Writing Research Papers : A Complete Guide

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ISBN: 9780321049803 | 0321049802
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 6/1/1998

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The definitive research paper guide, Writing from Sources combines a traditional and practical approach to the research process with the latest information on electronic research and presentation. Step-by-step instruction in a clear, non-intimidation writing style, takes the reader from the selection and narrowing of a topic, through research, note taking, planning, drafting, revising, to preparation of the finished document.

Preface

Introduction

(2)

Finding a Topic

(20)

Generating Ideas for a Research Paper Project

(4)

Using Personal Experience for Topic Discovery

(1)

Talking with Others to Find a Subject

(1)

Speculating About Your Subject to Discover Ideas

(3)

Using a Computer Search to Discover a Topic

(5)

Surfing the Internet for a Topic

(1)

Using CD-ROM to Find a Topic

(2)

Using the Public Access Catalog (PAC) to Find a Topic

(2)

Using Printed Sources to Formulate a Topic

(2)

Scanning Periodicals and Books

(1)

Scanning an Encyclopedia Article

(1)

Searching the Headings in the Printed Indexes

(1)

Drafting a Research Proposal

(6)

The Short Proposal

(1)

The Long Proposal

(1)

Explaining Your Purpose in the Research Proposal

(1)

Identifying Your Audience in the Research Proposal

(1)

Checklist on Addressing the Reader

(1)

Identifying Your Role as a Researcher in the Proposal

(1)

Expressing Your Thesis Sentence in the Research Proposal

(2)

Using an Enthymeme

(1)

Narrowing the General Subject to a Specific Topic

(2)

Narrowing the Topic by a Comparison

(1)

Restricting and Narrowing with Disciplinary Interests

(1)

Narrowing the Topic to Match Source Materials

(1)

Gathering Data

(46)

Learning the Organization of Your Library

(3)

Circulation Desk

(1)

Reference Room

(1)

Public Access Catalog (PAC)

(1)

CD-ROM Database Facilities

Reserve Desk

(1)

Stacks

(1)

Interlibrary Loans

(1)

Photocopiers

(1)

Nonprint Materials

(1)

Archives and Special Collections

(1)

Library Etiquette

(1)

Developing a Working Bibliography

(1)

The Electronic Library: Using a Computer Search

(10)

Using a Search Engine

(1)

Bookmarks

(1)

Using a Subject Directory

(1)

Using a Key-Word Search

(1)

Accessing Online Magazines and Journals

(1)

Using Online Versions Rather than Print Versions

(1)

Using Gopher, FTP, Telnet, and Other Protocols

(1)

Examining Library Holdings Via Internet Access

(1)

Using CD-ROM

(1)

Using the Printed Bibliographies

(6)

Starting the Search with General Bibliographies

(1)

Using the Trade Bibliographies

(1)

Using a Shortcut: Searching the Specialized Bibliographies

(4)

Searching the Printed Indexes

Searching the Printed Indexes to Periodicals

(2)

Searching an Index to Abstracts

(3)

Searching the Biographical Indexes for Authors and Personalities

(2)

Searching the Newspaper Indexes

(1)

Searching the Pamphlet Files and Pamphlet Indexes

Searching the Indexes to Government Documents

(52)

Searching for Essays within Books

(1)

Using the Microforms

(1)

Using the Printed Catalog Cards

(4)

Distinguishing the Dewey Decimal System from the Library of Congress System

(2)

Collecting Data Outside the Library

(8)

Interviewing Knowledgeable People

(2)

Writing Letters

(1)

Examining Audiovisual Materials, Television, and Radio

(1)

Attending Lectures and Public Addresses

(2)

Reading Personal Papers

(1)

Conducting a Survey with a Questionnaire

(1)

Writing a Case Study

(1)

Conducting Experiments, Tests, and Measurements

(3)

Organizing Ideas and Setting Goals

(14)

Charting a Direction and Setting Goals

(4)

Using Your Research Proposal to Direct Your Note Taking

(1)

Listing Key Words and Phrases to Set Directions for Note Taking

(1)

Writing a Rough Outline

(1)

Using Questions to Identify Issues

(1)

Setting Goals by Using the Modes of Development

(1)

Using Approaches Across the Curriculum to Chart Your Major Ideas

(1)

Using Your Thesis to Chart the Direction of Your Research

(1)

Revising Your Goals During Research

(1)

Revision Checklist

(1)

Using Academic Models (Paradigms) to Stimulate Your Note Taking

(4)

A General All-Purpose Model

(1)

Paradigm for Advancing Your Ideas and Theories

(1)

Paradigm for the Analysis of Creative Works

(1)

Paradigm for Argument and Persuasion Papers

(1)

Paradigm for Analysis of History

(1)

Paradigm for a Comparative Study

(1)

Writing a Formal Outline

(6)

Using Standard Outline Symbols

(1)

Writing a Formal Topic Outline

(1)

Writing a Formal Sentence Outline

(1)

Using Your Notes, Photocopies, Internet Printouts, and Research Journal to Enrich an Outline

(1)

Using Basic, Dynamic Order to Chart the Course of Your Work

(2)

Finding and Reading the Best Sources

(22)

Finding the Best Source Materials

(5)

Consulting with Your Instructor and the Librarians

(1)

Using Recent Sources

(1)

Evaluating Internet Sources

(1)

Using Journals Rather than Magazines

(1)

Using Scholarly Books Rather than Trade Books and Encyclopedias

(1)

Using Biographies to Evaluate an Author

(1)

Conducting a Citation Search

Using Biographies to Evaluate an Author

(1)

Conducting a Citation Search

(1)

Examining the Book Reviews

(2)

Reading All or Part of a Source

(4)

Evaluating an Article

(1)

Evaluating a Book

(3)

Responding to the Sources

(3)

Selecting Key Ideas for Your Notes

(1)

Outlining the Key Ideas of a Source

(1)

Making Notations on Photocopied Materials

(1)

Writing a Summary or a Precis

(1)

Selecting a Mix of Both Primary and Secondary Sources

(2)

Citing From Primary and Secondary Sources

(1)

Preparing an Annotated Bibliography

(2)

Preparing a Review of the Literature on a Topic

(6)

Writing Notes

105

(18)

Creating Effective Notes

106

(3)

Using a Computer for Note Taking

107

(1)

Developing Handwritten Notes

108

(1)

Writing Personal Notes

109

(1)

Writing Direct Quotation Note Cards

109

(3)

Quoting the Primary Sources

110

(1)

Quoting the Secondary Sources

111

(1)

Writing Paraphrased Notes

112

(2)

Writing Summary Notes

114

(1)

Writing Precis Notes

115

(2)

Use of Precis to Review Briefly an Article or Book

115

(1)

Use the Precis to Write an Annotated Bibliography

116

(1)

Use the Precis in a Plot Summary Note

116

(1)

Use the Precis as the Form for an Abstract

116

(1)

Writing Notes from Field Research

117

(1)

Avoiding Plagiarism

117

(6)

Documenting Your Sources for a Purpose

117

(1)

Critical Thinking Tip

118

(1)

Understanding Plagiarism So You Can Avoid It

118

(1)

Rules for Avoiding Plagiarism

119

(1)

Checklist for Common Knowledge Exceptions

120

(2)

Required Instances for Citing a Source

122

(1)

Writing the Paper

123

(32)

Writing a Final Thesis Sentence

124

(2)

Use Questions to Focus the Argument

124

(1)

Use Key Words to Focus Your Argument

125

(1)

Final Thesis Checklist

125

(1)

Adjust Your Thesis During Research if Necessary

126

(1)

Writing a Title

126

(1)

Understanding Your Purpose and Your Role as a Writer

127

(1)

Drafting the Paper from Your Notes and Outline

127

(6)

Citing More Than One Source in a Paragraph

128

(1)

Writing from Your Outline and Notes

129

(1)

Safeguarding Your Work on a Computer

130

(1)

Transferring Graphics into the Text

130

(1)

Writing in the Proper Tense

130

(1)

Using the Language of the Discipline

131

(1)

Writing in the Third Person

132

(1)

Writing with Unity and Coherence

132

(1)

Writing the Introduction of the Paper

133

(4)

Checklist for the Introduction

133

(1)

Opening With Your Thesis Statement

133

(1)

Relating to the Well Known

134

(1)

Providing Background Information

134

(1)

Reviewing the Literature

134

(1)

Reviewing the History and Background of the Subject

135

(1)

Taking Exception to Critical Views

135

(1)

Challenging an Assumption

136

(1)

Providing a Brief Summary

136

(1)

Defining Key Terms

136

(1)

Supplying Data, Statistics, and Special Evidence

137

(1)

Avoiding Certain Mistakes in the Opening

137

(1)

Writing the Body of the Research Paper

137

(5)

Checklist for the Body of the Paper

137

(1)

Relating a Time Sequence

138

(1)

Comparing or Contrasting Issues, Critics, and Literary Characters

139

(1)

Developing Cause and Effect

139

(1)

Defining Your Key Terminology

139

(1)

Showing a Process

140

(1)

Asking Questions and Providing Answers

140

(1)

Citing Evidence from the Source Materials

141

(1)

Using a Variety of Other Methods

141

(1)

Writing the Conclusion of the Research Paper

142

(3)

Restating the Thesis and Reaching Beyond It

142

(1)

Closing With an Effective Quotation

143

(1)

Returning the Focus of a Literary Study to the Author

143

(1)

Comparing Past to Present

143

(1)

Offering a Directive or Solution

144

(1)

Discussing the Test Results

144

(1)

Avoiding Certain Mistakes in the Conclusion

144

(1)

Revising the Rough Draft

145

(2)

Global Revision

145

(1)

Global Revision Checklist

145

(1)

Revision of the Introduction

145

(1)

Revision of Your Paragraphs

145

(1)

Paragraph Revision Checklist

146

(1)

Revision of the Conclusion

146

(1)

Using the Computer for Revision of the Whole Work

146

(1)

Editing before Typing or Printing the Final Manuscript

147

(6)

Editing Checklist

147

(1)

Using the Computer to Edit Your Text

148

(2)

Editing To Avoid Sexist and Biased Language

150

(3)

Proofreading Before the Final Computer Printout

153

(1)

Proofreading Checklist

154

(1)

Participating in Peer Review of Research Writing

154

(1)

Checklist for Peer Review

154

(1)

Blending Reference Material Into Your Writing

155

(18)

Blending a Reference into Your Text

156

(1)

Making a General Reference Without a Page Number

156

(1)

Beginning with the Author and Ending with a Page Number

156

(1)

Putting the Page Number Immediately after the Name

156

(1)

Putting the Name and Page Number at the End of Borrowed Material

157

(1)

Citing a Source When No Author Is Listed

157

(1)

Citing the Title of a Magazine Article

157

(1)

Citing the Title of a Report

157

(1)

Citing the Name of a Publisher or a Corporate Body

157

(1)

Identifying Unprinted Sources That Have No Page Number

158

(1)

Identifying Internet Sources

158

(1)

Establishing the Credibility of the Source

159

(1)

Citing Indirect Sources

160

(1)

Citing Frequent Page References to the Same Work

161

(1)

Citing Material from Textbooks and Large Anthologies

161

(2)

Adding Extra Information to In-Text Citations

163

(1)

Punctuating Citations Properly and with Consistency

164

(2)

Commas and Periods

164

(1)

Semicolons and Colons

165

(1)

Question Marks and Exclamation Marks

166

(1)

Single Quotation Marks

166

(1)

Indenting Long Quotations

166

(1)

Citing Poetry

167

(2)

Quoting Short Passages of Poetry

168

(1)

Signaling Turnovers for Long Lines of Poetry

168

(1)

Altering Initial Capitals in Some Quoted Matter

169

(1)

Omitting Quoted Matter with Ellipsis Points

169

(2)

Altering Quotations with Parentheses and Brackets

171

(2)

Handling Format

173

(60)

Preparing the Final Manuscript in MLA Style

173

(4)

Title Page or Opening

173

(2)

Outline

175

(1)

Abstract

175

(1)

The Text of the Paper

175

(2)

Content Endnotes

177

(1)

Appendix

177

(1)

Works Cited

177

(1)

Glossary: Techniques for Preparing the Manuscript in MLA Style

177

(37)

Abbreviations

177

(8)

Accent Marks

185

(1)

Acknowledgments

185

(1)

Ampersand

185

(1)

Annotated Bibliography

186

(1)

Arabic Numerals

186

(3)

Asterisks

189

(1)

Bible

189

(1)

Borders

189

(1)

Bullets and Numbers

189

(1)

Capitalization

189

(2)

Character Sets

191

(1)

Clip Art

191

(1)

Content Endnotes

191

(3)

194

(1)

Corrections

194

(1)

Covers and Binders

195

(1)

Dates

195

(1)

Definitions

195

(1)

Documentation of Sources

195

(1)

Etc.

195

(1)

Footnotes for Documentation

195

(1)

Figures and Tables

195

(5)

Fonts

200

(1)

Foreign Cities

200

(1)

Foreign Languages

200

(1)

Graphics

201

(1)

Headers and Footers

201

(1)

Headings

201

(1)

Hypertext Link

201

(1)

Hyphenation

201

(1)

Indentation

202

(1)

Italics

202

(1)

Length of the Research Paper

202

(1)

Margins

202

(1)

Monetary Units

202

(1)

Names of Persons

203

(1)

Numbering

203

(1)

Paper

204

(1)

Percentages

204

(1)

Proofreaders' Marks

205

(1)

Punctuation

205

(4)

Roman Numerals

209

(1)

Running Heads

209

(1)

Short Titles in the Text

209

(1)

Slang

210

(1)

Spacing

210

(1)

Spelling

210

(1)

Statistical and Mathematical Copy

211

(1)

Superscript Numerals in the Text

211

(1)

Table of Contents

211

(1)

Theses and Dissertations

211

(1)

Titles Within Titles

211

(1)

Typing

212

(1)

Underscoring

212

(2)

Word Division

214

(1)

Sample Paper: A Short Essay with Documentation

214

(4)

Sample Paper: A Formal Research Paper

218

(15)

Works Cited: MLA Style

233

(40)

Formatting the ``Works Cited''

233

(4)

Bibliographic Form---Books

237

(13)

Sample Bibliographic Entries---Books

242

(8)

Bibliographic Form---Periodicals

250

(5)

Sample Bibliographic Entries---Periodicals

252

(3)

Bibliographic Form---Newspapers

255

(2)

Bibliographic Form---Government Documents

257

(1)

Electronic Sources (CD-ROM, Internet, E-Mail, Databases)

258

(6)

Citing Sources Found on the Internet

258

(1)

World Wide Web Sites

259

(5)

Bibliographic Form---Other Sources

264

(9)

Writing in APA Style

273

(30)

Writing in the Proper Tense for an APA Styled Paper

273

(3)

Index to Bibliographic Models: APA Style

275

(1)

Establishing a Critical Approach

276

(1)

Using Subheads

276

(1)

Using In-Text Citations in APA Style

277

(3)

Citing Internet Sources

280

(3)

Preparing a Working Draft or Publishing the Manuscript

283

(1)

Preparing the List of References

284

(7)

Books

284

(2)

Periodicals

286

(2)

Citing Internet Sources in APA Style

288

(3)

Writing the Abstract

291

(1)

Sample Paper in APA Style

292

(11)

Form and Style for Other Disciplines

303

(30)

Using The Name and Year System

304

(9)

Using the Name and Year System for Papers in the Social Sciences

305

(3)

Using the Name and Year System for Papers in the Biological and Earth Sciences

308

(4)

Using the Name and Year System for Papers in Business and Economics

312

(1)

Using the Number System

313

(11)

Using the Number System for Papers in the Applied Sciences

315

(3)

Using the Number System for Papers in the Medical Sciences

318

(1)

Sample Paper Using the Number System

319

(5)

Using the Footnote System

324

(9)

Using the Footnote System for Papers in the Humanities

329

(1)

Using the Footnote System for Papers in the Fine Arts

330

(1)

Writing a Bibliography for a Paper That Uses Footnotes

331

(2)

Appendix A Reference Sources

333

(34)

Appendix B Finding Internet Sources for A Selected Discipline

367

(6)

Index

373

(13)

Credits

386

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Writing Research Papers : A Complete Guide

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials