Young Femininity Girlhood, Power and Social

This text draws on international work to do with femininity, identity and youth cultures to explore how girlhood is defined and portrayed in contemporary theoretical and popular discourses, and to examine how young women from different social backgrounds and cultural contexts negotiate their gendered identities.Encompassing topics such as sexuality, the body, friendship, family, education, work and citizenship, this is an appealing and wide-ranging text for students of sociology, gender studies and cultural studies.

Sinikka Aapola is a researcher in the Department of Sociology at the University of Helsinki, Finland.

Marnina Gonick is Assistant Professor, Education and Women's Studies, Pennsylvania State University.

Anita Harris lectures in the Centre for Women's Studies and Gender Research in the School of Political and Social Inquiry at Monash University, Australia.

Acknowledgements

viii

Introduction

1

(4)

A History of Constructing Girlhoods

5

(5)

How the Book is Structured

10

(6)

Note

16

(2)

Girl Power: Representations of the `New' Girl

18

(22)

Introduction

18

(1)

Girl Power and the Riot Grrrl Movement

19

(6)

Selling Girl Power, Selling Feminism?

25

(7)

Girl Power and Race

32

(3)

Living Girl Power

35

(4)

Conclusion

39

(1)

Reviving Ophelia: Girlhood as Crisis

40

(16)

Introduction

40

(1)

Saplings in a Hurricane

41

(4)

Taking Issue with the Vulnerable Girl Thesis

45

(3)

The Emergence of the Mean Girl

48

(5)

Girl Power, Reviving Ophelia and New Subjectivities

53

(2)

Conclusion

55

(1)

Education, Work and Self-Making

56

(23)

Introduction

56

(1)

The New Economic Context of Education and Work

57

(2)

Changes in Youth Transitions

59

(3)

Young Women and New Transitions

62

(1)

Jobs Growth and Career Aspirations

63

(1)

Skilling and Training for Flexible Employment

64

(3)

Balancing Choice and Risk

67

(2)

Labour Market Marginalization

69

(3)

Challenges of Education and Training

72

(4)

Success Without Work?

76

(2)

Conclusion

78

(1)

Girls and the Changing Family

79

(29)

Introduction

79

(2)

Families in Crisis?

81

(3)

Renegotiating Generational and Gender Positions within the Family

84

(3)

Diverse Families, Diverse Futures for Daughters?

87

(3)

Daughters, Parents and Control

90

(5)

Negotiating Teenage Sexuality within the Family

95

(4)

Moving Out -- and Back Home Again?

99

(2)

Young Women's Decisions about Motherhood

101

(5)

Conclusion

106

(2)

Re/sisters: Girls' Cultures and Friendships

108

(24)

Introduction

108

(1)

Conceptions of Girls' Friendships Revisited

108

(3)

Friendships, Individuality, Sociality and Gender

111

(2)

Changing Friendships

113

(4)

Rules and Negotiations -- Girls' Friendship Cultures

117

(3)

The Difference Difference Makes

120

(5)

Heavenly Creatures: Representations of Girls' Friendship in Popular Culture

125

(5)

Conclusion

130

(2)

Sexuality and the Body: Old Binaries and New Possibilities

132

(34)

Introduction

132

(1)

Young Women, Sexuality and the Body

133

(3)

The Objectified Female Body Revisited

136

(4)

A Difficult Balancing Act

140

(1)

Contested Sexual Knowledges and Sex Education

141

(5)

Growing Up, Heterosexuality and Double Standards of Morality

146

(9)

Lesbianism and Bisexuality

155

(2)

Femininity, Agency, Embodiment and Subjectivity

157

(3)

Sports and the Limits of Femininity?

160

(2)

Dance as Self-Expression

162

(2)

Conclusion

164

(2)

Politics, Citizenship and Young Women

166

(27)

Introduction

166

(2)

Meanings of Citizenship

168

(2)

Young People and Citizenship

170

(2)

Education for Citizenship

172

(3)

Young Women, Citizenship and Economic Independence

175

(2)

Consumer Citizenship

177

(2)

National Identities: Young Women as Multicultural and Global Citizens

179

(4)

Political Engagements

183

(5)

Young Women in Politics

188

(3)

Conclusion

191

(2)

Feminism, Power and Social Change

193

(24)

Introduction

193

(1)

Do Young Women Still Need Feminism?

194

(1)

I'm Not a Feminist, But?

195

(3)

Acknowledging but Criticizing Young Feminism

198

(3)

Young Feminisms

201

(7)

Thinking Beyond Power Feminism, DIY and the Third Wave

208

(7)

Conclusion

215

(2)

Conclusion

217

(2)

Bibliography

219

(19)

Index

238

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Young Femininity Girlhood, Power and Social Change

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials