Wearable and Neuronic Antennas for Medical and Wireless Applications

This new volume in this exciting new series, written and edited by a group of international experts in the field, covers the latest advances and challenges in wearable and neuronic antennas for medical and wireless applications.

Antenna development and engineering is changing at a rapid pace, and it is incredibly important that engineers, scientists, and students in the field have a valuable reference work to consult. Students are able to use this book as a learning tool, and professors and industrial short courses are able to use it as a textbook. Covering all of the advances and developments of wearable and neuronic antennas for medical and wireless applications, this outstanding new volume offers information not available anywhere else in any other format.

Covering new research and development of antenna designs never seen before, this volume, written and edited by a team of experts in the field, breaks new ground, offering new solutions to engineering and scientific problems to experts in the field, while providing the full theoretical and conceptual background for the practical applications. Whether for the veteran engineer or scientist, the student, or a manager or other technician working in the field, this volume is a must-have for any library.

Arun Kumar, PhD, is an associate professor in the Department of Electronics and Communications at JECRC University, Jaipur, India, having earned his PhD from JECRC University in 2016.  He received a SOHA Excellency award from the Society of Hydraulics and Automation Ltd. and is a Bentham ambassador, both in India.  He is a member of IEEE and has published more than 42 research papers in scientific and technical journals.  He holds one patent and is currently working in 5G waveform techniques, peak power reduction techniques, wearable antennas, and spectrum sensing.

Manoj Gupta, PhD, is an associate professor in the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, JECRC University, Jaipur (Rajasthan), India. He earned his doctorate from the University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, India. He has over fifteen years of teaching experience and has published many research papers in scientific journals and conferences.  He has contributed numerous book chapters to edited volumes and has four patents to his credit. He is the Editor in Chief of the book series “Advances in Antenna, Microwave and Communication Engineering,” from Scrivener Publishing, and he is editor in chief of a book series by another publisher.  He has spoken at and been involved in numerous scientific conferences and was the keynote speaker at the 2017 IEEE International Conference on Signal and Image Processing and at the 2017 International Conferences on Public Health and Medical Sciences in Xi’an, China. He is an editor, associate editor, and reviewer for many international technical journals and has received numerous awards.  He is listed in Marquis Who’s Who in Science and Engineering® USA and Marquis Who’s Who in the World® USA.

Mahmoud A. Albreem, PhD, received his BEng degree in electrical engineering from the Islamic University of Gaza, Palestine, in 2008, and his MSc and PhD degrees from the Universiti Sains Malaysia, in 2010 and 2013, respectively. From 2014 to 2016, he was a senior lecturer at the University Malaysia Perlis. He is currently an assistant professor and the Head of Electronics and Communications Engineering Department, A’Sharqiyah University, Oman. He is also a visiting assistant professor with the Centre for Wireless Communications, University of Oulu, Finland. His research interest includes signal processing for communication systems and information theory, and he was a recipient of the Nokia Foundation Centennial Grant in 2018

Dac-Binh Ha, PhD, received his BS degree in radio techniques, and his MSc and PhD degrees in communication and information systems from Huazhong University of Science and Technology, in China, in 1997, 2006, and 2009, respectively. He is currently the Dean of Faculty of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam. He has over ten years of industry and academic experience, and he was the recipient of the Best Paper Award at the 2014 IEEE International Conference on Computing, Management and Telecommunications. He has published numerous papers in scientific and technical journals and is principal investigator of two projects supported by Vietnam’s National Foundation for Science and Technology Development.

Mohit Kumar Sharma is an assistant professor in the Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering while he is pursuing his PhD in 5G communication from JECRC University in India. He is a postgraduate from Malviya National Institute (MNIT) Jaipur in VLSI Design and graduated from university of Rajasthan in electronics & communication engineering, in 2004. He has published numerous papers in related scientific and technical journals.

Preface xi

1 Machine Learning Aided Channel Equalization in Filter Bank Multi-Carrier Communications for 5G 1
Ubaid M. Al-Saggaf, Muhammad Moinuddin, Syed Saad Azhar Ali, Syed Sajjad Hussain Rizvi and Muhammad Faisal

1.1 Introduction 2

1.2 Related Literature Review 2

1.3 System Model 3

1.4 Existing Methods for Equalization in FBMC 5

1.4.1 One-Tap Zero Forcing Equalizer 5

1.4.2 MMSE Block Equalizer 5

1.5 Proposed Machine Learning-Based FBMC Equalizer 6

1.6 Results and Discussion 6

1.7 Summary 7

References 8

2 Implantable Cardio Technologies: A Review of Integrated Low Noise Amplifiers 11
P. Vijaya Lakshmi, Sarada Musala and Avireni Srinivasulu

2.1 Introduction 12

2.2 Background on Low Noise Amplifiers 13

2.2.1 ECG Signal Characteristics 13

2.2.2 General ECG Readout Amplifier System Architecture and Design Considerations 14

2.2.3 Low Noise Amplifier Circuit Design 16

2.2.4 Operational Transconductance Amplifier Circuits Used in LNA Design 18

2.2.4.1 Typical Telescopic Cascode Amplifier 20

2.2.4.2 Complementary Input Closed Loop Amplifier 21

2.2.4.3 Fully Differential Current Reuse OTA 22

2.2.4.4 Fully Reconfigurable OTA Using Floating Gate Transistors 23

2.2.4.5 Low Noise OTA with Output Boosting Technique 24

2.2.4.6 Low Noise Low Power OTA 25

2.2.4.7 Cross Coupled Load Current Reuse OTA 26

2.2.4.8 Fully Differential Stacked OTA 27

2.3 Applications of Low Noise Amplifiers 30

2.3.1 For Implantable Bio-Sensors 30

2.3.2 For Measuring and Recording ECG Signal 31

2.4 Conclusion 31

References 31

3 Detecting COVID-19 Through Lung X-Ray Imaging: An Alternative Using Modified CNN Architecture 37
Ahan Chatterjee and Sovik Mukherjee

3.1 Introduction 38

3.2 Literature Review 39

3.3 Proposed Methodology 40

3.3.1 Generative Adversarial Network (GAN) 40

3.3.2 Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) 44

3.3.2.1 General Model of CNN 44

3.3.2.2 Convolutional Network 45

3.3.2.3 Pooling Layer 46

3.3.2.4 Fully Connected Layer 46

3.3.2.5 Activation Function 46

3.3.2.6 Calculation of Gradient Descent in CNN Architecture 47

3.3.3 Proposed Algorithm 49

3.3.4 Model Architecture 51

3.4 Results 52

3.5 Conclusion 54

References 55

4 Wireless Body Area Network Antenna 57
Inderpreet Kaur, Hari Kumar Singh and Tejasvini Thakral

4.1 Introduction 58

4.1.1 On Body WBANs 59

4.1.2 In Body WBANs 61

4.1.3 Non-Medical Applications for WBAN 62

4.1.4 Principle of Operation 63

4.1.4.1 Transmitter 64

4.1.4.2 Receiver 65

4.1.5 Design Aspects of WBANs 67

4.1.6 Hardware Requirements 68

4.2 Literature Review 70

4.3 Proposed Work 78

4.3.1 Geometry of Antenna 78

4.3.2 Parametric Analysis 79

4.3.2.1 Effect of Radius of Vias 79

4.3.2.2 Effect of Length of Feed 80

4.3.2.3 Effect of Length of Conductive Portion of Ground 80

4.4 Result 80

4.5 Conclusion 81

References 82

5 Analysis of RF-DC Rectifier Input Impedance for the Appropriate Design of Matching Network for Wireless RF Energy Harvesters 85
Kamini Singh, Sanjeev Yadav, J.K. Deegwal and M.M. Sharma

5.1 Introduction 86

5.1.1 Need and Advantages of Energy Harvesters 86

5.1.2 RF Energy Sources 87

5.2 RF Energy Harvesting Processing Block 88

5.3 Matching Network & RF-DC Rectifier 90

5.4 Study of Input Impedance of Rectifier 93

5.5 Conclusion 101

Acknowledgment 101

References 101

6 Secured Schemes for RF Energy Harvesting Mobile Computing Networks with Multiple Antennas Based on NOMA and Access Points Selection 105
Van-Truong Truong, Anand Nayyar and Dac-Binh Ha

6.1 Introduction 106

6.2 System and Channel Models 108

6.3 Performance Analysis and Optimization 117

6.3.1 Performance Analysis 117

6.3.2 Optimization 121

6.4 Numerical Results and Discussion 124

6.5 Conclusion 128

Appendix A 129

References 133

7 Performance and Stability Analysis of CNTFET SRAM Cell Topologies for Ultra-Low Power Applications 137
Hemant Kumar, Subodh Srivastava and Balwinder Singh

7.1 Introduction 138

7.2 CNTFET Based SRAM Memory Cell 139

7.3 Simulation Results and Comparative Performance Analysis 142

7.4 Stability Analysis of Proposed SRAM Cells 152

7.5 Conclusion 158

References 159

8 Arrow Shaped Dual-Band Wearable Antenna for ISM Applications 163
Mehaboob Mujawar

8.1 Introduction 163

8.2 Antenna Design 167

8.3 Results 170

8.4 Analysis of Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) 173

8.5 Conclusion 175

References 175

9 Edge-Fed Semicircular Antenna Enabled With Pins and Slots for Wireless Applications 179
Mohd Gulman Siddiqui and Anurag Mishra

9.1 Introduction 179

9.2 Configuration of Proposed Antenna 180

9.2.1 Analysis of Notch Loading Antenna 183

9.2.2 Analysis of Slots in Antenna 184

9.3 Specifications 186

9.4 Result and Discussions 186

9.5 Conclusion 189

References 189

10 A Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna with Defected Ground for UWB Application 191
Suraj Kumar, Arun Kumar, Manoj Gupta, Kanchan Sengar, Mohit Kumar Sharma and Manisha Gupta

10.1 Introduction 192

10.2 Antenna Design 195

10.3 Simulation Results 197

10.4 Conclusion 198

References 199

11 Waveform Optimization in Multi-Carrier Communications for 5G Technology 203
Muhammad Moinuddin, Ubaid M. Al-Saggaf and Jawwad Ahmed

11.1 Introduction 204

11.2 Related Literature Review 204

11.3 System Model: OFDM System 205

11.4 POPS: A Popular Existing Method for OFDM Waveform Optimization 207

11.5 Proposed Method for the Waveform Optimization in OFDM Systems 209

11.6 Results and Discussion 212

11.7 Summary 212

References 213

12 Wearable Antennas for Biomedical Applications 217
Ajay Kumar Singh Yadav, Mamta Devi Sharma, Namrata Saxena and Ritu Sharma

12.1 Introduction 218

12.2 Need of Wearable Antennas 219

12.3 Design Considerations for Wearable Antenna 220

12.4 Materials for Wearable Antenna 223

12.4.1 Fabric Materials 223

12.4.2 Non Fabric Materials 225

12.5 Fabrication Methods for Wearable Antenna 229

12.5.1 Stitching and Embroidery 229

12.5.2 Screen Printing 231

12.5.3 Inkjet Printing 231

12.5.4 Chemical Etching 232

12.6 Measurements for Wearable Antenna 234

12.6.1 Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) 234

12.6.2 Performance on Human Body 235

12.6.3 The Bending and Crumpling Effects 236

12.7 Frequency Bands for Wearable Antenna 236

12.8 Applications of Wearable Antenna in Biomedical 238

12.9 Conclusion 241

References 241

13 Received Power Based Jammer Localization Using Unscented Kalman Filtering 249
Waleed Aldosari, Muhammad Moinuddin, AbdulahJeza Aljohani and Ubaid M. Al-Saggaf

13.1 Introduction 250

13.2 Related Work 251

13.3 System Model 252

13.3.1 Unscented Kalman Filter (UKF) 253

13.4 Simulation and Results 255

13.5 Summary 257

References 257

Index 259

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