Introduction to Direction-of-arrival

Direction-of-Arrival (DOA) estimation concerns the estimation of direction finding signals in the form of electromagnetic or acoustic waves, impinging on a sensor or antenna array. DOA estimation is used for locatin and tracking signal sources in both civilian and military applications. This authoritative volume provides an overview and performance analysis of the basic DOA algorithms, including comparisons between the various types. The book offers you a detailed understanding of the arrays pertinent to DOA finding, and presents a detailed illustration of the ESPRIT-based DOA algorithms complete with their performance assessments. From antennas and array receiving systems, to advanced topics on DOA estimation, this book serves as a one-stop resource for professionals and students. Nearly 100 illustrations and more than 281 equations support key topics throughout.

Zhizhang Chen is a professor in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Dalhousie University. He holds an M.S. in radio engineering from Southeast University in China and a Ph.D. in electrical engineering from the University of Ottawa. Gopal Gokeda is an electrical engineer, a certified project management professional, and a certified Prince2 practitioner. His interests are in embedded systems engineering, wireless and satellite communications, underwater sonar transducer design, and project management. Mr. Gokeda holds an M.A.Sc. in electrical engineering from Dalhousie University and is pursuing his M.B.A. from the Edinburgh School of Business. Yiqiang Yu is a research engineer in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Dalhousie University. He holds an M.Sc. in communications systems and a Ph.D. in computational electromagnetics from Swansea University, United Kingdom.

Preface	p. 9
Introduction	p. 11
Smart Antenna Architecture	p. 12
Overview of This Book	p. 17
Notations	p. 18
References	p. 19
Antennas and Array Receiving System	p. 21
Single Transmit Antenna	p. 23
Directivity and Gain	p. 23
Radiation Pattern	p. 24
Equivalent Resonant Circuits and Bandwidth	p. 25
Single Receive Antenna	p. 26
Antenna Array	p. 27
Conclusion	p. 29
Reference	p. 30
Overview of Basic DOA Estimation Algorithms	p. 31
Introduction	p. 31
Data Model	p. 32
Uniform Linear Array (ULA)	p. 33
Centro-Symmetric Sensor Arrays	p. 38
Uniform Linear Array	p. 40
Uniform Rectangular Array (URA)	p. 41
Covariance Matrices	p. 45
Beamforming Techniques	p. 46
Conventional Beamformer	p. 47
Capon's Beamformer	p. 49
Linear Prediction	p. 51
Maximum Likelihood Techniques	p. 52
Subspace-Based Techniques	p. 54
Concept of Subspaces	p. 54
MUSIC	p. 57
Minimum Norm	p. 61
ESPRIT	p. 62
Conclusion	p. 63
References	p. 63
Preprocessing Schemes and Model Order Estimation	p. 65
Introduction	p. 65
Preprocessing Schemes	p. 66
Forward-Backward Averaging	p. 67
Spatial Smoothing	p. 69
Model Order Estimators	p. 74
Classical Technique	p. 75
Minimum Descriptive Length Criterion	p. 75
Akaike Information Theoretic Criterion	p. 77
Conclusion	p. 78
References	p. 79
DOA Estimations with ESPRIT Algorithms	p. 81
Introduction	p. 81
Basic Principle	p. 82
Signal and Data Model	p. 83
Signal Subspace Estimation	p. 84
Estimation of the Subspace Rotating Operator ¿	p. 85
Standard ESPRIT	p. 86
Signal Subspace Estimation	p. 88
Solution of Invariance Equation	p. 91
Spatial Frequency and DOA Estimation	p. 91
Real-Valued Transformation	p. 92
Unitary ESPRIT in Element Space	p. 94
One-Dimensional Unitary ESPRIT in Element Space	p. 94
Two-Dimensional Unitary ESPRIT in Element Space	p. 98
Beamspace Transformation	p. 105
DFT Beamspace Invariance Structure	p. 107
DFT Beamspace in a Reduced Dimension	p. 112
Unitary ESPRIT in DFT Beamspace	p. 113
One-Dimensional Unitary ESPRIT in DFT Beamspace	p. 113
Two-Dimensional Unitary ESPRIT in DFT Beamspace	p. 116
Conclusion	p. 120
References	p. 122
Analysis of ESPRIT-Based DOA Estimation Algorithms	p. 123
Introduction	p. 123
Performance Analysis	p. 126
Standard ESPRIT	p. 126
The One-Dimensional Unitary ESPRIT	p. 138
The Two-Dimensional Unitary ESPRIT	p. 148
Comparative Analysis	p. 158
Discussions	p. 167
Conclusion	p. 173
References	p. 174
Discussions and Conclusion	p. 175
Summary	p. 175
Advanced Topics on DOA Estimations	p. 176
References	p. 177
Appendix	p. 179
Kronecker Product	p. 179
Special Vectors and Matrix Notations	p. 180
FLOPS	p. 180
List of Abbreviations	p. 183
About the Authors	p. 185
Index	p. 187
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Introduction to Direction-of-arrival Estimation

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