S. interests, and has potential for success.

(5)

Steven Kull, The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, March April 1995.

9. The Case for a Sovereign Quebec, The notion of Canadian duality has been at the center of Canadian unity for more than 100 years. Jacques Parizeau explains why many French speakers in Quebec now support an orderly transition to a sovereign state. At the heart of the matter is a sense that the federal government and English provinces breached a contract with French-speaking Canadians in Quebec and refuse to acknowledge the identity of Quebecers.

(4)

Jacques Parizeau, Foreign Policy, Summer 1995.

10. The Increased Role of Latin American Armed Forces in UN Peacekeeping: Opportunities and Challenges! Latin American armed forces are becoming involved in United Nations peacekeeping operations. This new role for Latin American armed forces is popular at home, provides the United Nations with a diverse pool of neutral peacekeepers with the language and cultural background to serve in many areas of the world, and promotes democracy by redirecting the military away from politics at home.

(7)

Antonio L. Pala, Air Power Journal, Special Edition, 1995.

Unit 3 The Former Soviet Union Three articles examine the events that contributed to the unraveling of the Soviet Union. Russian foreign policy, nationalism, and Central Asia are discussed.

Overview

(2)

11. The Empire That Would, Russia is using military aid, covert action, and diplomatic and economic measures to reestablish much of the empire lost in the early 1990s. Nationalist politicians, military, and security service officers are leading efforts to reestablish control, particularly in the southern tier of the former USSR. Russian actions in Chechnya and Tajikistan indicate the strength of the nationalist impulses, while opponents of expansion remain few and far between.

(5)

Ariel Cohen, The World & 1, May 1995.

12. Central Asia: The Quest for Identity, Graham Fuller discusses the factors that will determine future ethnic and national orientations of five Central Asian states struggling to define their identity as independent states. The future of these five countries should be bright as long as leaders manage their affairs wisely and the international environment remains benign.

(5)

Graham E. Fuller, Current History, April 1994.

13. NATO, Russia and the Yugoslav War, Vlad Sobell describes an underlying trend between Russia and the West of ever-closer rapprochement. The current phase offers a historic opportunity for transforming Russia from an adversary into a partner. Europe must get used to the idea of a changing balance; it must learn to live with a growing Russian, and declining American, influence.

(6)

Vlad Sobell, The World Today, November 1995.

Unit 4 Europe Five selections review some of the historic events that will alter Western and Central Europe. Topics include the future of NATO and Central Eastern Europe's strivings toward democracy.

Overview

(2)

A. WESTERN EUROPE

(12)

14. The Fading Dream of the European Union, Tougher economic times are bringing serious reconsideration about plans to "widen and deepen" the European Union (EU). Supporters view the EU as a device to ensure European industrial and commercial competitiveness into the next century. Critics, however, blame the EU for high unemployment. They want to put the brakes on European monetary union and expansion of the number of new members.

(5)

Edward Russell-Walling, International Business, October 1995.

15. Adapting the Alliance: Restructuring NATO after the Cold War, NATO's approach to security has changed from a "territorial" one to a more active political approach in which NATO is shaping the evolution of new Euro-Atlantic security structures. The new Combined Joint Task Forces (CJTF) concept provides the Alliance with deployable and mobile commands, trained and ready to respond to any crisis.

(4)

Sergio Silvio Balanzino, Harvard International Review, Spring 1995.

16. France Strives to Rejuvenate Its Past Glory, The launch of the Helios military-observation satellite, the resumption of nuclear tests, and the Cormoros intervention indicates that France strives to remain a major world power. While moving to Europeanize its defense and intelligence policies, France is also attempting to maintain unique aspects of France's cultural diplomacy and French as a language.

(3)

Gail Russell Chaddock, Christian Science Monitor, October 4, 1995.

B. CENTRAL EUROPE

(8)

17. The Return of the Habsburgs, Western traditions are deeply embedded in the culture of Central European countries. These countries all want to join the European Union and view eventual membership as a homecoming. At the same time, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, and Poland have dropped the name "Visegrad group" and are now fierce competitors.

(5)

David Lawday, The Economist, November 18, 1995.

18. A Chilly Peace in Bosnia, The Dayton Agreement for Peace brokered by the United States faces some formidable obstacles. This article outlines the key provisions of the deal to end Bosnia's bloody three-sided war.

(3)

U.S. News & World Report, December 4, 1995.

Unit 5 The Pacific Basin Five articles examine some of the countries instrumental in the economic evolution of the Pacific Basin. Japan, China, and North Korea are considered.

Overview

102

(2)

19. Will the Twenty-First Century Be the Pacific Century? Daniel Bell questions the assumption that the twenty-first century will be the Pacific Century by analyzing major economic, political, military-security, and cultural trends. Central issues include the questions of whether "economic might" will translate itself into political, military, and cultural leadership, or whether Asian economic activity may be reaching a ceiling and slow down in the future.

104

(6)

Daniel Bell, Dissent, Spring 1995.

20. Distant Neighbors? Japan and Asia, For most of its modern history, Japan has not been part of Asia. Takashi Inoguchi describes Japan's "reassociation" with Asia at the economic, security, and cultural societal levels.

110

(5)

Takashi Inoguchi, Current History, November 1995.

21. China's Changing Shape, Gerald Segal outlines the implications of growing regionalism, nationalism, and interdependence with the outside world for China's future international relations and concludes that China's changing shape will require foreign observers to make more sophisticated analyses in the future.

115

(8)

Gerald Segal, Foreign Affairs, May June 1994.

22. North Korea after Kim II-sung, Brian Bridges discusses politics in North Korea since the death of Kim II-sung. His successor, Kim Jong-il, lacks charisma but is a master at surviving political intrigue. The new leader faces economic stagnation, diplomatic isolation, and issues related to how to play the "nuclear card" to obtain additional advantage from an October 1994 agreement with the United States. Kim Jong-il's most difficult problem will be how to deal with the South and the issue of reunification.

123

(4)

Brian Bridges, The World Today, June 1995.

23. Confucius Says: Go East, Young Man, Many Asian politicians, scholars, and business leaders are proclaiming that an "Asian Way" based on Confucian values is better than an "American Way" that emphasizes a Western, democratic, Judeo-Christian value structure and individual freedom over the interests of society.

127

(3)

T. R. Reid, The Washington Post, November 19, 1995.

Unit 6 The Middle East and Africa Six articles review the current state of the Middle East and Africa. Arab-Israeli relations, the force of Islam, democracy in Africa, and South Africa's future foreign policy are among the topics discussed.

Overview

130

(2)

A. THE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA

132

(19)

24. Israel after Rabin: The Impossible Decision Yitzhak Rabin's assassination in November 1995 briefly united his country, even though his policies continue to divide it. Israel is faced with a number of serious issues as it tries for the first time to define its permanent borders.

132

(3)

The Economist, November 11, 1995.

25. The Wrong Threat: The United States and Islamic Fundamentalism Two contrasting approaches for dealing with Islamic fundamentalism influence U.S. policymakers today. Zachary Karabell summarizes these two approaches and explains why a more nuanced approach, which stresses the security threat of extremism rather than Islam, will further U.S. interests in such diverse countries as Algeria and Egypt.

135

(11)

Zachary Karabell, World Policy Journal, Summer 1995.

26. After the Oil Boom: The Holiday Ends in the Gulf The collapse of oil prices in 1986 signaled the end of a 20-year holiday from economics and politics for America's closest allies in the Middle East. Vahan Zanoyan outlines the reasons why the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) states must now face up to political accountability and economic responsibility.

146

(5)

Vahan Zanoyan, Foreign Affairs, November December 1995.

B. SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA

151

(11)

27. An Assessment of Prospects for Ending Domestic Military Conflict in Sub-Saharan Africa William Thom reviews African security issues during the cold war, assesses current trends, and makes some guarded predictions about the future. Military conflict in Sub-Saharan Africa in the early years of the next century will be almost exclusively internal, but state collapse and anarchy in Africa can spread. The West can play a key role in determining future actions by the international community and by regional groups.

151

(5)

William G. Thom, CSIS Africa Notes, October 1995.

28. Out of Africa Recent trends suggest that Western policy toward Africa may be returning to pre-1870s and 1880s patterns when Western governmental representatives stayed at home while individuals and private organizations remained engaged on the continent. As Western nations disengage, two types of organizations begin to replace Western countries--the World Bank and International Monetary Fund (IMF), and humanitarian aid agencies.

156

(4)

Peter Beinart, The New Republic, December 26, 1994.

29. Now for Hire: South Africa's Out-of-Work Commandos With the apartheid era over, retired South African special forces officers found a new role as employees of outfits like Executive Outcomes, a group that straddles the line between foreign adviser and guns-for-hire. Although Executive Outcomes has helped several African governments with security problems, including the nominally socialist government of Angola, there are concerns that such guns-for-hire groups could easily become a force for destabilization in Africa.

160

(2)

Howard W. French, New York Times, May 24, 1995.

Unit 7 International Political Economy Four articles examine the global marketplace as politics redefine the rules of the economic game.

Overview

162

(2)

30. Dutch Tulips and Emerging Markets After the cold war, everyone believed the world was going capitalist in a hurry. Paul Krugman explains why the gains from both free trade and sound money were overstated. With the Mexican crisis, the bubble burst. Disappointing growth and statist retrenchment may lie ahead.

164

(7)

Paul Krugman, Foreign Affairs, July August 1995.

31. Is America Abandoning Multilateral Trade? Jeffrey Garten, a former U.S. offical, tries to refute charges that the United States is trying to solve its trade problems by bilateral agreement or by fiat. United States' trade policy goals have changed because trade is no longer a luxury good. Although the United States still favors multilateral and regional approaches to market access and anticompetitive practices, the Clinton administration has also stepped up support to U.S. firms seeking contracts abroad.

171

(6)

Jeffrey E. Garten, Foreign Affairs, November December 1995.

32. The Barefoot Bank with Cheek The Grameen Bank in Bangladesh, which makes small loans to some of the poorest people on earth, has become a model for economic developers all over the world.

177

(5)

David Bornstein, The Atlantic Monthly, December 1995.

33. Dragon Files: China Swiftly Becomes an Exporting Colossus, Straining Western Ties For two years China's exports have swelled by a third, earning China a massive global trade surplus--$16 billion through September 1995. Now China's top exports are machinery and electronics--everything from alarm clocks to video camcorders. Much of the credit for the transformation from a debtor to a surplus capital country goes to Asian investors who took bulging trade surpluses that their countries once had with the United States and transferred them to China.

182

(2)

Joseph Kahn, Wall Street Journal, November 13, 1995.

Unit 8 The Politics of Arms, Arms Proliferation, and Arms Control Five selections discuss the current state of the arms race by considering the future of deterrence, world military expenditures, and a new nuclear order.

Overview

184

(2)

34. On Not Being the Duke of Sung In the post-cold war era of proliferating weapons of mass destruction, everyone is vulnerable. A heightened sense of vulnerability led America to launch a counterproliferation initiative that also supported an indefinite extension of the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT). Whether nuclear proliferation encourages or discourages interstate war remains a hotly contested theoretical issue.

186

(3)

The Economist, June 10, 1995.

35. Streamlining the Nuclear Order Since 1991 the United States and Russia have dismantled parts of the old nuclear structure in certain former Soviet republics. David Ottaway and Steve Coll describe the difficulties involved in reshaping the United States' nuclear arsenal based on the policy of "leading and headging" and in implementing the Trilateral Accord, under which Ukraine agreed to surrender its nuclear weapons.

189

(4)

David B. Ottaway and Steve Coll, The Washington Post National Weekly Edition, April 24-30, 1995.

36. The Wild East Organized crime has Russia even more firmly in its grip than has been reported. Seymour Hersh describes how lawlessness has eroded the government's control over its nuclear weapons and materials.

193

(13)

Seymour M. Hersh, The Atlantic Monthly, June 1994.

37. Indefinite Extension--With Increased Accountability, The Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT) was made permanent in May 1995. No state got all that it wanted, but nuclear powers had more reasons to be satisfied than nonweapons states. A compromise statement on nonproliferation and disarmament, together with a strengthened review process, ensured approval of an indefinite extension, even though no vote or consensus was reached on a final declaration.

206

(4)

William Epstein, The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, July August 1995.

38. Denial and Deception Practices of WMD Proliferators: Iraq and Beyond International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) inspectors and national intelligence authorities failed to detect the nuclear weapons program of the magnitude and advanced character that Iraq had prior to the Gulf War. David Kay summarizes Iraq's deception, describes the denial activities Iraq used to develop nuclear weapons, and explains how U.S. interests are affected by such deceptions.

210

(18)

David A. Kay, The Washington Quarterly, Winter 1995.

Unit 9 Collective Security and Emerging Global Issues in the New World Order Five articles discuss the influence that international organizations have on world peace, defense in the twenty-first century, and world poverty and pollution.

Overview

228

(2)

39. Midlife Crisis At age 50, the United Nations suffers the usual aches and pains of middle age. But it is Republican hostility that could cripple U.S. attempts to reform the international organization. Republican opposition comes at a time when the United Nations is uncommonly open to change.

230

(5)

Dick Kirschten, National Journal, September 23, 1995.

40. Back to the Drawing Board "Peacekeeping" has not worked out well. Jarat Chopra explains why he feels it is time to try "peace maintenance," as the framers of the UN Charter intended. Peace maintenance requires an operational, political directorate to coordinate political, military, and humanitarian aims. If members do not support peace maintenance, current peacekeeping efforts will continue to fail.

235

(7)

Jarat Chopra, The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, March April 1995.

41. UN Peacekeepers and Cultures of Violence, UN peacekeeping troops are often unprepared to cope with the problems created by cultures of violence. Some peacekeeping troops aggravate local problems by creating a demand for prostitutes and black-market goods. A.B. Fetherston urges the international community to explore the institutional alternatives to military organizations for certain peacekeeping roles and new training programs to ensure that UN personnel contribute to international peacekeeping

242

(5)

A. B. Fetherston, Cultural Survival Quarterly, Spring 1995.

42. Refugees: The Rising Flood Spreading violence is driving growing numbers of people from their homelands. Kathleen Newland describes the major reasons for the rising tide of refugees and notes the prevention measures and responses taken by wealthy nations to check the flood of unwanted refugees.

247

(10)

Kathleen Newland, World Watch, May June 1994.

43. Microsecurity: Disease Organisms and Human Well-Being, A platoon of novel microorganisms and many traditional diseases pose new human security threats. The spread of the AIDS virus worldwide and a resurgence of the Ebola virus in Zaire created crisis situations that underscore how emerging "smarter" viruses can pose new threats to residents of the global village.

257

(7)

Dennis Pirages, The Washington Quarterly, Autumn 1995.

Abbreviations

264

(1)

Glossary

265

(8)

Index

273

(3)

Article Review Form

276

(1)

Article Rating Form

277

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World Politics 96/97

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