Zealots

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ISBN: 9780567293725 | 0567293726
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 11/6/2000

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Hengel's classic work refers not only to all of Josephus' works, but also to every relevant Rabbinic tractate, Qumran text, contemporary Latin or Greek author and biblical, apocryphal or pseudepigraphical and early Christian text.

FOREWORD

vii

(1)

FOREWORD TO THE SECOND EDITION

vii

(2)

FOREWORD TO THE ENGLISH TRANSLATION OF THE ZEALOTS

(8)

FOREWORD TO REVISED ENGLISH TRANSLATION

xvii

INTRODUCTION

(5)

1. The History of Research

(2)

2. The Structure and Aim of the Presentation

(3)

I. THE SOURCES

(18)

A. Josephus as the Principal Source

(12)

Excursus I: The Slavonic Josephus

(2)

B. The Secondary Sources

(6)

1. Contemporary Jewish Sources

(2)

2. The Rabbinic Sources

(1)

3. The Christian Sources

(1)

4. Other Ancient Authors

(4)

II. THE VARIOUS NAMES GIVEN TO THE JEWISH FREEDOM MOVEMENT

(52)

A. The `Robbers'

(22)

1. The Ancient Linguistic Usage

(1)

Excursus II: The Scourge of Robbers in the Ancient World

(9)

(a) In the Roman Empire

(2)

(b) In Syria and Palestine

(3)

(d) The Social Causes

(1)

2. The DV07 in the Rabbinic Literature

(7)

3. The Anotai in Josephus

(5)

B. The Sicarii

(7)

1. The Basic Latin Meaning

(1)

2. The Sicarii in Josephus

(4)

3. The Sicarii in the Rabbinic Literature

(1)

Excursus III: The Sikarikon Law

(2)

C. Barjone and Galilaeans

(6)

1. The Barjone

(3)

2. The Galilaeans

(3)

D. The `Zealots'

(14)

1. Greek Linguistic Usage

(3)

2. The `Zealots' as a Party in Josephus' Jewish War

(4)

3. The `Zealots' as a Party in the Jewish Tradition

(3)

4. The `Zealots' in Christian Sources

(4)

E. Summary

(3)

III. JUDAS THE GALILAEAN'S `FOURTH PHILOSOPHY'

(70)

A. The Statements made in the Sources

(6)

B. The `Fourth Philosophy' as an Independent Party within Late Judaism

(8)

1. The `Fourth Philosophy': Exclusive Fraternity and Independent Movement

(4)

2. The `Fourth Philosophy' and the Pharisees

(2)

3. The Name of the New Movement

(2)

C. The Message of Judas the Galilaean

(50)

1. The Sole Rule of God

(20)

(a) The Statement made in the Sources

(1)

(b) The Different Points of Departure of the New Doctrine

(16)

(aa) The Kingdom of God

(3)

(bb) `I am the Lord your God...'

(5)

(cc) Palestinian Judaism's Encounter with the Cult of the Emperor

(8)

107

(3)

2. Israel's Freedom

110

(12)

(a) In Josephus

110

(6)

(b) On the Jewish Coins of the Revolt

116

(2)

118

(4)

3. Co-operation with God in the Redemption of Israel

122

(5)

(a) The Statements made by Josephus

122

(1)

(b) The `Forcing' of the Time of Salvation in the Rabbinate

123

(4)

4. The Census

127

(13)

(a) The Population Count

129

(2)

(b) The Registration of Landed Property

131

(3)

134

(4)

(d) Judas the Galilaean and the Religious Motivation for the Jews' Resistance to the Census and the Payment of Taxes

138

(2)

D. Summary: The Religious Character of the Movement founded by Judas

140

(6)

1. Judas' Sect Considered as a Nationalist Movement

141

(3)

2. A Summary of the Events Discussed So Far

144

(2)

IV. ZEAL

146

(83)

A. The Old Testament Presuppositions of Zeal for God

146

(3)

1. The Jealous God

146

(1)

2. Zeal for Yahweh

147

(2)

B. Zeal for the Law in Connection with the Tradition of Phinehas

149

(28)

1. Zeal at the Time of the Maccabees

149

(5)

2. The Maccabaean `Zeal for the Law' and the Figure of Phinehas in Josephus' Writings

154

(2)

3. Phinehas (or Elijah) and his Zeal in the Rabbinic Tradition

156

(15)

(a) Sifre Numbers 25 and the Continuation of the Rabbinic Exegesis in Numbers Rabbah and the Talmuds

156

(4)

(b) Phinehas as a Leader in the Holy War

160

(2)

162

(6)

(d) The Rabbinic Criticism of Phinehas and Elijah

168

(3)

4. Summary: Phinehas the Zealot as a Model for the Maccabees and the Zealots

171

(6)

(a) The Maccabees and the Zealots

171

(2)

(b) The Zealots and the Rabbinic Tradition of Phinehas

173

(4)

C. `Zeal' as a Typical Element of Piety in Late Judaism

177

(6)

D. Zeal for the Law and the Sanctuary in Palestinian Judaism and among the Zealots

183

(41)

1. The `Lawlessness' of the Zealots according to Josephus

183

(3)

2. Zeal for Israel's Purity and for her Religious Privileges

186

(20)

(a) The Struggle against Magic and Sexual Intercourse with Pagans

186

(4)

(b) The Struggle for a Strict Observance of the Law Prohibiting Images

190

(7)

197

(3)

(d) The Eighteen Halakhoth and Separation from the Pagans

200

(6)

3. Zeal for the Purity of the Sanctuary

206

(18)

(a) The Threat to the Temple from the Pagan Rulers

206

(4)

(b) The Desecration of the Sanctuary from the Jewish Side

210

(4)

214

(3)

(d) The `Purification' of the Temple by the Zealots

217

(4)

(e) The Sanctuary as the Central Point and Stronghold in the Final Battle against Titus

221

(3)

E. Summary: Zeal as an Eschatological Intensification of the Torah

224

(5)

V. THE ZEALOTS AS AN ESCHATOLOGICAL MOVEMENT

229

(84)

A. Zealot Prophets

229

(16)

1. The False Prophets according to Josephus

229

(4)

2. Prophecy in Late Judaism

233

(3)

3. The Zealots' Prophecy as a Charismatic and Eschatological Interpretation of Scripture

236

(8)

(a) A Messianic Prophecy

237

(3)

(b) Prophecy and Counter-Prophecy in the Last Battle for the Temple

240

(4)

4. Summary

244

(1)

B. The Time of Great Anger

245

(4)

1. The Eschatological Woes in Late Judaism

245

(2)

2. The `Messianic Woes' and the Zealot Movement

247

(2)

C. The Retreat into the Desert

249

(7)

1. The Retreat into the Desert as a Widespread Phenomenon in Late Judaism

249

(4)

2. The Zealots in the Desert

253

(3)

D. Readiness for Martyrdom

256

(15)

1. Martyrs in Judaism of the Hellenistic and Roman Period until the Time of Herod

256

(1)

2. Martyrdom among the Zealots

257

(5)

(a) Two Cases of Martyrdom under Herod

257

(2)

(b) Zealot Martyrs

259

(3)

3. Religious Suicide as a Special Form of Martyrdom

262

(3)

4. Summary: The Zealots' Understanding of Martyrdom

265

(6)

E. The Holy War

271

(19)

1. In the Old Testament and the Maccabaean Period

271

(2)

2. The Eschatological-Dualistic and the Messianic Interpretation of the Holy War in the Apocalyptic Literature and the War Scroll

273

(9)

(a) The Eschatological-Dualistic Interpretation

273

(2)

(b) The Messiah as the Leader in the Eschatological War

275

(2)

277

(5)

3. The Holy War and the Zealots

282

(4)

(a) The Period leading up to the Outbreak of the Jewish War

282

(1)

(b) The Jewish War as a `Holy War'

283

(3)

4. Summary

286

(1)

Excursus IV: The Observance of the Sabbath and the Holy War

287

(3)

F. Zealot Messianic Pretenders

290

(12)

1. The Presuppositions

290

(1)

2. Messianic Pretenders in the Jewish Freedom Movement

291

(7)

(a) From the Bandit Leader Hezekiah to Judas the Galilaean

291

(2)

(b) Menahem as a Zealot Messiah

293

(4)

297

(1)

3. The Son of David

298

(2)

4. The Zealots' Messianic Hope and Palestinian Christianity

300

(2)

G. The Final Victory and Israel's Rule of the World

302

(8)

1. The Annihilation of the World Power that was Hostile to God

302

(4)

(a) The Judgement of Rome

302

(1)

(b) The Eschatological Tyrant

303

(2)

305

(1)

2. The Rule of God and his People

306

(4)

(a) The Rule of God

306

(2)

(b) The Rule of Israel

308

(2)

H. Summary

310

(3)

VI. THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ZEALOT MOVEMENT

313

(67)

A. The Prehistory until the Banishment of Archelaus

313

(17)

1. The Robber Captain `Hezekiah' and the Disturbances in Galilee on Herod's Coming to Power

313

(5)

2. Herod's Rule

318

(7)

3. The Disturbances following Herod's Death

325

(5)

B. From the Founding of the `Fourth Philosophy' to the Death of Agrippa I

330

(13)

1. The Founding of the New Movement by Judas the Galilaean

330

(7)

2. The Zealot Movement in the Time of Jesus

337

(4)

3. From Pilate until the Death of Herod Agrippa I

341

(2)

C. The Spread of the Zealot Movement after the Death of Agrippa I until the Outbreak of the Jewish War

343

(15)

1. The Development from Cuspius Fadus until the Deposition of Cumanus

343

(5)

2. The Increasing Deterioration of the Situation from Felix until Albinus

348

(7)

3. The Final Escalation of the Situation under Gessius Florus

355

(3)

D. The Collapse of the Zealot Movement in the Jewish War and its End

358

(19)

1. Eleazar and Menahem

358

(8)

2. The Further Course of the Jewish War until the Defeat of Cestius Gallus

366

(3)

3. The Political Change following the Jewish Victory over Cestius, the Civil War resulting from this and the End of the Insurrectionary Movement

369

(8)

A Survey of the Whole and an Indication of the Questions posed by the New Testament

377

(3)

Appendix: Zealots and Sicarii

380

(25)

Abbreviations, Bibliographies, and Indexes

405

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Zealots

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