The World's Water 2000-2001

The quality and availability of fresh water are of critical importance to human and ecosystem health. Given its central role in the functioning of all living systems, water is arguably the most important of all natural resources.Produced biennially, The World's Waterprovides a comprehensive examination of issues surrounding freshwater resources and their use. It offers analysis of the most significant trends worldwide along with the most current data available on a variety of water-related topics. This 2000-2001 edition features overview chapters on: water as a human right water and food desalination stocks and flows of fresh water international watersheds and water-related conflicts water reclamation/recycling the removal of dams It also includes brief reports on issues such as arsenic in ground water in Bangladesh, the collection of fog as a source of water in remote regions, the role of nongovernmental organizations in meeting basic water needs, and an update on water and the internet. Following the overview chapters are more than thirty charts and tables that offer data on topics including: water use by country, agricultural water use, salinization, endangered aquatic species, major rivers in China, dam capacity, desalination capacity, and more.The World's Wateris the most comprehensive and up-to-date source of information and analysis on freshwater resources and the political, economic, scientific, and technological issues associated with them. It is an essential reference for water resource professionals in government agencies and nongovernmental organizations, researchers, students, and anyone concerned with water and its use.

Foreword

xiii

Acknowledgments

xv

Introduction

xvii

The Human Right to Water

Is There a Human Right to Water?

2

(2)

Existing Human Rights Laws, Covenants, and Declarations

4

(5)

Defining and Meeting a Human Right to Water

9

(6)

Conclusions

15

(1)

References

15

(5)

How Much Water Is There and Whose Is It? The World's Stocks and Flows of Water and International River Basins

How Much Water is There? The Basic Hydrologic Cycle

20

(7)

International River Basins: A New Assessment

27

(8)

The Geopolitics of International River Basins

35

(1)

Summary

36

(1)

References

37

(3)

Pictures of the Future: A Review of Global Water Resources Projections

Data Constraints

40

(2)

Forty Years of Water Scenarios and Projections

42

(16)

Analysis and Conclusions

58

(1)

References

59

(4)

Water for Food: How Much Will Be Needed?

Feeding the World Today

63

(2)

Feeding the World in the Future: Pieces of the Puzzle

65

(13)

How Much Water Will Be Needed to Grow Food?

78

(10)

Conclusions

88

(1)

References

89

(5)

Desalination: Straw into Gold or Gold into Water

History of Desalination and Current Status

94

(4)

Desalination Technologies

98

(8)

Other Aspects of Desalination

106

(2)

The Tampa Bay Desalination Plant

108

(1)

Summary

109

(1)

References

110

(8)

The Removal of Dams: A New Dimension to an Old Debate

Economics of Dam Removal

118

(2)

Dam Removal Case Studies: Some Completed Removals

120

(6)

Some Proposed Dam Removals or Decommissionings

126

(8)

Conclusion

134

(1)

References

134

(5)

Water Reclamation and Reuse: Waste Not, Want Not

Wastewater Uses

139

(12)

Direct and Indirect Potable Water Reuse

151

(1)

Health Issues

152

(3)

Wastewater Reuse in Namibia

155

(3)

Wastewater Reclamation and Reuse in Japan

158

(1)

Wastewater Costs

159

(1)

Summary

159

(2)

References

161

(4)

WATER BRIEFS

Arsenic in the Groundwater of Bangladesh and West Bengal, India

165

(10)

Fog Collection as a Source of Water

175

(7)

Environment and Security: Water Conflict Chronology---Version 2000

182

(10)

Water-Related Web Sites

192

(5)

DATA SECTION

Table 1 Total Renewable Freshwater Supply, by Country

197

(6)

Table 2 Freshwater Withdrawal, by Country and Sector

203

(9)

Table 3 World Population, Year 0 to A. D. 2050

212

(1)

Table 4 Population, by Continent, 1750 to 2050

213

(2)

Table 5 Renewable Water Resources and Water Availability, by Continent

215

(3)

Table 6 Dynamics of Water Resources, Selected Countries, 1921 to 1985

218

(1)

Table 7 International River Basins of the World

219

(20)

Table 8 Fraction of a Country's Area in International River Basins

239

(8)

Table 9 International River Basins, by Country

247

(8)

Table 10 Irrigated Area, by Country and Region, 1961 to 1997

255

(9)

Table 11 Irrigated Area, by Continent, 1961 to 1997

264

(2)

Table 12 Human-Induced Soil Degradation, by Type and Cause, Late 1980s

266

(2)

Table 13 Continental Distribution of Human-Induced Salinization

268

(1)

Table 14 Salinization, by Country, Late 1980s

269

(1)

Table 15 Total Number of Reservoirs, by Continent and Volume

270

(1)

Table 16 Number of Reservoirs Larger Than 0.1 km3, by Continent, Time Series

271

(2)

Table 17 Volume of Reservoirs Larger Than 0.1 km3, by Continent, Time Series

273

(2)

Table 18 Dams Removed or Decommissioned in the United States, 1912 to Present

275

(12)

Table 19 Desalination Capacity, by Country, January 1999

287

(2)

Table 20 Total Desalination Capacity, by Process, June 1999

289

(1)

Table 21 Desalination Capacity, by Source of Water, June 1999

290

(1)

Table 22 Number of Threatened Species, by Country/Area, by Group, 1997

291

(7)

Table 23 Countries with the Largest Number of Fish Species

298

(1)

Table 24 Countries with the Largest Number of Fish Species per Unit Area

299

(1)

Table 25 Water Units, Data Conversions, and Constants

300

(11)

Index

311

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The World's Water 2000-2001

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials