Mechanical Measurements

, by Beckwith, Thomas G.; Marangoni, Roy D.; Lienhard, V, John H.

Note: Supplemental materials are not guaranteed with Rental or Used book purchases.

ISBN: 9780201847659 | 0201847655
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 8/7/2006

Rent

(Recommended)

$43.26

Term

Due

Price

Semester

Aug 2

$43.26

Quarter

Jul 19

$41.10

Short Term

Jun 21

$38.93

*This item is part of an exclusive publisher rental program and requires an additional convenience fee. This fee will be reflected in the shopping cart.
Buy Used

In Stock Usually Ships in 24 Hours.

$34.03
Buy New

Currently Available, Usually Ships in 24-48 Hours

$276.78

In the field of mechanical measurements, Mechanical Measurements continues to set the standard. With an emphasis on precision and clarity, the authors have consistently crafted a text that has helped thousands of students grasp the fundamentals of the field. Mechanical Measurements 6th edition gives students a methodical, well thought-out presentation that covers fundamental issues common to all areas of measurement in Part One, followed by individual chapters on applied areas of measurement in Part Two. This modular format fits several different course formats and accommodates a wide variety of skill levels.

Preface

I Fundamentals of Mechanical Measurement

(363)

1 The Process of Measurement: An Overview

(13)

1.1 Introduction

(1)

1.2 The Significance of Mechanical Measurement

(1)

1.3 Fundamental Methods of Measurement

(1)

1.3.1 Direct Comparison

(1)

1.3.2 Using a Calibrated System

(1)

1.4 The Generalized Measuring System

(3)

1.4.1 First, or Sensor-Transducer, Stage

(1)

1.4.2 Second, or Signal-Conditioning, Stage

(1)

1.4.3 Third, or Recording-Readout, Stage

(2)

1.5 Types of Input Quantities

(2)

1.5.1 Time Dependence

(1)

1.5.2 Analog and Digital Signals

(2)

1.6 Measurement Standards

(1)

1.7 Calibration

(1)

1.8 Uncertainty: Accuracy of Results

(1)

1.9 Reporting Results

(1)

1.9.1 Laboratory Note or Technical Memo

(1)

1.9.2 Full Report

(1)

1.9.3 Technical Paper

(1)

1.10 Final Remarks

(2)

2 Standards and Dimensional Units of Measurement

(349)

2.1 Introduction

(1)

2.2 Historical Background of Measurement in the United States

(1)

2.3 The SI System

(3)

2.3.1 Establishment of the SI System

(2)

2.3.2 Metric Conversion in the United States

(1)

2.4 The Standard of Length

(1)

2.4.1 Relationship of the Meter to the Inch

(1)

2.5 The Standard of Mass

(1)

2.6 Time and Frequency Standards

(1)

2.7 Temperature Standards

(3)

2.8 Electrical Standards

(1)

2.9 Conversions Between Systems of Units

(4)

2.10 Summary

(4)

3 Assessing and Presenting Experimental Data

(73)

3.1 Introduction

(1)

3.2 Common Types of Error

(7)

3.2.1 Classification of Errors

(5)

3.2.2 Terms Used in Rating Instrument Performance

(1)

3.3 Introduction to Uncertainty

(1)

3.4 Estimation of Precision Uncertainty

(3)

3.4.1 Sample versus Population

(2)

3.4.2 Probability Distributions

(1)

3.5 Theory Based on the Population

(5)

3.6 Theory Based on the Sample

(12)

3.6.1 An Example of Sampling

(2)

3.6.2 Confidence Intervals for Large Samples

(1)

3.6.3 Confidence Intervals for Small Samples

(6)

3.6.4 Hypothesis Testing for a Single Mean for a Small Sample Size (n less than or = to 30) 59

3.6.5 Hypothesis Testing for a Single Mean for a Large Sample Size (n > or = to 30)

(1)

3.6.6 The t-Test Comparison of Sample Means

(1)

3.7 The Chi-Square (χ²) Distribution

(8)

3.7.1 Goodness of Fit Based on the Gaussian Distribution

(4)

3.8 Statistical Analysis by Computer

(1)

3.9 Bias and Single-Sample Uncertainty

(2)

3.9.1 Single-Sample Precision Uncertainty

(1)

3.10 Propagation of Uncertainty

(2)

3.11 Examples of Uncertainty Analysis

(7)

3.11.1 Rating Resistors

(3)

3.11.2 Expected Uncertainty for Flowmeter Calibration

(4)

3.12 Minimizing Error in Designing Experiments

(1)

3.13 Graphical Presentation of Data

(10)

3.13.1 General Rules for Making Graphs

(2)

3.13.2 Choosing Coordinates and Producing Straight Lines

(7)

3.14 Line Fitting and the Method of Least Squares

(5)

3.14.1 Least Squares for Line Fits

(2)

3.14.2 Uncertainty in Line Fits

(1)

3.14.3 Software for Curve Fitting

(3)

3.15 Summary

(10)

4 The Analog Measurand: Time-Dependent Characteristics

107

(33)

4.1 Introduction

107

(1)

4.2 Simple Harmonic Relations

107

(2)

4.3 Circular and Cyclic Frequency

109

(1)

4.4 Complex Relations

110

(12)

4.4.1 Beat Frequency and Heterodyning

117

(1)

4.4.2 Special Waveforms

118

(1)

4.4.3 Nonperiodic or Transient Waveforms

118

(4)

4.5 Amplitudes of Waveforms

122

(1)

4.6 Frequency Spectrum

122

(2)

4.7 Harmonic, or Fourier, Analysis

124

(11)

4.7.1 The Discrete Fourier Transform

125

(2)

4.7.2 Frequencies in Discretely Sampled Signals: Aliasing and Frequency Resolution

127

(4)

4.7.3 An Example of Discrete Fourier Analysis

131

(4)

4.8 Summary

135

(5)

5 The Response of Measuring Systems

140

(44)

5.1 Introduction

140

(1)

5.2 Amplitude Response

141

(1)

5.3 Frequency Response

141

(1)

5.4 Phase Response

142

(1)

5.5 Predicting Performance for Complex Waveforms

142

(3)

5.6 Delay, Rise Time, and Slew Rate

145

(1)

5.7 Response of Experimental System Elements

145

(3)

5.8 Simplified Physical Systems

148

(1)

5.9 Mechanical Elements

148

(3)

5.9.1 Mass

148

(1)

5.9.2 Spring Force

149

(1)

5.9.3 Damping

150

(1)

5.10 An Example of a Simple Mechanical System

151

(1)

5.11 The Importance of Damping

152

(1)

5.12 Dynamic Characteristics of Simplified Mechanical Systems

153

(1)

5.13 Single-Degree-of-Freedom Spring-Mass-Damper Systems

153

(1)

5.14 The Zero-Order System

154

(1)

5.15 Characteristics of First-Order Systems

154

(7)

5.15.1 The Step-Forced First-Order System

155

(2)

5.15.2 The Harmonically Excited First-Order System

157

(4)

5.16 Characteristics of Second-Order Systems

161

(9)

5.16.1 The Step-Excited Second-Order System

161

(3)

5.16.2 The Harmonically Excited Second-Order System

164

(3)

5.16.3 General Periodic Forcing

167

(3)

5.17 Electrical Elements

170

(2)

5.18 First-Order Electrical System

172

(4)

5.19 Simple Second-Order Electrical System

176

(2)

5.20 Calibration of System Response

178

(1)

5.21 Summary

179

(5)

6 Sensors

184

(45)

6.1 Introduction

184

(1)

6.2 Loading of the Signal Source

185

(1)

6.3 The Secondary Transducer

185

(2)

6.4 Classification of First-Stage Devices

187

(3)

6.5 Variable-Resistance Transducer Elements

190

(1)

6.6 Sliding-Contact Devices

190

(2)

6.6.1 Potentiometer Resolution

192

(1)

6.6.2 Potentiometer Linearity

192

(1)

6.7 The Resistance Strain Gage

192

(1)

6.8 Thermistors

192

(1)

6.9 The Thermocouple

193

(1)

6.10 Variable-Inductance Transducers

193

(5)

6.10.1 Simple Self-Inductance Arrangements

195

(1)

6.10.2 Two-Coil Mutual-Inductance Arrangements

195

(3)

6.11 The Differential Transformer

198

(1)

6.12 Variable-Reluctance Transducers

198

(1)

6.13 Capacitive Transducers

199

(3)

6.14 Piezoelectric Sensors

202

(2)

6.15 Semiconductor Sensors

204

(5)

6.15.1 Electrical Behavior of Semiconductors

204

(1)

6.15.2 pn-Junctions

205

(2)

6.15.3 Photodiodes

207

(2)

6.16 Light-Detecting Transducers

209

(4)

6.16.1 Thermal Detectors

209

(1)

6.16.2 Photon Detectors

210

(1)

6.16.3 Applications

210

(3)

6.17 Hall-Effect Sensors

213

(1)

6.18 Some Design-Related Problems

214

(9)

6.18.1 Manufacturing Tolerances

215

(2)

6.18.2 Some Temperature-Related Problems

217

(4)

6.18.3 Methods for Limiting Temperature Errors

221

(2)

6.19 Summary

223

(6)

7 Signal Conditioning

229

(61)

7.1 Introduction

229

(1)

7.2 Advantages of Electrical Signal Conditioning

230

(1)

7.3 Modulated and Unmodulated Signals

230

(1)

7.4 Input Circuitry

231

(1)

7.5 The Simple Current-Sensitive Circuit

232

(2)

7.6 The Ballast Circuit

234

(2)

7.7 Voltage-Dividing Circuits

236

(2)

7.7.1 The Voltage-Dividing Potentiometer

236

(1)

7.7.2 Loading Error

237

(1)

7.7.3 Use of End Resistors

238

(1)

7.8 Small Changes in Transducer Resistance

238

(3)

7.9 Resistance Bridges

241

(8)

7.9.1 The Voltage-Sensitive Wheatstone Bridge

244

(2)

7.9.2 The Current-Sensitive Wheatstone Bridge

246

(1)

7.9.3 The Constant-Current Bridge

246

(1)

7.9.4 The AC Resistance Bridge

247

(1)

7.9.5 Compensation for Leads

248

(1)

7.9.6 Adjusting Bridge Sensitivity

249

(1)

7.10 Reactance or Impedance Bridges

249

(2)

7.11 Resonant Circuits

251

(1)

7.11.1 Undesirable Resonance Conditions

251

(1)

7.12 Electronic Amplification or Gain

252

(3)

7.13 Electronic Amplifiers

255

(1)

7.14 Operational Amplifiers

256

(8)

7.14.1 Typical Op-Amp Specifications

258

(1)

7.14.2 Applications of the Op Amp

259

(5)

7.15 Special Amplifier Circuits

264

(2)

7.15.1 Instrumentation Amplifiers

264

(1)

7.15.2 The Charge Amplifier

264

(2)

7.16 Filters

266

(1)

7.17 Some Filter Theory

267

(6)

7.18 Active Filters

273

(1)

7.19 Differentiators and Integrators

273

(2)

7.20 Shielding and Grounding

275

(2)

7.20.1 Shielding

275

(1)

7.20.2 Grounding

276

(1)

7.21 Component Coupling Methods

277

(2)

7.22 Summary

279

(11)

8 Digital Techniques in Mechanical Measurements

290

(45)

8.1 Introduction

290

(2)

8.2 Why Use Digital Methods?

292

(1)

8.3 Digitizing Mechanical Inputs

293

(1)

8.4 Fundamental Digital Circuit Elements

293

(9)

8.4.1 Basic Logic Elements

293

(4)

8.4.2 Combination of Logic Elements: The Flip-Flop

297

(1)

8.4.3 IC Families

297

(3)

8.4.4 IC Oscillators and Clock Signals

300

(1)

8.4.5 Digital Displays

301

(1)

8.5 Number Systems

302

(2)

8.6 Binary Codes

304

(6)

8.6.1 Binary-Coded Decimal

304

(1)

8.6.2 Position Encoders and Gray Code

305

(1)

8.6.3 Alphanumeric Codes

306

(4)

8.6.4 Bar Codes

310

(1)

8.7 Some Simple Digital Circuitry

310

(6)

8.7.1 Events Counter

310

(2)

8.7.2 Gating

312

(1)

8.7.3 Frequency Meter

312

(1)

8.7.4 Wave Shaping

313

(1)

8.7.5 Integrated-Circuit Counter and Frequency Meter

313

(1)

8.7.6 Multiplexing and Demultiplexing

314

(2)

8.8 The Computer as a Measurement System

316

(1)

8.9 The Microprocessor

317

(2)

8.10 The Microcomputer

319

(1)

8.10.1 Read-Only Memory (ROM)

319

(1)

8.10.2 Random Access Memory (RAM)

319

(1)

8.10.3 Input and Output Ports (I/O Ports)

320

(1)

8.10.4 External Buses

320

(1)

8.11 Analog-to-Digital and Digital-to-Analog Conversion

320

(8)

8.11.1 A Digital-to-Analog Converter

322

(1)

8.11.2 An Analog-to-Digital Converter

323

(2)

8.11.3 Analog-to-Digital Conversion Considerations

325

(1)

8.11.4 Digital Signal Processing

326

(2)

8.12 Digital Images

328

(1)

8.13 Getting It All Together

329

(1)

8.14 Summary

330

(5)

9 Readout and Data Processing

335

(29)

9.1 Introduction

335

(1)

9.2 The Electronic Counter

336

(4)

9.2.1 Event Counter

336

(1)

9.2.2 Time-Interval Meter

336

(3)

9.2.3 Events per Unit Time (EPUT) Meter

339

(1)

9.2.4 Count Error

339

(1)

9.3 Analog Electric Meter Indicators

340

(6)

9.3.1 Voltmeter Sensitivity

341

(1)

9.3.2 The Current Meter

342

(1)

9.3.3 AC Meters

342

(3)

9.3.4 The Multimeter and Resistance Measurement

345

(1)

9.4 Meters with Electronic Amplification

346

(1)

9.5 Digital-Readout Multimeters

346

(1)

9.6 The Cathode-Ray Oscilloscope (CRO)

347

(6)

9.6.1 Oscilloscope Amplifiers

348

(3)

9.6.2 Sawtooth Oscillator or Time-Base Generator

351

9.6.3 Synchronization or Triggering

151

(202)

9.7 Additional CRO Features

353

(2)

9.7.1 Multiple Trace

353

(1)

9.7.2 Magnification and Delayed Sweep

353

(1)

9.7.3 Digital Storage Oscilloscopes

353

(2)

9.7.4 Single-Ended and Differential Inputs

355

(1)

9.8 XY-Plotters

355

(1)

9.9 Digital Waveform Recorders

355

(1)

9.10 The Spectrum Analyzer

356

(2)

9.11 LabVIEW

358

(6)

II Applied Mechanical Measurements

364

(358)

10 Measurement of Count, Events per Unit Time, Time Interval, and Frequency

365

(21)

10.1 Introduction

365

(1)

10.2 Use of Counters

366

(2)

10.2.1 Electronic Counters

366

(1)

10.2.2 EPUT Meters

367

(1)

10.2.3 Time-Interval Meter

367

(1)

10.3 Stroboscopy and High-Speed Imaging

368

(4)

10.3.1 The Stroboscope

368

(2)

10.3.2 High-Speed Imaging

370

(2)

10.4 Frequency Standards

372

(3)

10.4.1 Global Positioning System Signals

373

(1)

10.4.2 Radio Time and Frequency Transmission

374

(1)

10.4.3 Quartz-Crystal Oscillators

374

(1)

10.4.4 Complex-Wave Oscillators and Function Generators

375

(1)

10.5 Lissajous Figures for Finding Frequency and Phase Relations

375

(4)

10.6 Heterodyne and Phase-Lock Measurements of Frequency

379

(3)

10.7 Measurement of Rotary Motion

382

(4)

11 Displacement and Dimensional Measurement

386

(27)

11.1 Introduction

386

(1)

11.2 A Problem in Dimensional Measurement

387

(1)

11.3 Gage Blocks

388

(3)

11.4 Assembling Gage-Block Stacks

391

(1)

11.5 Surface Plates

391

(1)

11.6 Temperature Problems

392

(2)

11.7 Use of Comparators

394

(1)

11.8 Monochromatic Light

395

(1)

11.9 The Interferometer

396

(2)

11.10 Measuring Microscopes

398

(4)

11.10.1 Fixed-Scale Microscopes

398

(2)

11.10.2 Filar Microscopes

400

(1)

11.10.3 Traveling and Traveling-Stage Microscopes

400

(1)

11.10.4 The Draw-Tube Microscope

400

(1)

11.10.5 Focusing

401

(1)

11.10.6 Digital Microscopes

402

(1)

11.11 Whole-Field Displacement Measurement

402

(1)

11.12 Displacement Transducers

402

(1)

11.13 The Differential Transformer or LVDT

403

(4)

11.13.1 Input Power

405

(1)

11.13.2 Advantages of the LVDT

406

(1)

11.14 Surface Roughness

407

(6)

12 Strain and Stress: Measurement and Analysis

413

(45)

12.1 Introduction

413

(3)

12.2 Strain Measurement

416

(1)

12.3 The Electrical Resistance Strain Gage

417

(1)

12.4 The Metallic Resistance Strain Gage

418

(3)

12.5 Selection and Installation Factors for Bonded Metallic Strain Gages

421

(1)

12.6 Circuitry for the Metallic Strain Gage

422

(1)

12.7 The Strain-Gage Ballast Circuit

423

(1)

12.8 The Strain-Gage Bridge Circuit

424

(3)

12.8.1 Bridges with Two and Four Arms Sensitive to Strain

425

(1)

12.8.2 The Bridge Constant

426

(1)

12.8.3 Lead-Wire Error

427

(1)

12.9 The Simple Constant-Current Strain-Gage Circuit

427

(1)

12.10 Temperature Compensation

428

(1)

12.10.1 The Adjacent-Arm Compensating Gage

428

(1)

12.10.2 Self-Temperature Compensation

428

(1)

12.11 Calibration

429

(2)

12.12 Commercially Available Strain-Measuring Systems

431

(1)

12.12.1 The Basic Indicator

432

(1)

12.13 Strain-Gage Switching

432

(1)

12.14 Use of Strain Gages on Rotating Shafts

432

(2)

12.15 Stress—Strain Relationships

434

(5)

12.15.1 The Simple Uniaxial Stress Situation

434

(1)

12.15.2 The Biaxial Stress Situation

435

(4)

12.16 Gage Orientation and Interpretation of Results

439

(7)

12.16.1 Gages Connected in Series

445

(1)

12.17 Special Problems

446

(2)

12.17.1 Cross Sensitivity

446

(1)

12.17.2 Plastic Strains and the Postyield Gage

446

(1)

12.17.3 Fatigue Applications of Resistance Strain Gages

446

(1)

12.17.4 Cryogenic Temperature Applications

446

(1)

12.17.5 High-Temperature Applications

447

(1)

12.17.6 Creep

448

(1)

12.17.7 Residual Stress Determination

448

(1)

12.18 Final Remarks

448

(10)

13 Measurement of Force and. Torque

458

(31)

13.1 Introduction

458

(2)

13.2 Measuring Methods

460

(1)

13.3 Mechanical Weighing Systems

461

(3)

13.3.1 The Analytical Balance

461

(1)

13.3.2 Multiple-Lever Systems

462

(2)

13.3.3 The Pendulum Force-Measuring Mechanism

464

(1)

13.4 Elastic Transducers

464

(7)

13.4.1 Calibration Adjustment

468

(1)

13.4.2 The Proving Ring

469

(2)

13.5 Strain-Gage Load Cells

471

(4)

13.6 Piezoelectric Load Cells

475

(1)

13.7 Ballistic Weighing

475

(2)

13.8 Hydraulic and Pneumatic Systems

477

(2)

13.9 Torque Measurement

479

(6)

13.9.1 Mechanical and Hydraulic Dynamometers

480

(3)

13.9.2 Electric Dynamometers

483

(2)

13.10 Transmission Dynamometers

485

(4)

14 Measurement of Pressure

489

(38)

14.1 Introduction

489

(1)

14.2 Static and Dynamic Pressures in Fluids

490

(2)

14.3 Pressure-Measuring Transducers

492

(1)

14.4 Manometry

493

(5)

14.5 Bourdon-Tube Gages

498

(1)

14.6 Elastic Diaphragms

498

(3)

14.6.1 Flat Metal Diaphragms

500

(1)

14.6.2 Corrugated Metal Diaphragms

500

(1)

14.6.3 Semiconductor Diaphragms

501

(1)

14.7 Additional Pressure Transducers

501

(5)

14.7.1 Strain Gages and Flat Diaphragms

501

(1)

14.7.2 Inductive Transducers

502

(1)

14.7.3 Piezoelectric Transducers

502

(1)

14.7.4 Capacitative Transducers

503

(1)

14.7.5 Strain-Gage Pressure Cells

504

(2)

14.8 Measurement of High Pressures

506

(2)

14.8.1 Electrical Resistance Pressure Gages

506

(2)

14.9 Measurement of Low Pressures

508

(3)

14.9.1 The McLeod Gage

508

(1)

14.9.2 Thermal Conductivity Gages

509

(1)

14.9.3 Ionization Gages

510

(1)

14.10 Dynamic Characteristics of Pressure-Measuring Systems

511

(4)

14.10.1 Gas-Filled Systems

512

(1)

14.10.2 Liquid-Filled Systems

513

(2)

14.11 Calibration Methods

515

(12)

14.11.1 Periodic Pressure Sources

516

(1)

14.11.2 Aperiodic Pressure Sources

517

(10)

15 Measurement of Fluid Flow

527

(50)

15.1 Introduction

527

(2)

15.2 Flow Characteristics

529

(2)

15.3 Obstruction Meters

531

(10)

15.3.1 Obstruction Meters for Incompressible Flow

531

(2)

15.3.2 Venturi Tube Characteristics

533

(1)

15.3.3 Flow-Nozzle Characteristics

534

(1)

15.3.4 Orifice Characteristics

534

(7)

15.3.5 Relative Merits of the Venturi, Flow Nozzle, and Orifice

541

(1)

15.4 Obstruction Meters for Compressible Fluids

541

(4)

15.4.1 Choked Flow and the Critical Flow Venturi Meter

544

(1)

15.5 Additional Flowmeters

545

(7)

15.5.1 Turbine Meters

545

(2)

15.5.2 Electromagnetic Flowmeters

547

(1)

15.5.3 Coriolis Flowmeters

548

(1)

15.5.4 Vortex Shedding Flowmeters

549

(1)

15.5.5 Ultrasonic Flowmeters

550

(1)

15.5.6 Positive Displacement Flowmeters

550

(1)

15.5.7 The Variable-Area Meter

551

(1)

15.6 Calibration of Flowmeters

552

(2)

15.7 Measurements of Fluid Velocities

554

(1)

15.8 Pressure Probes

555

(7)

15.8.1 Incompressible Fluids

556

(1)

15.8.2 Compressible Fluids

557

(1)

15.8.3 Total-Pressure Probes

557

(1)

15.8.4 Static-Pressure Probes

558

(2)

15.8.5 Direction-Sensing Probes

560

(2)

15.9 Thermal Anemometry

562

(3)

15.10 Doppler-Shift Measurements

565

(5)

15.10.1 Laser-Doppler Anemometry

566

(3)

15.10.2 Ultrasonic-Doppler Anemometry

569

(1)

15.11 Flow Visualization

570

(7)

16 Temperature Measurements

577

(79)

16.1 Introduction

577

(6)

16.2 Use of Thermal Expansion

583

(3)

16.2.1 Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers

583

(1)

16.2.2 Calibration and Stem Correction

584

(2)

16.2.3 Bimetal Temperature-Sensing Elements

586

(1)

16.3 Pressure Thermometers

586

(2)

16.4 Thermoresistive Elements

588

(8)

16.4.1 Resistance Thermometers

588

(2)

16.4.2 Instrumentation for Resistance Thermometry

590

(3)

16.4.3 Thermistors

593

(3)

16.5 Thermocouples

596

(17)

16.5.1 Application Laws for Thermocouples

598

(1)

16.5.2 Thermocouple Materials and Construction

598

(3)

16.5.3 Values of the Thermocouple EMF

601

(1)

16.5.4 Measurement of Thermocouple EMF

602

(8)

16.5.5 Electronic Instruments

610

(2)

16.5.6 Thermopiles and Thermocouples Connected in Parallel

612

(1)

16.6 Semiconductor-Junction Temperature Sensors

613

(1)

16.7 The Linear Quartz Thermometer

613

(2)

16.8 Pyrometry

615

(10)

16.8.1 Radiation Pyrometry Theory

616

(4)

16.8.2 Total-Radiation Pyrometry

620

(2)

16.8.3 Spectral-Band Pyrometry

622

(2)

16.8.4 Infrared Pyrometry

624

(1)

16.8.5 Thermal Imaging

625

(1)

16.9 Other Methods of Temperature Indication

625

(1)

16.10 Temperature Measurement Errors

626

(12)

16.10.1 Errors Associated with Convection, Radiation, and Conduction

626

(6)

16.10.2 Measurement of Temperature in Rapidly Moving Gas

632

(2)

16.10.3 Temperature Element Response

634

(3)

16.10.4 Compensation for Temperature Element Response

637

(1)

16.11 Measurement of Heat Flux

638

(4)

16.12 Calibration of Temperature-Measuring Device;

642

(14)

17 Measurement of Motion

656

(35)

17.1 Introduction

656

(1)

17.2 Vibrometers and Accelerometers

657

(1)

17.3 Elementary Vibrometers and Vibration Detectors

657

(2)

17.4 Elementary Accelerometers

659

(1)

17.5 The Seismic Instrument

659

(1)

17.6 General Theory of the Seismic Instrument

660

(5)

17.6.1 The Vibration Pickup

662

(1)

17.6.2 Phase Shift in the Seismic Vibrorneter

663

(2)

17.6.3 General Rule for Vibrometers

665

(1)

17.7 The Seismic Accelerometer

665

(3)

17.7.1 Phase Lag in the Accelerometer

667

(1)

17.7.2 Practical Design of Seismic Instruments

667

(1)

17.8 Calibration

668

(1)

17.9 Calibration of Vibrometers

669

(1)

17.10 Calibration of Accelerometers

669

(1)

17.10.1 Static Calibration

669

(1)

17.10.2 Steady-State Periodic Calibration

670

(1)

17.11 Response of the Seismic Instrument to Transients

670

(3)

17.12 Measurement of Velocity by the Laser Velocity Transducer

673

(1)

17.13 Vibration and Shock Testing

673

(1)

17.14 Vibrational Exciter Systems

674

(4)

17.14.1 Electromagnetic Systems

674

(1)

17.14.2 Mechanical-Type Exciters

675

(1)

17.14.3 Hydraulic and Pneumatic Systems

676

(1)

17.14.4 Relative Merits and Limitations of Each System

676

(2)

17.15 Vibration Test Methods

678

(1)

17.15.1 The Brute-Force Method

678

(1)

17.15.2 The Resonance Method

678

(1)

17.16 Shock Testing

679

(1)

17.17 Shock Rigs

680

(4)

17.17.1 Air Gun Shock-Producing Devices

681

(1)

17.17.2 Spring-Loaded Test Rigs

681

(1)

17.17.3 A Hydraulic-Pneumatic Rig

681

(1)

17.17.4 Gravity Rigs

682

(1)

17.17.5 Relative Merits and Limitations of Each Shock Rig

683

(1)

17.18 Practical Shock Testing

684

(7)

18 Acoustical Measurements

691

(31)

18.1 Introduction

691

(1)

18.2 Characterization of Sound (Noise)

692

(2)

18.3 Basic Acoustical Parameters

694

(6)

18.3.1 Sound Pressure

694

(1)

18.3.2 Sound Pressure Level

694

(2)

18.3.3 Power, Intensity, and Power Level

696

(1)

18.3.4 Combination of Sound Pressure Levels

697

(2)

18.3.5 Attenuation with Distance

699

(1)

18.4 Psychoacoustic Relationships

700

(2)

18.5 Sound-Measuring Apparatus and Techniques

702

(8)

18.5.1 Microphones

702

(2)

18.5.2 The Sound Level Meter

704

(2)

18.5.3 Frequency Spectrum Analysis

706

(4)

18.5.4 The Discrete Fourier Transform

710

(1)

18.6 Applied Spectrum Analysis

710

(2)

18.7 Measurement and Interpretation of Industrial and Environmental Noise

712

(3)

18.7.1 Equivalent Sound Level, Leq

712

(1)

18.7.2 Sound Exposure Level (SEL)

713

(1)

18.7.3 Sound Intensity Measurement

713

(2)

18.8 Notes on Some Practical Aspects of Sound Measurements

715

(2)

18.9 Calibration Methods

717

(1)

18.10 Final Remarks

718

(4)

III Appendices

722

(40)

A Standards and Conversion Equations

723

(3)

B Theoretical Basis for Fourier Analysis

726

(5)

C Number Systems

731

(5)

D Some Useful Data

736

(4)

E Stress and Strain Relationships

740

(15)

F Statistical Tests of Least Squares Fits

755

(4)

Answers to Selected Problems

759

(3)

Index

762

Please wait while the item is added to your bag...

FREE SHIPPING

Amazon no longer offers textbook rentals. We do!

Mechanical Measurements

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials