Writing Analytically

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ISBN: 9781413010121 | 1413010121
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 5/6/2005

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The popular, brief rhetoric that treats writing as thinking, WRITING ANALYTICALLY offers a sequence of specific prompts that teach students across the curriculum how the process of analysis and synthesis is a vehicle for original and well-developed ideas.

Preface

CHAPTER 1 Seeing Better: The Analytical Habit of Mind

(40)

Section 1: Seeing the Details

(9)

Noticing (and the Deadening Effect of Habit)

(1)

Tracing Impressions Back to Causes

(1)

What We Do When We Describe Things

(1)

Evaluative and Abstract versus Concrete Words

(1)

Showing versus Telling

(4)

A Note on Matching Sentence Shapes to Subjects

(1)

Writing the Self as an Introduction to Analysis

(1)

Section 2: Opening Things Up: Negative Capability, Paraphrase X 3, Free-Writing, and Counterproductive Habits of Mind

(13)

Negative Capability: Locating an Area of Uncertainty

(1)

Paraphrase x 3: Opening Up the Meaning of Words

(1)

The Importance of Exploratory Writing

(1)

Freewriting: How to Do It and What It's Good For

(2)

Counterproductive Habits of Mind

(7)

Section 3: The Basic Analytical Strategies: From Observations to Ideas

(10)

The Dogfish Problem: Premature Leaps to Thesis

(1)

What It Means to Have an Idea

(2)

Moving from Idea to Thesis Statement: What a Good Thesis Looks Like

(3)

Notice and Focus (Ranking)

(1)

Prompts: Interesting and Strange

(2)

Pushing Observations to Conclusions: Asking So What?

(1)

Narrow Your Scope by Doing 10 on 1

(1)

Section 4: How to Mark Up a Draft

(7)

Doing 10 on 1: An Example from Student Writing

(1)

How to Analyze a Freewrite for Ideas: An Example

(6)

CHAPTER 2 What Is Analysis and How Does It Work?

(36)

A. Five Analtical Moves

(19)

Move 1: Suspend Judgment

(1)

Move 2: Define Significant Parts and How They're Related

(1)

Move 3: Look for Patterns of Repetition and Contrast and for Anomaly (the Method)

(13)

Move 4: Make the Implicit Explicit

(3)

Move 5: Keep Reformulating Questions and Explanations

(1)

B. Some Common Charges Against Analysis

(8)

Charge 1: "Analysis Kills Enjoyment"

(1)

Charge 2: "Analysis Finds Meanings that Are Not There"

(3)

Charge 3: "Some Subjects Weren't Meant to Be Analyzed"

(4)

C. Rhetorical Analysis

(8)

Rhetorical Analysis of a Place: A Brief Example

(1)

Rhetorical Analysis of an Advertisement: An Example

(6)

CHAPTER 3 Puttinq Analysis to Work: Three Extended Examples

(32)

A. Extended Example 1: Moving from Description to Interpretation

(11)

Differentiating Analysis from Summary

(3)

Differentiating Analysis from Expressive Writing

(1)

The Limits on Interpretation

(1)

Multiple Meanings and Interpretive Contexts

(1)

Author's Intention as an Interpretive Context

(2)

The Fortune Cookie School of Interpretation

(1)

The "Anything Goes" School of Interpretation

(1)

Seems to Be about X but Could Also Be (Is "Really") about Y

(2)

B. Extended Example 2: Selecting an Interpretive Context

(5)

Looking for Patterns of Repetition and Contrast: An Example

(1)

Pushing Observations to Conclusions: Selecting an Interpretive Context

(1)

Making an Interpretation Plausible

(1)

Arriving at an Interpretive Conclusion: Making Choices

(1)

C. Extended Example 3: Analyzing an Argument by Reformulating Binaries and Uncovering Assumptions

(16)

Thinking With and About Binaries

(3)

Uncovering Assumptions (Reasoning Back to Premises)

(12)

CHAPTER 4 Reading: How to Do It and What to Do with It

109

(28)

A. How to Read: Words Matter

110

(10)

Becoming Conversant versus Reading for the Gist

110

(1)

A Frame for Reading Critically: The Pitch, the Complaint, and the Moment

111

(2)

Passage-Based Focused Freewriting

113

(3)

Paraphrase x 3

116

(1)

Summary

117

(1)

Strategies for Making Summaries More Analytical

118

(2)

B. What to Do with the Reading: Avoiding the Matching Exercise

120

(17)

Applying a Reading as a Lens

121

(2)

Comparing and Contrasting One Reading with Another

123

(3)

Reading and Writing Definitions

126

(2)

Reading, Binary Thinking, and Avoiding Agree/Disagree

128

(1)

Using a Reading as a Model

129

(2)

Ways to Mark What a Reading Does (Rather than Says)

131

(1)

Uncovering the Assumptions in a Reading

132

(1)

Reading With and Against the Grain

133

(4)

CHAPTER 5 Linking Evidence and Claims: 10 on 1 versus 1 on 10

137

(26)

A. Linking Evidence and Claims

137

(6)

The Function of Evidence

137

(1)

The Fallacy that Facts Can Speak for Themselves

138

(1)

Supporting Unsubstantiated Claims: Providing Evidence

139

(1)

Distinguishing Evidence from Claims

140

(1)

Giving Evidence a Point: Making Details Speak

141

(2)

B. Developing a Thesis Is More Than Repeating an Idea ("1 on 10")

143

(5)

What's Wrong with Five-Paragraph Form?

144

(2)

What Five-Paragraph Form Looks Like

146

(2)

C. Building a Paper by Analyzing Evidence in Depth: "10 on 1"

148

(15)

What the "1" Is

149

(1)

What the "10" Are

149

(1)

Pan, Track, and Zoom: The Film Analogy

150

(3)

Demonstrating the Representativeness of Your Example

153

(1)

10 on 1 and Disciplinary Conventions

154

(1)

Converting a 1-on-10 Paper into a 10-on-1 Paper: An Extended Example

155

(5)

A Template for Organizing Papers Using 10 on 1

160

(3)

CHAPTER 6 Making a Thesis Evolve

163

(34)

What's Wrong with a Static Thesis?

164

(1)

A. Evolving a Thesis

165

(6)

The Reciprocal Relationship Between Working Thesis and Evidence: The Thesis as a Camera Lens

165

(2)

A First Note on the Shape of Thesis Statements

167

(1)

Procedure for Making the Thesis Evolve Through Successive Complications: The Example of Educating Rita

168

(3)

B. Using the Evolving Thesis to Organize the Final Draft

171

(8)

The Evolving Thesis and Common Thought Patterns: Deduction and Induction

173

(2)

The Evolving Thesis as Hypothesis and Conclusion in the Natural and Social Sciences

175

(2)

The Evolving Thesis and Introductory and Concluding Paragraphs

177

(2)

C. Evolving a Thesis in an Exploratory Draft: Las Meninas

179

(5)

Description to Analysis: The Exploratory Draft

181

(1)

Interpretive Leaps and Complicating Evidence

182

(1)

Revising the Exploratory Draft

182

(1)

Testing the Adequacy of the Thesis

183

(1)

How the Next Draft Might Go

183

(1)

D. The Evolving Thesis in a Final Draft

184

(13)

Recap of the Evolving Thesis in Good Bye Lenin! Before and After the Fall

189

(8)

CHAPTER 7 Recognizing and Fixing Weak Thesis Statements

197

(22)

A. Five Kinds of Weak Theses and How to Fix Them

197

(8)

Weak Thesis Type 1: The Thesis Makes No Claim

198

(1)

Weak Thesis Type 2: The Thesis Is Obviously True or Is a Statement of Fact

198

(1)

Weak Thesis Type 3: The Thesis Restates Conventional Wisdom

199

(2)

Weak Thesis Type 4: The Thesis Offers Personal Conviction as the Basis for the Claim

201

(3)

Weak Thesis Type 5: The Thesis Makes an Overly Broad Claim

204

(1)

B. How to Rephrase Thesis Statements: Specify and Subordinate

205

(3)

Another Note on the Phrasing of Thesis Statements: Questions

207

(1)

C. Working with Categorical Thinking

208

(4)

Two Ways to Improve the Logic of Your Thesis Statements

209

(2)

Close Reading versus Debate-Style Argument

211

(1)

D. Common Logical Errors in Constructing a Thesis

212

(7)

CHAPTER 8 Introductions and Conclusions

219

(22)

A. Introductions and Conclusions as Social Sites

219

(1)

B. The Function of Introductions

220

(3)

Putting an Issue or Question in Context

221

(1)

Using Procedural Openings

221

(2)

C. How Much to Introduce Up Front

223

(3)

Typical Problems that Are Symptoms of Doing Too Much

223

(3)

D. Opening Gambits: Five Good Ways to Begin

226

(3)

Gambit 1: Challenge a Commonly Held View

226

(1)

Gambit 2: Begin with a Definition

226

(1)

Gambit 3: Offer a Working Hypothesis

227

(1)

Gambit 4: Lead with Your Second-Best Example

227

(1)

Gambit 5: Exemplify the Topic with a Narrative

227

(2)

E. The Function of Conclusions

229

(4)

Ways of Concluding

232

(1)

Three Strategies for Writing Effective Conclusions

232

(1)

F. Solving Typical Problems in Conclusions

233

(2)

Redundancy

233

(1)

Raising a Totally New Point

234

(1)

Overstatement

234

(1)

Anticlimax

234

(1)

G. Scientific Format: Introductions and Conclusions

235

(6)

Introductions of Reports in the Sciences

235

(2)

Discussion Sections of Reports in the Sciences

237

(4)

CHAPTER 9 Organization: Forms and Formats

241

(16)

A. The Two Functions of Formats: Product and Process

242

(3)

Using Formats Heuristically: An Example

242

(1)

Formats in the Natural and Social Sciences

243

(2)

B. The Psychology of Form

245

(12)

How to Locate Concessions and Refutations

247

(2)

Organizing Comparisons and Contrasts

249

(1)

Climactic Order

249

(1)

How Thesis Shapes Predict the Shape of the Paper

250

(1)

The Shaping Force of Transitions

251

(2)

The Virtues of Paragraphing

253

(4)

CHAPTER 10 Style: Choosing Words

257

(18)

A. Not Just Icing on the Cake

258

(2)

B. Tone

260

(3)

Levels of Style: Who's Writing to Whom, and Why Does It Matter?

261

(2)

C. The Person Question

263

(2)

The First-Person Pronoun "I": Pro and Con

263

(1)

The Second-Person Pronoun "You" and the Imperative Mood

264

(1)

D. Shades of Meaning: Choosing the Best Word

265

(10)

What's Bad about "Good" and "Bad" (and Other Broad, Judgmental Terms)

267

(1)

Concrete and Abstract Diction

267

(2)

Latinate Diction

269

(1)

Using and Avoiding Jargon

270

(2)

The Politics of Language

272

(3)

CHAPTER 11 Style: Shaping Sentences (and Cutting the Fat)

275

(20)

A. How to Recognize the Four Basic Sentence Shapes

276

(2)

The Simple Sentence

276

(1)

The Compound Sentence

277

(1)

The Complex Sentence

277

(1)

The Compound-Complex Sentence

278

(1)

B. Coordination, Subordination, and Emphasis

278

(5)

Coordination

278

(1)

Reversing the Order of Coordinate Clauses

279

(1)

Subordination

280

(1)

Reversing Main and Subordinate Clauses

280

(1)

Parallel Structure

281

(2)

C. Periodic and Cumulative Sentences: Adding Shapes to the Main Clause

283

(3)

The Periodic Sentence: Snapping Shut

283

(2)

The Cumulative Sentence: Starting Fast

285

(1)

D. Cutting the Fat

286

(9)

Expletive Constructions

287

(1)

Static (Intransitive) versus Active (Transitive) Verbs: "To Be" or "Not to Be"

287

(2)

Active and Passive Voices: Doing and Being Done To

289

(3)

Experiment!

292

(3)

CHAPTER 12 Writing the Researched Paper

295

(28)

A. What to Do with Secondary Sources

296

(4)

"Source Anxiety" and What to Do about It

296

(1)

The Conversation Analogy

297

(1)

Ways to Use a Source as a Point of Departure

298

(2)

B. Six Strategies for Analyzing Sources

300

(9)

Strategy 1: Make Your Sources Speak

300

(1)

Strategy 2: Use Your Sources to Ask Questions, Not Just to Provide Answers

301

(2)

Strategy 3: Put Your Sources into Conversation with One Another

303

(3)

Strategy 4: Find Your Own Role in the Conversation

306

(1)

Strategy 5: Supply Ongoing Analysis of Sources (Don't Wait Until the End)

307

(1)

Strategy 6: Attend Carefully to the Language of Your Sources by Quoting or Paraphrasing Them

307

(2)

C. Making the Research Paper More Analytical: A Sample Essay

309

(3)

D. Strategies for Writing and Revising Research Papers

312

(11)

An Analytical Research Paper: A Good Example

315

(8)

CHAPTER 13 Finding and Citing Sources

323

(26)

A. Getting Started

323

(3)

A Few Rules of Thumb for Getting Started

325

(1)

B. Electronic Research: Finding Quality on the Web

326

(9)

Understanding Domain Names

327

(1)

Print Corollaries

327

(1)

Web Classics

328

(1)

Asking the Right Questions

328

(1)

For Subscribers Only

329

(1)

Bibliographic Research

330

(1)

Tuning in to Your Environment

331

(1)

A Foolproof Recipe for Great Research-Every Time

332

(2)

Citation Guides on the Web

334

(1)

A Librarian's Guidelines to Successful Research

334

(1)

C. Plagiarism and the Logic of Citation

335

(8)

Why Does Plagiarism Matter?

335

(1)

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) About Plagiarism

336

(2)

How to Cite Sources

338

(2)

How to Integrate Quotations into Your Paper

340

(3)

D. How to Prepare an Abstract

343

(6)

CHAPTER 14 Nine Basic Writing Errors and How to Fix Them

349

(26)

A. Why Correctness Matters

350

(1)

B. The Concept of Basic Writing Errors (BWEs)

351

(18)

What Punctuation Marks Say: A "Quick-Hit" Guide

351

(2)

Nine Basic Writing Errors and How to Fix Them

353

(16)

C. Glossary of Grammatical Terms

369

(6)

Appendix Answer Ivey (with Discussion)

375

Test Yourself Sections

375

(7)

Grammar and Style Quiz

382

Credits

C-1

Index

I-1

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Writing Analytically

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials