Educating Special Learners

, by Cartwright, Phillip; Cartwright, Carol A.; Ward, Marjorie E.

Note: Supplemental materials are not guaranteed with Rental or Used book purchases.

ISBN: 9780534176648 | 053417664X
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 1/1/1995

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This text provides comprehensive treatment of major special education topics, giving students (especially non-majors) a firm foundation of knowledge and skills. The authors distinguish critical from peripheral material, giving students a solid background in the research, issues, instructional methods, types of learning disabilities, types of physical and mental handicaps, tools, and treatments in the field. The book features easy-to-read prose and informative illustrations.

Preface

xxiii

Part 1: Major Influences Shaping the Education of Exceptional Children

Legal and Humanistic Forces

(19)

Egalitarianism and Normalization

(7)

Egalitarianism

(1)

Normalization

(1)

Sticks and Stones: The Question of Terminology

(2)

Mainstreaming and Inclusion

(2)

Barrier-Free Living

(1)

Sensitizing the Next Generation

(1)

Litigation and Legislation

(6)

Litigation

(1)

College Students with Disabilities

(1)

Legislation

(3)

Concerns About Inclusion

(1)

Summary

(1)

Suggestions for Further Reading

(3)

Human Services and Placements

(24)

Educational Programs and Placements

(9)

Cascade of Services

(1)

Case Study: Samuel

(1)

Case Study: William

(4)

Homebound, Hospital

Residential Facility

Separate Facility

Separate Class

Severely Retarded Youngsters in a Regular Junior High School

(1)

A Day in the Life of a Resource Room Teacher

(3)

Resource Room

Regular Classroom

Human Services for Individuals with Disabilities

(11)

Full Range of Service

(1)

The Multidisciplinary Team Approach

(5)

The Role of the Teacher and Other Professionals

Team Decisions

Related Services: PL 94-142 and PL 101-476

(1)

Transportation

Other Agencies

(2)

State Agencies

Voluntary Agencies

Private Agencies

Finding the Right Agency

(2)

Summary

(1)

Suggestions for Further Reading

(2)

Definitions and Classification Schemes

(23)

The Labeling Controversy

(3)

Categories and Labels: Cons

(2)

Categories and Labels: Pros

(1)

The Problems with Definitions

(1)

Legislative Definitions

(7)

Categorical Definitions

(2)

Special Education

(1)

Free, Appropriate Public Education

(1)

Related Services

(1)

Transition Services

(1)

Evaluation Procedures

(1)

Gifted and Talented

(1)

Is a Disability Always a Handicap?

(5)

Do You Think of Yourself as Handicapped?

(1)

Related Disabilities

(1)

Varying Behavior

(2)

Similar Behavior

(1)

An Alternative to Traditional Classification Schemes

(2)

Developmental Domains

(2)

Summary

(1)

Suggestions for Further Reading

(3)

Part 2: Characteristics of Exceptional Children

Visual Impairments

(47)

How We See

(1)

Definitions

(6)

The Eye and the Process of Seeing

(2)

Personal Definitions

(1)

Definitions for Legal and Administrative Purposes

(1)

Definitions for Educational Purposes

(1)

The Federal Definition

(1)

The Extent of the Problem

(1)

Causes of Impaired Vision

(5)

Prenatal Influences

(1)

Injuries and Poisoning

(1)

Multicenter Research on Retinopathy of Prematurity

(1)

Neoplasms

(1)

Infectious Diseases

(1)

Characteristics of Children with Visual Disabilities

(4)

Cognitive Development

(1)

Motor Development

(1)

Social Development

(1)

Identification

(4)

Screening

(1)

Signs of Possible Eye Problems

(1)

Referral and Follow-up

(2)

Educational Placements

(3)

Curriculum for Students with Visual Handicaps

(12)

Personal Competence, Self-Adjustment, and Daily Living Skills

(1)

Orientation and Mobility

(1)

The Sonicguide Increases Environmental Awareness

(2)

Communication Skills

(1)

Vocational Guidance and Career Development

(2)

The Seeing Eye

100

(2)

Special Aids and Equipment

102

(2)

Louis Braille and the Braille System of Embossed Writing

104

(2)

Vision Stimulation

106

(1)

Braille 'N Speak and Type 'N Speak

106

(1)

Computer Technology

107

(3)

Evolution in Personal Reading Machines

108

(2)

Teacher Considerations

110

(3)

Descriptive Video Service

112

(1)

Summary

113

(2)

Suggestions for Further Reading

115

(2)

Hearing Impairment

117

(40)

The Process of Hearing

118

(1)

How We Hear

119

(6)

Types of Hearing Loss

120

(1)

Degree of Hearing Loss

120

(3)

Level of Function

123

(2)

Hearing Impairment

125

(1)

Incidence of Hearing Impairment

126

(1)

Causes of Impaired Hearing

126

(3)

Heredity

127

(1)

Rubella

128

(1)

Cytomegalovirus

128

(1)

Blood Incompatibility

128

(1)

Meningitis

128

(1)

Prematurity

129

(1)

Acoustical Trauma

129

(1)

Identification of Impaired Hearing

129

(4)

Educational Alternatives for Children with Hearing Impairments

133

(2)

Effects of Hearing Impairment on Learning

133

(2)

Nature of Hearing Defect

Age at Onset

Degree of Loss

Cognitive Function

Presence of Other Handicapping Conditions

Nature and Amount of Stimulation Provided

Instructional Considerations

135

(6)

Manual Communication

136

(1)

``Huh?''

136

(2)

American Sign Language

138

(1)

Oral Communication

139

(2)

Total Communication

141

(1)

Technology for Students with Impaired Hearing

141

(6)

Take a Cue From Christy!

142

(5)

Language/Speech Aids

Environmental Situation Aids

Computer Aids

Teacher Considerations

147

(6)

``What Do I Do if the Hearing Aid Won't Work?''

152

(1)

Summary

153

(2)

Suggestions for Further Reading

155

(2)

Communication Disorders: Language and Speech

157

(34)

Matching Minds and Machines for a Miracle

158

(2)

Speech Development and Production

160

(3)

A Theory of Communication

163

(7)

Aspects of Oral-Verbal Communication

166

(4)

Language

Speech

Paralinguistics

Nonlinguistics

Metalinguistics

Speech and Language Problems

170

(9)

Articulation

171

(1)

Voice

171

(1)

Fluency

172

(2)

Stuttering

Cluttering

Language Disorders

174

(2)

Developmental Perspective

Etiological Perspective

The Story of Hilary

176

(2)

Functional Perspective

Extent of the Problems

178

(1)

Characteristics of Children with Speech Impairments

179

(4)

Identification

180

(1)

Assessment

181

(1)

Use of Technology

182

(1)

Educational Programs

183

(4)

Teacher Considerations

184

(1)

Computerized Aids Offer Voice

185

(2)

Summary

187

(1)

Suggestions for Further Reading

188

(3)

Orthopedic and Other Health Impairments

191

(42)

Neurological Disorders

193

(12)

Cerebral Palsy

193

(5)

Definition

Classification

Extent of the Problem

Associated Disabilities

Mary's Story

198

(1)

Spina Bifida

199

(2)

Convulsive Disorders

201

(3)

Grand Mal Seizures

Petit Mal Seizures

Psychomotor Seizures

Focal Seizures

Myoclonic and Akinetic Seizures

What to do and not to do for a Child who has a Seizure

204

(1)

Poliomyelitis

205

(1)

Musculoskeletal Disorders

205

(3)

Muscular Dystrophy

205

(1)

Arthrogryposis

206

(1)

Legg-Perthes Disease

207

(1)

Osteogenesis Imperfecta

207

(1)

Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis

207

(1)

Scoliosis

208

(1)

Other Disabilities

208

(7)

Congenital Malformations

208

(1)

Diseases

209

(2)

Cystic Fibrosis

Sickle Cell Anemia

Hemophilia

Juvenile Diabetes Mellitus

Other Health Impairments

211

(4)

Allergies

Asthma

Rheumatic Fever

Sexually Transmitted Diseases

Other Categories

Functional Domains

215

(2)

Cognitive

215

(1)

Motor

216

(1)

Language

217

(1)

Social-Emotional

217

(1)

Educational Considerations

217

(9)

Hi-My-Name-Is-Jenny

218

(4)

Educational Placements

222

(2)

Related Services

Stamina and Scheduling

Positioning Architectural Barriers

224

(1)

Environmental Adaptations

225

(1)

Assistive Technology

226

(3)

Summary

229

(1)

Suggestions for Further Reading

230

(3)

Mental Retardation

233

(42)

Mental Retardation Defined

234

(4)

General Intellectual Ability

235

(1)

Adaptive Behavior

235

(1)

Case Study: Kevin

236

(2)

Manifestation During Developmental Period

238

(1)

Classification Schemes

238

(9)

Mild Retardation

239

(2)

Moderate Retardation

241

(1)

Severe Retardation

242

(1)

Case Study: Karen

242

(2)

Case Study: Daniel

244

(2)

Profound Retardation

246

(1)

Case Study: Dawn

246

(1)

Incidence of Retardation

247

(1)

The Cause of Mental Retardation

248

(5)

Infections and Intoxications

250

(1)

Trauma

250

(1)

Metabolic Disorders

250

(1)

Mental Retardation Syndromes

251

(1)

Prenatal Diagnostic Procedures

251

(2)

Additional Problems of Children with Retardation

253

(5)

Cognitive Domain

253

(3)

Language and Communication

256

(1)

Social Skills

256

(1)

Motor Skills

257

(1)

Identification and Diagnosis of Mental Retardation

258

(2)

Legal Issues

258

(1)

Services to Families

259

(1)

Educational Implications for Children with Retardation

260

(6)

Placements

260

(1)

Teaching Implications

260

(6)

Children with Mild Retardation

Children with Moderate Retardation

Children with Severe and Profound Retardation

Application of the Diagnostic Teaching Model

266

(5)

Identifying Relevant Attributes

266

(1)

Specifying Teaching Objectives

267

(1)

Setting Objectives

Types of Objectives

Selecting Strategies and Materials

268

(1)

Testing Strategies and Materials

268

(1)

Evaluating Performance

268

(1)

A Nine-Year-Old Child Writes About Mental Retardation

269

(1)

Examples of Objectives and Strategies

270

(1)

Summary

271

(1)

Suggestions for Further Reading

272

(3)

Learning Disability

275

(40)

The Definition Problem

276

(2)

Related Terms

278

(1)

Dyslexia

278

(1)

Attention Deficit Disorder

278

(1)

Causes of Learning Disabilities

279

(4)

Brain Injury

280

(1)

Biochemical Causes

281

(1)

Genetic Causes

282

(1)

Environmental Causes

282

(1)

Extent of the Problem

283

(2)

Ways to Recognize a Child Who is Learning Disabled

284

(1)

Characteristics of Children with Learning Disabilities

285

(6)

Cognitive/Language Domain

286

(3)

Motor Domain

289

(1)

Social Domain

290

(1)

Identification of Children with Learning Disabilities

291

(3)

The Federally Mandated Approach

291

(3)

The Discrepancy Approach

294

(1)

The Controversy over Educating Children with Learning Disabilities

294

(7)

Intellectual Level of Children with Learning Disabilities

295

(1)

Brain Injury

296

(1)

Perceptual-Motor Problems

297

(1)

Process Training Versus Skill Training

298

(1)

Underachievement and IQ/Discrepancy Approaches

299

(2)

Typical Placements for Children with Learning Disabilities

301

(1)

Teaching Children with Learning Disabilities

302

(4)

Ways to Teach Students with Learning Disabilities

304

(1)

Holistic Approach

305

(1)

Application of the Diagnostic Teaching Model

306

(5)

Identifying Relevant Attributes

306

(1)

Specifying Teaching Objectives

306

(1)

Selecting Strategies and Materials

307

(1)

Testing Strategies and materials

307

(1)

Walking the LD Tightrope

308

(1)

Evaluating Performance

309

(2)

Other Approaches

311

(1)

Summary

312

(1)

Suggestions for Further Reading

313

(2)

Emotional and Behavioral Disorders

315

(48)

The Nature of the Problem

317

(2)

Lables and Definitions

317

(1)

The 1992 Federal Definition

318

(1)

Normal and Disturbed Behavior

318

(1)

Descriptions of Children Who Have Emotional/Behavioral Disorders

319

(6)

Wanda

320

(1)

The Range and Variability of Normal Behavior

321

(1)

Shifting Standards

322

(1)

Expectations of the Culture and Society

323

(1)

The Measurement of Behavior

323

(1)

Interrelationships Among Disabilities

324

(1)

Different Perspectives

324

(1)

Classification

325

(5)

DSM-IV

325

(1)

Dimension Analysis

326

(1)

Facets of Disordered Behavior

326

(1)

Severity of Behavior

327

(1)

Using Applied Behavior Analysis in the Classroom

328

(2)

Prevalence

330

(1)

Differing Viewpoints on Definitions and Treatment

330

(15)

The Value of Variety

330

(1)

The Child Variance Project

331

(1)

The Biophysical Model

332

(3)

Causes

Assessment

Intervention

The Behavioral Approach

335

(4)

Causes

Assessment

Interventions

The Psychodynamic Approach

339

(5)

Causes

Assessment

Interventions

Sociological and Ecological Theories

344

(1)

Causes

Assessment

Interventions

Educational Considerations: Four Functional Domains

345

(4)

Social and Emotional Development

346

(1)

Cognitive Development

347

(2)

Communication Development

349

(1)

Motor Development

349

(1)

Application of the Diagnostic Teaching Model

349

(6)

Identification of Relevant Attributes

350

(1)

Behavior Management

Specifying Teaching Objectives

351

(1)

Types of Objectives

Setting Objectives

Selecting Strategies and Materials

352

(1)

Planning

What is it Like to Teach Children with Emotional/Behavioral Disorders?

352

(1)

Testing Strategies and Materials

353

(1)

Evaluation

353

(2)

Examples

355

(1)

To Improve Students' Ability to Take Direction:

To Improve Students' Memory Skills:

Examples of Social and Emotional Objectives

355

(1)

``My Feelings Inside of Me''

Puppetry

Dramatic Play

Additional Educational Considerations

356

(2)

Expulsion and Suspension

356

(2)

Suspension

In-School Suspension

Expulsion

Summary

358

(2)

Suggestions for Further Reading

360

(3)

Gifted and Talented

363

(26)

Definitions of Gifted and Talented

364

(7)

IQ Definitions

365

(1)

Creativity and Talent

366

(1)

Lewis M. Terman, 1879-1956

366

(5)

Legislative Definition

Heredity and Environment

371

(1)

Characteristics of Children who are Gifted

372

(3)

Cognitive Domain

372

(2)

Social and Emotional Domain

374

(1)

Sample of the Work of a Child Who is Gifted

374

(1)

Physical Characteristics

Identification of Children who are Gifted

375

(6)

Sources of Identification

Young Children Who Are Gifted

Ray Charles: A Man of Many Talents

380

(1)

Educational Intervention: An Overview

381

(2)

Available Options

381

(2)

Ability Grouping

Acceleration

Enrichment

Summary

383

(3)

Enrichment? or Extra Work?

384

(1)

Friendship, Giftedness, and Disability

385

(1)

Suggestions for Further Reading

386

(3)

Young Children with Disabilities and Their Families

389

(32)

The Nursery

390

(1)

Family Reactions to News of a Disability

391

(7)

Stress Within the Family

392

(2)

The Role of Professionals

394

(2)

A Father's Story

396

(2)

Parent-Child Interactions

398

(1)

The Rationale for Parent Involvement

399

(2)

Roles for Parents

401

(1)

Parents and Professionals Working Together

402

(2)

The Case for Early Intervention

404

(4)

Projects Head Start and Follow Through

405

(1)

Improving the Quality of Life

406

(1)

Follow-up Studies

407

(1)

Federal Mandates

408

(3)

IEP and IFSP

409

(1)

Services to Be Provided

409

(1)

Integration and Least Restrictive Environment

409

(1)

The IFSP: Individualized Family Service Plan

410

(1)

Programs For Young Children With Disabilities

411

(6)

Services Available to Infants, Toddlers, and Preschoolers Under Public Law 102-119

411

(1)

Home-Based Approaches

412

(1)

Center-Based Approaches

413

(1)

Hospital-Based Approaches

413

(1)

Combination Approaches

413

(1)

Parents as Teachers

414

(1)

Similarities Among Programs

415

(2)

Summary

417

(2)

Suggestions for Further Reading

419

(2)

Adolescence and Adulthood

421

(28)

Adolescents with Disabilities

422

(4)

Adolescents with Mild Vocational Disabilities

423

(1)

Some Possible Adaptations for Secondary School and College Students

424

(2)

Adolescents with Serious Vocational Disabilities

426

(1)

Educational Programs for Adolescents with Disabilities

426

(9)

Programs for Adolescents with Mild Vocational Disabilities

427

(1)

Programs for Adolescents with Serious Vocational Disabilities

428

(1)

Sex Education

429

(1)

Everyday Zac

430

(1)

Career Education

431

(2)

Transition Services

433

(2)

Adults with Disabilities

435

(12)

ADA: Americans with Disabilities Act

435

(1)

Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990

436

(7)

ADA Title I: Employment

ADA Title II: Public Accommodations

ADA Title III: Transportation

ADA Title IV: State and Local Government Operations

ADA Title V: Telecommunications Relay Services

Leisure Time Activities

443

(1)

Kent Graduate Cycling Toward a Dream

444

(2)

Advocacy

446

(1)

Summary

447

(1)

Suggestions for Further Reading

448

(1)

Special Groups

449

(29)

Other Disability Categories Covered by IDEA

450

(10)

Children with Multiple Disabilities

450

(4)

Incidence

Causes

Educational Considerations

Children with Deaf-Blindness

454

(2)

Incidence

Causes

Educational Considerations

Children with Autism

456

(1)

Characteristics

Incidence

Causes

Educational Considerations

Traumatic Brain Injury

457

(1)

Marcy

458

(2)

Characteristics

Incidence

Educational Considerations

Special Groups not Covered by IDEA

460

(12)

Abused and Neglected Children

460

(2)

Emotional Abuse: Do You Get the Feeling?

462

(5)

Incidence

Reporting Suspected Abuse

Alcohol and Other Drug Abuse

467

(2)

Role of the Teacher

Teenage Pregnancy

469

(1)

Education Programs

Juvenile Delinquency

470

(2)

Factors Related to Delinquency

Role of the Schools

Summary

472

(1)

Suggestions for Further Reading

473

(5)

Part 3: Identification, Assessment, and Teaching

Identification, Assessment, and Referral

478

(45)

The Identification Model

479

(3)

Screening Children

Collecting Data

Evaluating Data

Deciding About Referrals

Introducing Linda

481

(1)

Human Development Foundations

482

(2)

Principles of Development

482

(1)

Individual Differences

483

(1)

Assessment

484

(2)

The Need for More Information

484

(1)

Definitions of Assessment and Evaluation

485

(1)

Assessment is an Integral Part of Teaching

485

(1)

Types of Assessment

486

(4)

Current and Historical Information

486

(1)

Placement, Formative, and Summative Assessment

487

(1)

Criterion-Referenced and Norm-Referenced Assessments

488

(2)

Curriculum-Based Assessment

490

(1)

Assessment: The Bridge Between Identification and Intervention

490

(3)

Federal Mandates

490

(1)

Teacher's Responsibilities

491

(2)

Consulting Specialists

Drawing Inferences from Data

Linking Assessment Information to Curriculum Planning

Choosing Assessment Procedures

493

(3)

Reviewing Published Assessment Procedures

494

(1)

Teacher-Made Assessment Procedures

494

(1)

Special Considerations

Parent and Peer Appraisal and Self-Report Techniques

495

(1)

Observation

496

(2)

Recording Observations

496

(1)

Record Forms

497

(1)

Referral Procedures: A Case Study

498

(16)

Teacher Responsibilities

501

(1)

Parent-Teacher Conferences

502

(2)

Planning the Conference

Conducting the Conference

Procedural Safeguards

504

(2)

After Assessment

506

(4)

Preparing the IEP

510

(3)

The Due-Process Hearing

513

(1)

Handling Information About Children

514

(2)

Confidentiality

514

(1)

Maintenance of Records

515

(1)

Teachers as Advocates

516

(1)

Summary

517

Suggestions for Further Reading

473

(50)

Generic Teaching Strategies

523

(32)

Noncategorical Teaching Competencies

525

(1)

Factors Influencing Choice of Teaching Strategies

526

(2)

Type of Disability

527

(1)

Level of Severity

527

(1)

Age

527

(1)

Behavior Management

528

(4)

Points to Remember

528

(2)

Discipline

530

(1)

Classroom Management

531

(1)

The Diagnostic Teaching Model

532

(3)

Identifying the Relevant Attributes of the Child

532

(2)

Specifying Teaching Objectives

534

(1)

Selecting the Instructional Strategy

534

(1)

Selecting Appropriate Materials

534

(1)

Evaluating the Program

535

(1)

The Many Faces of Instruction

535

(11)

Remedial and Compensatory Education

536

(1)

Direct Instruction

537

(2)

Task Analysis

539

(1)

Sequencing Instruction

540

(1)

Guided Discovery Learning

540

(1)

Perceptual-Motor Training

541

(2)

Other Strategies

543

(3)

Modeling

Inquiry

Peer Tutoring

Art, Dance, and Music Therapy

Horticulture Therapy

Equine Therapy

Media-Based Instruction

Educational Games

Interactive Technologies

546

(6)

Multimedia

546

(1)

Student Uses of Technologies

547

(2)

Effectiveness of Computer Applications in Education

549

(1)

An Inclusion Checklist for Your School

550

(1)

Administrative Uses

551

(1)

Summary

552

(1)

Suggestions for Further Reading

553

(2)

Glossary

555

(30)

Glossary of Terms

555

(28)

Glossary of Abbreviations

583

(2)

Bibliography

585

(32)

Public Laws Referenced Frequently

616

(1)

Author Index

617

(4)

Subject Index

621

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Educating Special Learners

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Supplemental Materials

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