Writing Research Papers

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ISBN: 9780321082077 | 0321082079
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 7/1/2001

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The definitive research paper guide, Lester combines a traditional and practical approach to the research process with the latest information on researching and writing online.Comprehensive, but not overwhelming, Lester provides students with step-by-step guidance through the research writing process from selecting and narrowing a topic, to formatting the finished document. And it backs up the instruction with the most complete array of samples of any research writing guide on the market. Another of the text's ongoing strengths is its extremely thorough and accurate coverage of citation styles for a wide variety of disciplines. This edition maintains Lester's successful approach while detailing the uses of new computer technologies that are changing the face of research.In addition, an all-new Interactive Edition CD-ROM offers the entire text in an electronic format for easy reference while writing and researching on a computer. Numerous multimedia features include: interactive research activities, weblinks, and resources. The CD is FREE when bundled with the text.Available at an unbelievably low price in two formats perfect and spiral-bound with tabs Lester's text is one that students will keep throughout their college careers.

Preface to the Instructor

xiii

Preface to the Student

xix

Writing From Research

(9)

Why Do Research?

(1)

Learning Format Variations

(1)

Understanding a Research Assignment

(5)

Understanding the Terminology

(5)

Establishing a Schedule

(2)

Finding A Topic

(22)

Relating Your Personal Ideas to a Scholarly Problem

(5)

Connecting Personal Experience to Scholarly Topics

(1)

Speculating about Your Subject to Discover Ideas and to Focus on the Issues

(3)

Talking with Others to Refine the Topic

(2)

Personal Interviews

(1)

Internet Discussion Groups

(1)

Using the World Wide Web to Refine Your Topic

(1)

Using an Internet Subject Directory

(1)

Using an Internet Keyword Search

(1)

Using the Library's Electronic Databases to Narrow the Subject

(2)

Using a Library's Electronic Book Catalog

(2)

Using Compact Diskettes

(1)

Using Printed Materials to Evaluate Your Potential Topic

(3)

Scanning Periodicals and Books

(2)

Searching the Headings in the Printed Indexes

(1)

Drafting a Research Proposal

(3)

The Short Proposal

(1)

The Long Proposal

(1)

Explaining Your Purpose in the Research Proposal

(1)

Identifying Your Audience in the Research Proposal

(1)

Identifying Your Role as a Researcher in the Proposal

(1)

Expressing Your Thesis

(3)

Using an Enthymeme

(1)

Your Research Project

(1)

Gathering Data In The Library

(22)

Launching the Search

(1)

Developing a Working Bibliography

(1)

Finding Books on Your Topic

(6)

Using Your Library's Electronic Book Catalog

(1)

Using the Online and Printed Bibliographies

(4)

Finding Articles in Magazines and Journals

(6)

Searching the Electronic Indexes to Periodicals

(1)

Finding Indexes Devoted to Your Discipline

(2)

Using the H. W. Wilson Indexes

(1)

Searching for an Index to Abstracts

(3)

Searching for a Biography

(1)

Searching for Articles in the Newspaper Indexes

(1)

Searching the Indexes to Pamphlet Files

(2)

Searching for Government Documents

(2)

Searching for Essays within Books

(1)

Using the Microforms

(2)

Your Research Project

(1)

Searching the World Wide Web

(24)

Reading an Internet Address

(3)

Using a Search Engine

(6)

Subject Directory Search Engines

(3)

Robot-Driven Search Engines

(1)

Metasearch Engines

(1)

Specialized Search Engines

(1)

Educational Search Engines

(1)

Using a Subject Directory

(1)

Using a Keyword Search

(3)

Tips for Searching

(3)

Accessing Online Sources

(4)

Home Pages

(1)

Articles

(1)

Journals

(1)

Magazines

(1)

Newspapers and News Sources

(1)

Books

(1)

Using Online Rather than Print Versions

(1)

Using Gopher, FTP, Telnet

(1)

Using Listserv, Usenet, and Chat Groups

(2)

Listserv E-mail News Groups

(1)

Real-Time Chatting

(2)

Examining Library Holdings Via Internet Access

(1)

Finding an Internet Bibliography

(1)

Conducting Archival Research

(4)

Your Research Project

(1)

Collecting Data Outside The Library

(9)

Investigating Hometown Sources

(4)

Interviewing Knowledgeable People

(1)

Writing Letters and Corresponding by E-mail

(1)

Reading Personal Papers

(1)

Attending Lectures and Public Addresses

(1)

Investigating Government Documents

(1)

Examining Audiovisual Materials, Television, and Radio

(1)

Conducting a Survey with a Questionnaire

(1)

Conducting Experiments, Tests, and Observation

(4)

Your Research Project

(2)

Organizing Ideas and Setting Goals

(15)

Charting a Direction and Setting Goals

(5)

Using Your Research Proposal to Direct Your Note-Taking

(1)

Listing Key Words and Phrases to Set Directions for Note-Taking

(1)

Writing a Rough Outline

(1)

Using Questions to Identify Issues

(1)

Setting Goals by Using the Modes of Development

(1)

Using Approaches across the Curriculum to Chart Your Major Ideas

(1)

Using Your Thesis to Chart the Direction of Your Research

(1)

Using Academic Models (Paradigms)

(4)

A General All-Purpose Model

(1)

Paradigm for Advancing Your Ideas and Theories

(1)

Paradigm for the Analysis of Creative Works

(1)

Paradigm for Argument and Persuasion Papers

(1)

Paradigm for Analysis of History

(1)

Paradigm for a Comparative Study

(1)

Writing a Formal Outline

(6)

Using Standard Outline Symbols

(1)

Writing a Formal Topic Outline

(2)

Writing a Formal Sentence Outline

(1)

Using Your Notes, Photocopies, Internet Printouts, and the Research Journal to Enrich Your Organizational Plan

100

(1)

Using a Basic, Dynamic Order to Chart the Course of Your Work

100

(1)

Your Research Project

101

(1)

Finding and Reading the Best Sources

102

(21)

Finding the Best Source Materials

102

(7)

Selecting a Mix of Primary and Secondary Sources

109

(2)

Reading All or Part of a Source

111

(6)

Reading the Key Parts of an Article

111

(1)

Reading the Key Parts of a Book

111

(4)

Reading the Key Parts of an Internet Article

115

(2)

Responding to the Sources

117

(2)

Selecting Key Ideas for Your Notes

117

(1)

Outlining the Key Ideas of a Source

118

(1)

Making Notations on Photocopied Materials

118

(1)

Writing a Rough Summary

119

(1)

Preparing an Annotated Bibliography

119

(1)

Preparing a Review of the Literature on a Topic

120

(3)

Your Research Project

122

(1)

Practicing Academic Integrity

123

(10)

Using Sources to Establish Your Credibility

123

(1)

Placing the Source in Its Proper Context

124

(1)

Honoring Property Rights

124

(1)

Avoiding Plagiarism

125

(4)

Common Knowledge Exceptions

126

(1)

Borrowing from a Source Correctly

127

(2)

Sharing Credit in Collaborative Projects

129

(1)

Honoring and Crediting Sources in Online Classrooms

130

(1)

Seeking Permission to Publish Material on Your Website

131

(2)

Your Research Project

132

(1)

Writing Notes

133

(13)

Creating Effective Notes

134

(2)

Honoring the Conventions of Research Style

134

(1)

Using a Computer for Note-Taking

134

(2)

Developing Handwritten Notes

136

(1)

Writing Personal Notes

136

(1)

Writing Direct Quotation Notes

137

(2)

Quoting Primary Sources

138

(1)

Quoting Secondary Sources

138

(1)

Writing Paraphrased Notes

139

(2)

Writing Summary Notes

141

(1)

Writing Precis Notes

142

(2)

Use the Precis to Review Briefly an Article or Book

142

(1)

Use the Precis to Write an Annotated Bibliography

143

(1)

Use the Precis in a Plot Summary Note

143

(1)

Use the Precis as the Form for an Abstract

143

(1)

Writing Notes from Field Research

144

(2)

Your Research Project

144

(2)

Drafting the Paper In An Academic Style

146

(13)

Focusing Your Argument

147

(1)

Maintaining a Focus on Objective Facts and Subjective Ideas

148

(1)

Refining the Thesis Sentence

148

(3)

Using Questions to Focus the Thesis

149

(1)

Using Key Words to Focus the Thesis

150

(1)

Adjust or Change Your Thesis During Research if Necessary

151

(1)

Writing an Academic Title

151

(1)

Drafting the Paper from Your Research Journal, Notes, and Computer Files

152

(5)

Writing from Your Notes

152

(1)

Writing with Unity and Coherence

153

(1)

Writing in the Proper Tense

154

(1)

Using the Language of the Discipline

154

(1)

Using Source Material to Enhance Your Writing

155

(1)

Writing in the Third Person

155

(1)

Writing with the Passive Voice in an Appropriate Manner

156

(1)

Placing Graphics Effectively in a Research Essay

156

(1)

Avoiding Sexist and Biased Language

157

(2)

Your Research Project

158

(1)

Blending Reference Material Into Your Writing

159

(21)

Blending Reference Citations into Your Text

159

(2)

Making a General Reference without a Page Number

159

(1)

Beginning with the Author and Ending with a Page Number

160

(1)

Putting the Page Number Immediately after the Name

160

(1)

Putting the Name and Page Number at the End of Borrowed Material

160

(1)

Citing a Source When No Author Is Listed

161

(1)

Citing the Title of a Magazine Article

161

(1)

Citing the Title of a Report

161

(1)

Citing the Name of a Publisher or a Corporate Body

161

(1)

Identifying Nonprint Sources That Have No Page Number

161

(1)

Identifying Internet Sources

162

(1)

Omitting Page Numbers to Internet Citations

163

(1)

Citing Indirect Sources

164

(1)

Citing Frequent Page References to the Same Work

165

(1)

Citing Material from Textbooks and Large Anthologies

166

(1)

Adding Extra Information to In-text Citations

167

(1)

One of Several Volumes

167

(1)

Two or More Works by the Same Writer

167

(1)

Several Authors in One Citation

167

(1)

Additional Information with the Page Number

168

(1)

Punctuating Citations Properly and With Consistency

168

(3)

Commas and Periods

168

(1)

Semicolons and Colons

169

(1)

Question Marks and Exclamation Marks

170

(1)

Single Quotation Marks

170

(1)

Indenting Long Quotations

171

(1)

Citing Poetry

172

(1)

Quoting Two LInes of Poetry or Less

172

(1)

Quoting Three Lines or More

172

(1)

Signaling Turnovers for Long Lines of Poetry

173

(1)

Handling Quotations from a Play

173

(1)

Altering Initial Capitals in Some Quoted Matter

174

(1)

Omitting Quoted Matter with Ellipsis Points

174

(3)

Altering Quotations with Parentheses and Brackets

177

(3)

Parentheses

177

(1)

Brackets

177

(1)

Your Research Project

178

(2)

Writing the Introduction, Body, and Conclusion

180

(15)

Writing the Introduction of the Paper

180

(5)

Provide the Thesis Statement

180

(1)

Relate to the Well Known

181

(1)

Provide Background Information

181

(1)

Review the Literature

182

(1)

Review the History and Background of the Subject

182

(1)

Take Exception to Critical Views

183

(1)

Challenge an Assumption

183

(1)

Provide a Brief Summary

183

(1)

Define Key Terms

184

(1)

Supply Data, Statistics, and Special Evidence

185

(1)

Writing the Body of the Research Paper

185

(5)

Relate a Time Sequence

186

(1)

Compare or contrast Issues, Critical Views, and Literary Characters

186

(1)

Develop Cause and Effect

187

(1)

Define Your Key Terminology

187

(1)

Explain a Process

188

(1)

Ask Questions and Provide Answers

188

(1)

Cite Evidence from the Source Materials

189

(1)

Use a Variety of Other Methods

189

(1)

Writing the Conclusion of the Research Paper

190

(5)

Restate the Thesis and Reach Beyond It

191

(1)

Close with an Effective Quotation

191

(1)

Return the Focus of a Literary Study to the Author

192

(1)

Compare the Past to the Present or the Present to the Future

192

(1)

Offer a Directive or Solution

192

(1)

Discuss Test Results

193

(1)

Your Research Project

194

(1)

Revising, Proofreading, and Formatting The Rough Draft

195

(29)

Conducting a Global Revision

195

(3)

Revising the Introduction

196

(1)

Revising the Body

196

(1)

Revising the Conclusion

196

(1)

Participating in Peer Review

197

(1)

Formatting the Paper to MLA Style

198

(3)

Title Page or Opening Page

198

(1)

Outline

199

(1)

Abstract

199

(1)

The Text of the Paper

200

(1)

Content Endnotes Page

200

(1)

Appendix

200

(1)

Works Cited

201

(1)

Editing Before Typing or Printing the Final Manuscript

201

(1)

Using the Computer to Edit Your Text

202

(1)

Proofreading on the Screen and on the Printed Manuscript

202

(22)

Your Research Project

203

(1)

Short Literary Research Paper

203

(6)

Long Research Paper

209

(15)

Works Cited: MLA Style

224

(53)

Formatting the Works Cited Page

225

(3)

Bibliography Form-Books

228

(15)

Bibliography Form-Periodicals

243

(7)

Bibliography Form-Newspapers

250

(2)

Bibliography Form-Government Documents

252

(2)

Bibliography Form-Electronic Sources

254

(10)

Citing Sources Found on the Internet

254

(1)

World Wide Web Sites

255

(9)

Bibliography Form-CD-ROMs

264

(2)

Bibliography Form-Other Electronic Sources

266

(1)

Bibliography Form-Other Sources

267

(10)

Writing in APA Style

277

(33)

Writing Theory, Reporting Test Results, or Reviewing Literature

277

(1)

Theoretical Article

277

(1)

Report of an Empirical Study

278

(1)

Review Article

278

(1)

Writing in the Proper Tense for an APA Paper

278

(1)

Using In-text Citations in APA Style

279

(7)

Preparing a Working Draft or Publishing the Manuscript

286

(1)

Preparing the References List

287

(8)

Book

288

(2)

Periodical

290

(1)

Abstract

291

(1)

Review

291

(1)

Report

291

(1)

Nonprint Material

291

(1)

Internet Sources

292

(3)

CD-ROM Material

295

(1)

Variations on the APA Style for Other Disciplines in the Social Sciences

295

(2)

Linguistics

295

(2)

Sociology and Social Work

297

(1)

Formatting an APA Paper

297

(2)

Theoretical Paper

297

(1)

Report of Empirical Research

298

(1)

Review Article

298

(1)

Writing the Abstract

299

(1)

Sample Paper in APA Style

299

(11)

CMS Style: Using Footnotes or Endnotes

310

(26)

Inserting a Superscript Numeral in Your Text

311

(1)

Formatting and Writing the Footnotes

312

(2)

Book

313

(1)

Collection or Anthology

313

(1)

Journal Article

313

(1)

Magazine Article

313

(1)

Newspaper Article

314

(1)

Review Article

314

(1)

Writing Footnotes for Electronic Sources

314

(1)

Scholarly Project

314

(1)

Journal Article Online

314

(1)

Database not on the world Wide Web

314

(1)

Article from an Online Service

314

(1)

Book Online

315

(1)

CD-ROM Source

315

(1)

Electronic Bulletin Board

315

(1)

E-mail

315

(1)

Writing Subsequent Footnote References

315

(1)

Writing Endnotes rather than Footnotes

316

(1)

Writing Content Notes

316

(3)

Using the CMS System for Papers in the Humanities

319

(2)

Using the CMS System for Papers in the Fine Arts

321

(1)

Writing a Bibliography Page

322

(1)

Sample Research Paper in the CMS Style

322

(14)

CBE Style for the Natural And Applied Sciences

336

(16)

Writing in-Text Citations with Numbers

337

(1)

Using Numbers with Bibliography Entries

338

(2)

Writing In-Text Citations with Name and Year

340

(2)

Using Name and Year with Bibliography Entries

342

(1)

Arranging the Cited References List by Name and Year

343

(1)

Sample Paper Using the CBE Number System

344

(8)

Preparing Electronic Research Projects

352

Getting Started

352

(1)

Using Word Procesing

353

(1)

Building Electronic Presentations

354

(1)

Research Paper Web Pages and Sites

355

(4)

Creating a Single Web Page

356

(1)

Creating a Website with Multiple Pages

357

(1)

Using a Web Page Editor to Create Web Pages

358

(1)

Importing, Entering, and Modifying Text

358

(1)

Citing Your Sources in a Web Research Paper

358

(1)

Planning Electronic Research Papers

359

(1)

Creating a Plan for Your Research Paper

359

(1)

Designing Your Electronic Research

359

(1)

Using Graphics in Your Electronic Research Paper

360

(1)

Graphic File Formats

360

(1)

Creating Your Own Digital Graphics

360

(1)

Using Sound and Video in Your Electronic Research Paper

361

(1)

Delivering Your Electronic Research Paper to Research Project

362

Your Research Project

362

Appendix A: Glossary of Manuscript Style

A-1

Appendix B: Finding Sources for a Selected Discipline

A-31

Credits

C-1

Index

I-1

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Writing Research Papers

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials