Essentials of Modern Telecommunications Systems

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ISBN: 9781580534918 | 1580534910
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 5/1/2004

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In today's competitive and fast-changing telecom industry, most professionals find themselves in the difficult situation of having to sacrifice keeping on top of the latest technology because they are striving to meet another round of high-pressure deadlines. Essentials of Modern Telecommunications Systems offers you a solution to this problem, helping you quickly coming up to speed with the latest advances in your field. By cutting out arcane mathematics and management-speak jargon, it focuses on the essentials you need for rapidly understanding and mastering the latest implementation and development techniques. It provides the complete systems picture from semiconductors to end-to-end networking.

Foreword by Sir Arthur C. Clark

Preface

xvii

Acknowledgments

xix

CHAPTER 1 The Communication Channel and the Communication Network

(28)

1.1 Development of Telecommunications

(3)

1.2 Introduction to Telecommunications

(1)

1.2.1 Information and Signals

(1)

1.2.2 The Communications Channel

(1)

1.2.3 Communications Systems, Networks, and Services

(1)

1.3 Signals in Communications

(5)

1.3.1 Types of Signals

(2)

1.3.2 Characteristics of Signals

(3)

1.4 Characteristics of the Communications Channel

(12)

1.4.1 Bandwidth

(1)

1.4.2 Channel Impairments

(4)

1.4.3 The Information Carrying Capacity of the Channel

(1)

1.4.4 Transmission Media

(3)

1.4.5 Modulation and Encoding

(2)

1.4.6 Multiplexing

(1)

1.5 The Communications Network

(2)

1.5.1 Access

(1)

1.5.2 Switching and Signaling

(1)

1.5.3 Transmission

(1)

1.6 The Future

(3)

1.7 Enabling Technologies

(1)

References

(2)

CHAPTER 2 Digital Telephony

(70)

2.1 From Analog to Digital

(2)

2.1.1 Digitization of the PSTN

(1)

2.1.2 Digitization of Wireless Systems

(1)

2.1.3 Telephony over Packet-Switched Networks

(1)

2.2 Advantages of Digital Techniques

(3)

2.2.1 Integrated Networks

(1)

2.2.2 Modern Semiconductor Technology and Software Support

(1)

2.2.3 Regeneration

(1)

2.2.4 Ease of Signaling

(1)

2.2.5 Integration of Transmission and Switching

(1)

2.2.6 Use of Optical Fiber Technology

(1)

2.2.7 DSP

(1)

2.3 Disadvantages of Digital Techniques

(1)

2.4 PCM Techniques and Standards

(9)

2.4.1 PCM Basics

(1)

2.4.2 Sampling

(2)

2.4.3 Quantization

(5)

2.4.4 Encoding

(1)

2.5 Low Bit-Rate Voice Coding

(12)

2.5.1 Digital Encoding of Waveforms

(1)

2.5.2 Overview of Speech Coding Techniques

(6)

2.5.3 Speech Coder Attributes

(5)

2.6 Voice over the Internet

(17)

2.6.1 Introduction to Voice over Packet-Switched Networks

(1)

2.6.2 Basics of VoIP

(1)

2.6.3 VoIP Configurations

(4)

2.6.4 VoIP Standards

(6)

2.6.5 Technical Challenges of VoIP

(5)

2.6.6 Voice Quality Measurement and Standards in VoIP

(1)

2.7 Devices for Digital Telephony

(22)

2.7.1 Subscriber Line Interfacing

(16)

2.7.2 Low-Bit-Rate Voice Codecs

(1)

2.7.3 Devices for VoIP

(5)

References

(4)

CHAPTER 3 Switching and Signaling Systems

(44)

3.1 Evolution of Switching Systems

(1)

3.2 Essentials of Switching, Signaling, and Control

100

(1)

3.3 Principles of Switching

101

(4)

3.3.1 Time and Space Switching

102

(1)

3.3.2 Multidimensional Switching

103

(2)

3.4 Circuit Switching and Packet Switching

105

(2)

3.4.1 Basics of Packet Switching

105

(2)

3.5 Signaling Systems

107

(5)

3.5.1 Subscriber Signaling in the PSTN

107

(2)

3.5.2 Interexchange Signaling in the PSTN

109

(1)

3.5.3 An Overview of ITU-T SS7

109

(3)

3.6 Digital Exchanges

112

(7)

3.6.1 Functional Groups of a Digital Exchange

112

(3)

3.6.2 Processor Systems

115

(2)

3.6.3 ISDN Systems

117

(2)

3.7 Private Branch Exchanges and Key Phone Systems

119

(2)

3.7.1 Private Branch Exchanges and Centrex

119

(1)

3.7.2 Key Phone Systems

119

(2)

3.8 Merging Data and Voice

121

(1)

3.9 Packet Switching Systems

121

(16)

3.9.1 X-25 and Other Early Packet Switching Systems

121

(3)

3.9.2 Frame and Cell Relay

124

(3)

3.9.3 ATM and Broadband-ISDN

127

(6)

3.9.4 IP Switching and Label Switching

133

(4)

3.9.5 An Illustrative Modern Data Network

137

(1)

3.10 Switch Fabric Interfaces and ICs

137

(2)

3.11 Optics and the Future

139

(2)

References

141

(2)

CHAPTER 4 Cellular Systems

143

(54)

4.1 Introduction

143

(1)

4.2 Advantages and Constraints of Wireless Access

143

(1)

4.3 Basic Components of Wireless Access

144

(1)

4.4 Cellular Systems as an Access Technology

145

(6)

4.4.1 The Evolution of Cellular Systems

145

(1)

4.4.2 The Cellular Concept

145

(2)

4.4.3 The Cellular Geometry

147

(3)

4.4.4 The Physical Architecture of Cellular Systems

150

(1)

4.4.5 The RF Channel Structure

151

(1)

4.5 Cellular System Operation

151

(4)

4.5.1 Identification Numbers and Codes

151

(1)

4.5.2 Mobile Unit Initialization

152

(1)

4.5.3 Mobile Originated Call

152

(1)

4.5.4 Network Originated (Mobile Terminated) Call

152

(1)

4.5.5 Handoff (Handover) and Power Control

153

(1)

4.5.6 Location Tracking and Roaming

154

(1)

4.6 The Cellular Radio Environment

155

(8)

4.6.1 Path Loss

156

(1)

4.6.2 Fading

157

(3)

4.6.3 Interference

160

(3)

4.7 Frequency Assignment and Multiple Access Schemes for Cellular Systems

163

(5)

4.7.1 FDMA

163

(1)

4.7.2 TDMA

164

(1)

4.7.3 CDMA

165

(3)

4.8 Capacity of Cellular Systems

168

(1)

4.9 First Generation Cellular Systems and Standards

169

(3)

4.9.1 AMPS

169

(1)

4.9.2 TACS

170

(1)

4.9.3 Data Transmission over First Generation Cellular Systems

171

(1)

4.10 Second Generation Digital Cellular Systems

172

(10)

4.10.1 Digital Cellular Standards

172

(1)

4.10.2 The GSM System

172

(2)

4.10.3 IS-54/IS-136 (D-AMPS)

174

(1)

4.10.4 IS-95

175

(1)

4.10.5 Data over Second Generation Cellular Systems

176

(6)

4.11 Third Generation Mobile Systems

182

(6)

4.11.1 Requirements of the Third Generation

183

(1)

4.11.2 Standardization of Third Generation Systems

183

(3)

4.11.3 Advanced System Aspects of Third Generation Systems

186

(2)

4.12 Mobile Device Hardware, Architecture, and Implementation

188

(4)

4.12.1 Second Generation Mobile Terminals

188

(1)

4.12.2 Dual-Mode Terminals

189

(2)

4.12.3 Software-Defined Radios

191

(1)

4.13 Technological Trends

192

(1)

References

193

(4)

CHAPTER 5 Fixed Wireless Access

197

(26)

5.1 Introduction

197

(1)

5.2 Access Technologies

198

(2)

5.2.1 Competing Technologies for Access

198

(1)

5.2.2 Alternatives for Wireless Access

199

(1)

5.3 WLL Technologies Primarily for Voice Provision

200

(7)

5.3.1 Fixed Cellular Technologies in WLL Applications

200

(1)

5.3.2 PCS Technologies in WLL Applications

201

(5)

5.3.3 Proprietary WLL Systems

206

(1)

5.4 Broadband Fixed Wireless Access Systems

207

(10)

5.4.1 MMDS and LMDS

207

(3)

5.4.2 Multipoint-to Multipoint-Systems

210

(1)

5.4.3 Wireless LANs as Broadband FWA Systems

211

(2)

5.4.4 IEEE 802.16 Wireless MANs

213

(4)

5.5 Enabling Technologies

217

(3)

5.5.1 Devices

217

(1)

5.5.2 OFDM and OFDMA

217

(2)

5.5.3 Smart Antennas

219

(1)

5.6 The Future

220

(1)

References

220

(3)

CHAPTER 6 Digital Subscriber Loop

223

(48)

6.1 Introduction

223

(1)

6.2 Signal Impairments and the Channel Length

223

(6)

6.2.1 The Subscriber Loop

224

(1)

6.2.2 Impairments in the Subscriber Loop

225

(4)

6.3 DSL Techniques

229

(10)

6.3.1 Evolution of DSL

230

(1)

6.3.2 Basic System Components of DSL

231

(3)

6.3.3 xDSL Modulation Techniques and Modem Implementation

234

(5)

6.4 Different Versions of DSL

239

(8)

6.4.1 HDSL

240

(1)

6.4.2 ADSL

241

(2)

6.4.3 G.Lite and Microfilters

243

(2)

6.4.4 RADSL

245

(1)

6.4.5 VDSL

245

(1)

6.4.6 SDSL

246

(1)

6.4.7 Second Generation HDSL

247

(1)

6.5 Spectral Considerations in DSL

247

(3)

6.5.1 Duplexing Variants of ADSL Systems

247

(1)

6.5.2 Spectral Compatibility

248

(2)

6.6 Operation of DSL

250

(4)

6.6.1 Initialization

251

(3)

6.6.2 Adaptation of the Receiver and Transmitter

254

(1)

6.6.3 Performance Measurements

254

(1)

6.6.4 Timing Recovery

254

(1)

6.7 DSL Chip Sets

254

(10)

6.7.1 An Example of a DSP Implementation-A DMT System

255

(1)

6.7.2 ASIC Solutions

256

(3)

6.7.3 Practical Building Blocks-Standard Components for DSL Implementation

259

(2)

6.7.4 Higher Levels of Integration in ASICs for ADSL

261

(3)

6.8 The ISO Seven-Layer Model, ATM, and DSL Systems

264

(1)

6.9 End-to-End ADSL Systems

264

(1)

6.10 Standards

265

(3)

References

268

(3)

CHAPTER 7 Transmission Techniques

271

(22)

7.1 Introduction

271

(1)

7.2 Transmission Line Behavior

271

(2)

7.2.1 Lumped and Distributed Circuits

271

(1)

7.2.2 Propagation on a Transmission Line

272

(1)

7.3 Decibel Measurements

273

(1)

7.3.1 Bel and Decibel

273

(1)

7.4 Basic TDM Techniques and Digital Transmission Systems

274

(5)

7.4.1 PCM

274

(1)

7.4.2 El and T1 Systems

275

(4)

7.5 Plesiochronous Higher-Order Digital Multiplexing or PDH

279

(2)

7.6 Synchronous Digital Multiplexing

281

(6)

7.6.1 SDH

281

(1)

7.6.2 SONET

282

(1)

7.6.3 SDH/SONET Multiplexing

282

(4)

7.6.4 Timing and Synchronization in Digital Networks

286

(1)

7.7 Optical Networks

287

(3)

7.7.1 WDM Systems

288

(1)

7.7.2 DWDM Systems

289

(1)

7.7.3 Photonic Networks

289

(1)

7.8 The Future

290

(1)

References

291

(2)

CHAPTER 8 Telecommunication Systems Testing

293

(24)

8.1 Introduction

293

(1)

8.2 Measurement Areas

293

(1)

8.3 Measurement of Power Levels in Telecommunications Circuits

294

(2)

8.3.1 System Level and Zero Transmission Level Point

294

(1)

8.3.2 Noise Level Measurements

294

(1)

8.3.3 Power Level Measurements and Terminating Resistance

294

(1)

8.3.4 Envelope Delay Measurements

295

(1)

8.4 High-Frequency Power Measurements

296

(1)

8.4.1 Absorption Power Meters

297

(1)

8.4.2 Throughline Wattmeters

297

(1)

8.5 RF Insertion Units for SWR and Reflection Coefficient Measurements

297

(1)

8.6 Built-In RF Power Measurements

298

(1)

8.7 Field-Strength Measurements

299

(2)

8.8 Spectrum Observations and Frequency Measurements

301

(1)

8.9 DSL Testing and Measurements

302

(4)

8.9.1 ADSL Testing and Measurements as per ANSI T1.413

302

(4)

8.10 Testing of Digital Transmission Systems

306

(3)

8.10.1 Jitter and Wander-Definitions and Related Standards

306

(1)

8.10.2 Metrics of Jitter

307

(1)

8.10.3 Metrics of Wander

307

(2)

8.11 BERTs

309

(3)

8.11.1 Detection of Data Errors

311

(1)

8.11.2 Supplying Clock

311

(1)

8.11.3 Stressing with Jitter

312

(1)

8.12 Broadband Network Measurements

312

(1)

8.12.1 Jitter and Wander Testing on SDH Systems

313

(1)

8.13 Use of Modern Digital Storage Oscilloscopes for Physical Layer Testing or Tributary Signals

313

(2)

8.13.1 Telecom Testing and Pulse Marks

313

(1)

8.13.2 BERTs Versus Modern Fast Sampling DSOs

314

(1)

References

315

(2)

CHAPTER 9 Embedded Systems Design for Telecommunications: A Case Study

317

(26)

9.1 Introduction

317

(1)

9.2 AMR Speech Codecs and the GSM Environment

317

(2)

9.3 An Overview of Digital Signal Processor Architectures

319

(1)

9.4 Overview of Target Hardware for the AMR Speech Codec-The AD6526 Multicore Processor

320

(3)

9.4.1 RWSM

321

(1)

9.4.2 DSP Cache

322

(1)

9.5 Overview of the AMR Speech Codec

323

(5)

9.5.1 Technical Overview of the AMR Speech Encoder

323

(4)

9.5.2 Technical Overview of the AMR Speech Decoder

327

(1)

9.6 Algorithmic Complexity of the AMR Speech Codec

328

(3)

9.6.1 MIPS

328

(2)

9.6.2 Memory

330

(1)

9.7 Implementing the AMR Speech Codec-Trade-offs and Considerations

331

(1)

9.7.1 MIPS Versus Memory Usage

331

(1)

9.7.2 Application Constraints on the Algorithm

331

(1)

9.8 Porting the Reference AMR Speech Codec C Code to Target Hardware

332

(5)

9.8.1 Evaluating and Developing a Bit-Exact Version of Basicops

332

(1)

9.8.2 Counting and Analyzing Memory Accesses to Variables and Tables

332

(1)

9.8.3 Minimizing Stack Usage and Determining a Suitable Memory Architecture

333

(3)

9.8.4 Grouping Tables into Subsets of Files

336

(1)

9.8.5 Optimizing Cache Usage and Creating Unused Zones in Cache for Deterministic Operation

336

(1)

9.9 Testing and Packaging of the AMR Speech Codec

337

(3)

9.9.1 Additional Test Possibilities for the Ported AMR Speech Codec

338

(2)

9.10 Final Packaging and Documentation of the AMR Speech Codec

340

(1)

9.11 Conclusions

340

(1)

References

341

(2)

List of Acronyms

343

(10)

About the Authors

353

(2)

Index

355

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Essentials of Modern Telecommunications Systems

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials