Writing Research Papers: A Norton Guide

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ISBN: 9780393971088 | 0393971082
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 11/17/1996

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This in-depth, process-oriented guide takes students through the research process step-by-step, following five students from across the disciplines throughout their research projects-from developing interests, investigating sources, and focusing ideas to drafting, revising, and producing finished papers.

PREFACE TO THE FOURTH EDITION

1 UNDERSTANDING WHAT RESEARCH IS

(11)

An Introduction to Research

(5)

EXPLORING

(3)

Checklist 1: Evaluating Sources

(1)

REPORTING

(1)

An Introduction to Resources

(3)

THE LIBRARY

(1)

OTHER ACADEMIC RESOURCES

(1)

THE INTERNET

(1)

THE COMMUNITY

(1)

PEOPLE

(1)

Research as a Vocation

(1)

Activities

(2)

2 CHOOSING A TOPIC

(17)

Five Important Activities

(6)

BUDGETING TIME

(1)

FOLLOWING INTERESTS

(1)

LETTING IDEAS BREW

(2)

ASKING QUESTIONS

(1)

MAKING A COMMITMENT

(1)

Brainstorming

(1)

Exploring a Broad Subject

(2)

Focusing a Subject

(4)

Adapting the Assigned Topic

(2)

Activities

(3)

3 IDENTIFYING LIBRARY SOURCES

(36)

Libraries and Librarians

(2)

Checklist 2: Getting to Know Your Library

(1)

The Reference Section

(7)

GENERAL ENCYCLOPEDIAS

(3)

ENCYCLOPEDIA INDEXES AND BIBLIOGRAPHIES

(2)

SPECIALIZED REFERENCE WORKS

(1)

The Periodical Section

(5)

PERIODICAL INDEXES

(2)

NEWSPAPER INDEXES

(1)

GENERAL INDEXES TO SCHOLARLY ARTICLES

(1)

INDEXES TO SPECIFIC DISCIPLINES

(1)

CATALOG OF A LIBRARY'S PERIODICALS

(1)

Computerized or Electronic Information Retrieval

(5)

PHOTOCOPYING FROM MICROFORM READERS

(1)

CD-ROM INFORMATION DATA SOURCES

(1)

PRINTING INFORMATION FROM CD-ROMS

(1)

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF USING CD-ROMS

(1)

PERIODICAL INDEXES ON CD-ROM

(1)

OTHER TEXTS AND DATABASES ON CD-ROM

(2)

Learning When and How to Use the Internet

(2)

FINDING SOURCES ON THE INTERNET

(1)

SOURCES AVAILABLE IN MORE THAN ONE FORM

(1)

The Main Library Catalog

(7)

THE COMPUTERIZED CATALOG

(1)

THE CARD CATALOG

(1)

CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS FOR LIBRARY MATERIALS

(4)

DECIPHERING THE CODE

(1)

CATALOGS OF LIBRARIES AROUND THE WORLD

(1)

Other Book Catalogs

(1)

The Circulation Desk

(1)

The Stacks

(1)

The Microform and Nonprint Collection

(1)

The Reserve Book Section

(1)

Special Collections

(1)

Library Services

(3)

ASSISTANCE IN FINDING INFORMATION

(1)

INSTRUCTION IN LIBRARY USE

(1)

ASSISTANCE WITH A COMPUTER SEARCH

(1)

ASSISTANCE WITH MICROFORM, CD-ROM, OR ONLINE SOURCES

(1)

STUDY AREAS AND STORAGE SPACE

(1)

COPYING SERVICES

(1)

INTERLIBRARY SERVICES

(1)

Activities

(2)

Project Activity

(1)

4 USING LIBRARY SOURCES

(21)

Preparing to Work in the Library

(5)

Checklist 3: Preparing to Work in the Library

(1)

USING A COMPUTER IN THE LIBRARY

(1)

SELECTING WRITING MATERIALS

(1)

USING THE APPROPRIATE DOCUMENTATION STYLE

(1)

ABOUT STYLE MANUALS

(1)

REVIEWING AVAILABLE SOURCES

(1)

COLLECTING SOURCES

(1)

Checklist 4: Collecting Sources

(1)

DEFINING AND EXPLAINING WHAT YOU WANT TO KNOW

(1)

Planning a Search Strategy

(3)

USING A LIBRARY NETWORK

(1)

IDENTIFYING SUBJECT HEADINGS

(1)

FINDING THE RIGHT DATE

(1)

USING APPROPRIATE SEARCH TERMS

(1)

PRINTING SOURCE CITATIONS DIRECTLY FROM THE COMPUTER

(1)

Making Source Cards

(4)

Checklist 5: Making Source Cards

(1)

ELECTRONIC SOURCE CARDS

(2)

Taking Preliminary Notes and Classifying Sources

(1)

Evaluating Sources

(4)

Reading Effectively

(1)

Returning to the Library

(1)

Activity

(1)

Project Activities

(2)

5 USING THE INTERNET AND SEARCHING BEYOND THE LIBRARY

(27)

The Internet

(1)

Using the Internet at Your College

(1)

Using the Internet for Research

(5)

E-MAIL

(1)

MAILING LISTS AND NEWSGROUPS

(1)

THE WORLD WIDE WEB

(1)

GOPHER

(3)

Evaluating Internet Sources

(1)

Learning Directly from People

(1)

Deciding When to Ask Questions

(2)

Checklist 6: Evaluating Internet Sources

(1)

Contacting People

(7)

POSTING NOTICES

(1)

Checklist 7: Contacting People

(1)

FINDING ORGANIZATIONS TO CONTACT

(1)

REACHING THE RIGHT PEOPLE

(1)

CHOOSING AN INTERVIEW METHOD

(1)

WRITING LETTERS

(3)

MAKING TELEPHONE CALLS

102

(1)

MAKING APPOINTMENTS

102

(1)

Conducting a Successful Interview

103

(2)

ASKING THE FIRST QUESTION

103

(1)

LEADING PEOPLE TO TALK

103

(1)

DEVELOPING PATIENCE

104

(1)

Checklist 8: Developing Interviewing Skills

104

(1)

Recording Oral Responses

105

(1)

TAKING NOTES

105

(1)

MAKING A TAPE RECORDING

105

(1)

Checklist 9: Recording an Interview

106

(1)

TRANSCRIBING A RECORDING

106

(1)

A Sample Interview

106

(4)

Activities

110

(2)

Project Activities

112

(1)

6 RECORDING INFORMATION

113

(25)

Taking Notes

113

(4)

USING A COMPUTER FOR TAKING NOTES

114

(1)

TAKING NOTES ON PAPER OR CARDS

115

(1)

Checklist 10: Taking Notes

116

(1)

Photocopying

117

(1)

Checklist 11: Photocopying Printed Sources

117

(1)

Documenting Notes

117

(2)

Quoting

119

(1)

Paraphrasing

120

(6)

Interpreting

126

(2)

Summarizing

128

(1)

Collecting Data: Lists and Statistics

129

(2)

Recording Original Observations and Conclusions

131

(1)

Stating General Knowledge

132

(1)

Knowing When to Document

132

(2)

Avoiding Plagiarism

134

(2)

Checklist 12: Avoiding Plagiarism

136

(1)

Activities

136

(1)

Project Activities

137

(1)

7 ORGANIZING MATERIAL

138

(18)

Sorting Note Cards

138

(2)

Checklist 13: Organizing Your Material

139

(1)

Testing Your Hypothesis

140

(2)

Checklist 14: Testing Your Hypothesis

141

(1)

Developing a Controlling Idea or Thesis Statement

142

(3)

THE THESIS STATEMENT

142

(1)

EXPOSITORY OR PERSUASIVE THESIS

143

(2)

Writing an Introduction

145

(1)

Following the Standard Outline Format

146

(9)

OUTLINING YOUR MATERIAL

147

(1)

CONSTRUCTING AN OUTLINE

147

(1)

BALANCING AN OUTLINE

148

(2)

USING AN ORGANIZING PRINCIPLE

150

(1)

REVISING AN OUTLINE

150

(4)

WRITING A SENTENCE OUTLINE

154

(1)

Activities

155

(1)

Project Activities

155

(1)

8 COMPOSING AND REVISING

156

(26)

Getting Started

156

(1)

USING A WORD PROCESSOR

157

(1)

Imagining the Reader

157

(3)

BEING CONSISTENT

158

(1)

DEVELOPING A READABLE STYLE

158

(2)

Checklist 15: Developing a Readable Style

159

(1)

Checklist 16: Using Gender-Inclusive Language

159

(1)

Planning Ahead

160

(1)

Checklist 17: Budgeting Time

160

(1)

Writing the First Draft

160

(5)

WRITING IN YOUR OWN VOICE

160

(1)

CITING SOURCES AS YOU COMPOSE

161

(1)

Checklist 18: Citing Sources

162

(1)

PROVIDING FOR NOTES AS YOU COMPOSE

162

(1)

INTEGRATING QUOTATIONS WITH YOUR OWN WORDS

163

(1)

AVOIDING PADDING

164

(1)

Revising

165

(5)

EVALUATING ORGANIZATION

165

(1)

REARRANGING THE PARTS

166

(1)

ELIMINATING UNNECESSARY MATERIAL

166

(2)

CLARIFYING MEANING

168

(1)

IMPROVING PARAGRAPHS

168

(1)

IMPROVING SMALLER UNITS

168

(2)

Revising for the Last Time

170

(1)

Checklist 19: Revising for the Last Time

170

(1)

Examples of Revision

171

(1)

A Sample Short Paper

172

(9)

LINDA ORTON

172

(1)

COMPOSITION

172

(1)

REVISION

173

(1)

STEPS LEADING TO LINDA'S PAPER

174

(1)

"Eleanor Roosevelt: Blazing a Trail for Women"

175

(6)

Activity

181

(1)

Project Activities

181

(1)

9 PRODUCING THE FINAL PAPER

182

(15)

MARGINS

182

(1)

SPACING

183

(1)

TITLE AND OTHER IDENTIFYING INFORMATION

183

(1)

NUMBERING PAGES AND CREATING HEADERS

183

(1)

CHOOSING FONTS AND POINT SIZES

184

(1)

TABLES AND ILLUSTRATIONS

184

(1)

STYLE

185

(1)

MAKING FINAL CORRECTIONS

186

(1)

PAPER AND OTHER MATERIALS

186

(1)

Proofreading Symbols

186

(1)

Checking Punctuation

187

(7)

THE PERIOD

187

(1)

THE QUESTION MARK

188

(1)

THE EXCLAMATION POINT

188

(1)

THE COMMA

189

(1)

THE SEMICOLON

190

(1)

THE COLON

190

(1)

QUOTATION MARKS

191

(1)

THE APOSTROPHE

191

(1)

THE HYPHEN

191

(1)

THE DASH

191

(1)

PARENTHESES

192

(1)

BRACKETS

192

(1)

ELLIPSIS DOTS

193

(1)

UNDERLINING

193

(1)

SPACING OF PUNCTUATION

193

(1)

PRINTING THE FINAL PAPER

194

(1)

BINDING

194

(1)

Activity

194

(2)

Checklist 20: Revising and Polishing the Final Draft

195

(1)

Project Activity

196

(1)

10 DOCUMENTING SOURCES USING MLA STYLE

197

(35)

Choosing a Documentation Style

197

(2)

Checklist 21: Planning Ahead for Documentation

198

(1)

Deciding What to Document

199

(4)

PARENTHETICAL AND TEXTUAL DOCUMENTATION

199

(4)

The List of Sources or Bibliography

203

(1)

WHAT TO INCLUDE

203

(1)

HOW TO ARRANGE YOUR SOURCES

203

(1)

PLACEMENT AND FORMAT

203

(1)

USING ABBREVIATIONS TO REFER TO SOURCES

204

(1)

Compiling a List of Sources

204

(17)

BOOKS

204

(4)

PARTS OF BOOKS

208

(2)

PERIODICALS

210

(4)

OTHER WRITTEN SOURCES

214

(2)

NONPRINT AND ELECTRONIC SOURCES

216

(5)

Special Cases

221

(2)

CITING MATERIAL FROM A SECONDARY SOURCE

221

(1)

CITING TITLES WITHIN TITLES

222

(1)

CITING TABLES AND ILLUSTRATIONS

222

(1)

Making an Annotated Bibliography

223

(1)

Using and Interpreting Abbreviations

223

(6)

STATES

224

(1)

PUBLISHERS' NAMES

224

(1)

THE BIBLE

225

(2)

GENERAL

227

(2)

Content Notes

229

(1)

Activities

230

(2)

11 WRITING RESEARCH PAPERS IN THE HUMANITIES

232

(17)

Approaches to Research in the Humanities

232

(2)

ART

232

(1)

HISTORY

233

(1)

LITERATURE

233

(1)

MUSIC

234

(1)

PHILOSOPHY

234

(1)

A Sample Paper in the Humanities Using MLA Style

234

(15)

MICHAEL GOLD

234

(1)

STEPS LEADING TO MICHAEL'S PAPER

235

(1)

"Conflict and Cooperation: The Making of Rebel Without a Cause"

236

(1)

12 WRITING RESEARCH PAPERS ABOUT LITERATURE

249

(37)

Kinds of Research

249

(2)

Sample Papers in Literature Using MLA Style

251

(35)

CARLA MEDINA

251

(1)

STEPS LEADING TO CARLA'S PAPER

251

(2)

"The Voices of The Color Purple"

253

(11)

CARLA'S PAPER ON ADVENTURES OF HUCKLEBERRY FINN

264

(1)

SEARCH STRATEGY

264

(1)

COLLECTING SOURCES

265

(1)

ALTERNATIVE SEARCH STRATEGIES

266

(1)

GETTING STARTED

266

(1)

COMPOSING AND TAKING A POSITION

267

(1)

"Always Trouble: Huck Finn and American Social Values"

268

(18)

13 WRITING RESEARCH PAPERS IN THE SOCIAL SCIENCES USING APA STYLE

286

(28)

Approaches to Research in the Social Sciences

286

(3)

ANTHROPOLOGY

286

(1)

ECONOMICS

287

(1)

POLITICAL SCIENCE

287

(1)

SOCIOLOGY

287

(1)

PSYCHOLOGY

288

(1)

PRIMARY RESEARCH

288

(1)

Making an APA Reference List for Papers in the Social Sciences

289

(8)

Checklist 22: Typing References Using APA Style

289

(1)

BOOKS

289

(2)

PERIODICALS

291

(3)

OTHER WRITTEN SOURCES

294

(1)

NONPRINT AND ELECTRONIC SOURCES

295

(1)

SPECIAL CASES

295

(1)

CITING REFERENCES IN THE TEXT

296

(1)

A Sample Paper in the Social Sciences Using APA Style

297

(17)

CHERWANDA WILLIAMS

297

(1)

STEPS LEADING TO CHERWANDA'S PAPER

298

(1)

"The Correlation of Depression and Eating Disorders"

298

(16)

14 WRITING RESEARCH PAPERS IN THE NATURAL AND APPLIED SCIENCES USING CBE STYLE

314

(23)

Approaches to Research in the Natural and Applied Sciences

314

(1)

Making a CBE Reference List for Papers in the Sciences

315

(5)

Checklist 23: Typing References Using CBE Style

316

(1)

BOOKS

317

(1)

PARTS OF BOOKS

318

(1)

JOURNALS

318

(1)

OTHER REFERENCES

319

(1)

A Sample Paper in the Natural and Applied Sciences Using CBE Style

320

(17)

LISA LEE

320

(1)

STEPS LEADING TO LISA'S PAPER

320

(2)

"The Fate of Seeds in Tropical Forests: Determining Factors"

322

(15)

Appendix A DOCUMENTING WITH NOTES

337

(22)

Documentary Notes (Endnotes and Footnotes)

338

(14)

BOOKS

338

(3)

PARTS OF BOOKS

341

(2)

PERIODICALS

343

(3)

OTHER WRITTEN SOURCES

346

(1)

NONPRINT AND ELECTRONIC SOURCES

347

(5)

SUBSEQUENT CITATIONS IN NOTES

352

(1)

Selected Pages from a Sample Paper with Endnotes

352

(7)

Appendix B AN ANNOTATED LIST OF SELECTED REFERENCE WORKS

359

(24)

General Reference Works

360

(5)

BIBLIOGRAPHIES

360

(1)

BIOGRAPHICAL SOURCES

360

(2)

DICTIONARIES

362

(1)

ENCYCLOPEDIAS

362

(1)

GEOGRAPHICAL SOURCES

362

(1)

INDEXES

363

(2)

YEARBOOKS

365

(1)

Humanities

365

(7)

GENERAL

365

(1)

ART

366

(1)

FILM

366

(1)

HISTORY

367

(1)

LITERATURE

368

(2)

MUSIC

370

(1)

PHILOSOPHY AND RELIGION

370

(2)

Social Sciences

372

(6)

GENERAL

372

(1)

ANTHROPOLOGY, PSYCHOLOGY, AND SOCIOLOGY

373

(1)

BUSINESS AND ECONOMICS

374

(2)

EDUCATION

376

(1)

POLITICAL SCIENCE AND GOVERNMENT

376

(2)

Natural and Applied Sciences

378

(5)

GENERAL

378

(1)

ASTRONOMY

379

(1)

BIOLOGY, MEDICINE, AND NURSING

379

(1)

CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

380

(1)

COMPUTER SCIENCE

380

(1)

ENGINEERING

381

(1)

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE

381

(2)

PERMISSIONS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

383

(2)

INDEX

385

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Writing Research Papers: A Norton Guide

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