Joint Investigation Teams in the European Union: From Theory to Practice

, by Edited by Conny Rijken , Gert Vermeulen

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ISBN: 9789067042154 | 9067042153
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 8/7/2006

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Joint Investigation Teams have been adopted in several EU as well as non-EU documents as a new instrument to facilitate mutual legal assistance. This book provides professionals dealing with criminal cooperation with a theoretical and at the same time practical guide on how the instrument of a Joint Investigation Team (JIT) can be used to maximum advantage.

Introduction

Summary of contents

List of abbreviations

XIX

Chapter I The legal and practical implementation of JITs: The bumpy road from EU to Member State level

Conny Rijken and Gert Vermeulen

(52)

1. Introduction

(1)

2. The THB-JIT project and the Drugs JIT

(8)

2.1 The THB-JIT project

(6)

2.1.1 The Europol initiative

(1)

2.1.2 The Dutch initiative

(1)

2.1.3 The relation between the two initiatives

(1)

2.1.4 The organisational structure of the THB-JIT project

(3)

2.2 The Drugs JIT

(2)

2.2.1 The establishment of the Drugs JIT

(1)

2.2.2 The composition of the Drugs JIT

(1)

3. General introduction to the legal framework of JITs

(14)

3.1 International legal instruments providing a legal basis for operating JITs

(3)

3.2 The legal framework of the instrument of a JIT

(11)

3.2.1 The involvement of Europol

(2)

3.2.2 Involvement of Eurojust

(1)

3.2.3 Legal implications for the Member States

(4)

4. To what extent has the legal framework on JITs properly been implemented in the participating Member States?

(26)

4.1 Belgium

(5)

4.2 Germany

(5)

4.3 The Netherlands

(10)

4.4 The United Kingdom

(6)

5. What can be the added value of a JIT and how can it be achieved?

(1)

6. Conclusion

(2)

Chapter II Law enforcement information exchange in the pre-operational phase of a JIT

Eveline De Wree

(32)

1. Sharing of intelligence and information

(18)

1.1 The identification of a JIT-worthy case

(4)

1.1.1 In a bottom-up initiative

(1)

1.1.2 In a top-down project

(3)

1.2 Finding possible partners for a JIT

(1)

1.3 The scope of shared intelligence

(4)

1.3.1 In a bottom-up initiative

(2)

1.3.2 In a top-down project

(2)

1.4 Type of data shared

(1)

1.5 Practical organisation

(9)

1.5.1 Sharing intelligence through national law enforcement agencies

(7)

1.5.2 Sharing intelligence through Europol

(2)

2. The use of a JIG

(6)

2.1 A new instrument

(1)

2.2 What is a JIG? Two perspectives

(2)

2.2.1 The JIG as an enforcement of the AWF

(1)

2.2.2 The JIG as an addition to the AWF

(1)

2.3 Problems and concerns relating to the use of a JIG

(3)

2.3.1 A JIG existing next to an AWF

(2)

2.3.2 What about a JIG in a bottom-up procedure?

(1)

2.3.3 Efficiency of a JIG

(1)

3. Towards conclusions: how should information exchange take place in this phase?

(7)

3.1 Recommendable characteristics

(3)

3.1.1 Rapidly and efficiently

(1)

3.1.2 Using available information and instruments

(1)

3.1.3 Aimed at identifying links

(1)

3.1.4 With the involvement of judicial actors

(1)

3.2 Challenges and questions to be answered

(2)

3.2.1 Bilateral or centralised?

(1)

3.2.2 Stimulating information flows

(1)

3.3 A stepping-stone to the operational phase

(2)

Chapter III Law enforcement information exchange in the operational phase of a JIT

Annelies Balcaen

(34)

1. Information exchange between the members of a JIT

(21)

1.1 Legal basis of the right for seconded members to provide the JIT with information which is available in the home country

(10)

1.1.1 Implementation legislation

(1)

1.1.2 The Netherlands

(1)

1.1.3 The United Kingdom

(1)

1.1.4 Belgium

(1)

1.1.5 Germany

(1)

1.1.6 Information available to seconded members

(1)

1.1.7 The Netherlands

(2)

1.1.8 The United Kingdom

(1)

1.1.9 Belgium

(2)

1.1.10 Germany

(2)

1.2 Obstacles in the information exchange between the members of a JIT

(8)

1.2.1 Differences in national legislation

(5)

1.2.2 Lack of availability of information to the members of the JIT

101

(2)

1.2.3 Differences in the categorisation of information

103

(1)

1.2.4 Reluctance to share information

104

(1)

1.3 Right to use information lawfully obtained within the JIT in the home country

104

(6)

1.3.1 The Netherlands

105

(1)

1.3.2 The United Kingdom

106

(1)

1.3.3 Belgium

106

(1)

1.3.4 Germany

106

(1)

2. Information exchange with other EU Member States not party to the JIT

107

(3)

3. Information exchange with third countries

110

(1)

4. Data protection guarantees within a JIT

110

(4)

4.1 The Netherlands

113

(1)

4.2 The United Kingdom

113

(1)

4.3 Belgium

114

(1)

4.4 Germany

114

(1)

5. Conclusions and recommendations

114

(5)

Chapter IV Judicial cooperation in criminal matters: mutual legal assistance

Els De Busser

119

(40)

1. Mutual legal assistance in criminal matters

119

(24)

1.1 Traditional mutual legal assistance

119

(3)

1.2 Legal bases of joint investigation teams

122

(10)

1.2.1 General

122

(3)

1.2.2 Legal basis of the THB-JIT project

125

(1)

1.2.2.1 A challenging legal basis

125

(1)

1.2.2.2 Added value

129

(2)

1.2.3 Legal basis of the Drugs JIT

131

(1)

1.3 Setting up a JIT

132

(11)

1.3.1 Formalities fulfilled in setting up the Drugs JIT

132

(1)

1.3.2 The relationship between the Drugs JIT and the 'mother case' in the United Kingdom

133

(2)

1.3.3 Model agreement for EU Member States

135

(1)

1.3.4 Model agreement for third states

136

(1)

1.3.5 Scope

137

(1)

1.3.5.1 Objective(s) of the JIT

137

(1)

1.3.5.2 Police or judicial cooperation in criminal matters?

140

(1)

1.3.5.3 The nature of the offence

141

(2)

2. Special aspects of the (use of the) JIT

143

(13)

2.1 Presence of foreign police officers in a state

143

(3)

2.2 Investigative measures

146

(2)

2.2.1 Problems concerning investigate measures

147

(1)

2.2.2 Number and variety of investigative measures

148

(1)

2.3 Evidence

148

(13)

2.3.1 Disclosure

149

(1)

2.3.1.1 General

149

(1)

2.3.1.2 THB-JIT project

149

(1)

2.3.1.3 Drugs JIT

152

(1)

2.3.2 Telephone interception

152

(2)

2.3.3 Civilian and criminal infiltration and the use of informers

154

(1)

2.3.4 Use of information gathered in the context of a JIT

154

(2)

3. Prosecution

156

(1)

4. Conclusion

157

(2)

Chapter V The role of Europol and Eurojust in Joint Investigation Teams

Innette Herz

159

(42)

1. Introduction

159

(2)

2. Europol and Eurojust as institutions

161

(4)

2.1 Europol

161

(2)

2.2 Eurojust

163

(2)

3. Legal framework for participation in JITs

165

(12)

3.1 Europol

165

(7)

3.1.1 Europol Convention

165

(1)

3.1.2 Treaty on European Union

166

(1)

3.1.3 EU Convention on Mutual Assistance/Framework Decision on JITs

166

(3)

3.1.4 Council Recommendations

169

(1)

3.1.5 Amendment of Europol Convention

169

(2)

3.1.6 Agreement between Eurojust and Europol

171

(1)

3.2 Eurojust

172

(1)

3.2.1 Treaty on European Union

172

(1)

3.2.2 Council Decision 2002

172

(1)

3.3 National legislation

173

(4)

3.3.1 The Netherlands

173

(1)

3.3.2 The United Kingdom

174

(1)

3.3.3 Belgium

175

(1)

3.3.4 Germany

175

(2)

4. Involvement in the THB-JIT project

177

(10)

4.1 Europol

177

(8)

4.1.1 Role and responsibilities

177

(2)

4.1.2 Information exchange/Europol as a facilitator

179

(2)

4.1.3 Problems met by Europol

181

(4)

4.2 Eurojust

185

(2)

4.2.1 Role and responsibilities

185

(1)

4.2.2 Information exchange/Eurojust as a facilitator

186

(1)

4.2.3 Problems met by Eurojust

186

(1)

5. Excursus: involvement in the JIT on drug trafficking

187

(8)

5.1 Europol

188

(5)

5.1.1 Information exchange/Europol as a facilitator

188

(2)

5.1.2 Role of the Europol analyst

190

(1)

5.1.3 Problems met by Europol

191

(2)

5.2 Eurojust

193

(2)

5.2.1 Information exchange/Eurojust as a facilitator

193

(1)

5.2.2 Problems met by Eurojust

194

(1)

6. Conclusions and recommendations

195

(6)

6.1 Europol

196

(2)

6.2 Eurojust

198

(3)

Chapter VI Sociological aspects regarding the set up and management of a Joint Investigation Team

Markus Mayer

201

(18)

1. The three cornerstones for the establishment of a JIT

201

(1)

2. Legal basis

202

(2)

2.1 Implementation of the EU Convention on Mutual Assistance on a national level

202

(1)

2.2 Review of the possibilities to cooperate with other countries

203

(1)

3. Selection of a case – the setting up of a JIT

204

(5)

3.1 Specifications made by the EU Convention on Mutual Assistance

204

(1)

3.2 How can a JIT be initiated?

204

(4)

3.2.1 Top-down: identifying a field of crime and selecting a case

204

(3)

3.2.2 Bottom-up: processing a demand related to an ongoing investigation

207

(1)

3.2.3 Outside-in: processing of a demand from abroad

207

(1)

3.3 Conclusion

208

(1)

4. Management of a JIT

209

(8)

4.1 Location and organisational structure

209

(1)

4.2 Finance and funding

210

(1)

4.3 Labour law aspects

211

(1)

4.4 Other legal aspects

211

(1)

4.5 Hierarchical structure

212

(1)

4.6 Language and culture in JITs

213

(3)

4.6.1 Emergence of subgroups

213

(2)

4.6.2 The need for translation

215

(1)

4.6.3 Restrictions due to a lack of language skills

215

(1)

4.7 Team building

216

(3)

4.7.1 Inauguration of new team members

216

(1)

4.7.2 Pairing

217

(1)

5. Conclusion

217

(2)

Chapter VII Conclusions and Recommendations

Conny Rijken

219

1. Conclusion

219

(6)

1.1 The evaluation of the results of the projects under research

220

(1)

1.2 Conditions on the operational level for the establishment of a successful JIT

221

(4)

1.2.1 Conditions in the preparatory phase of a JIT

221

(2)

1.2.2 Conditions in the operational phase of a JIT

223

(1)

1.2.3 Conditions for the involvement of Europol and Eurojust in a JIT

224

(1)

2. Recommendations for the use of the JIT instruments

225

(4)

2.1 Recommendations for the police

225

(1)

2.2 Recommendations for the prosecution

226

(1)

2.3 Recommendations for policy makers

227

(1)

2.4 Recommendations for the legislator

228

(1)

3. Final remarks

229

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Joint Investigation Teams in the European Union: From Theory to Practice

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Joint Investigation Teams in the European Union: From Theory to Practice

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