Culture and International Law

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ISBN: 9789067042833 | 9067042838
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 7/14/2008

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How do different cultures deal with international law and how does international law influence the rules and regulations of these cultures? Is international law an effective tool in protecting cultural heritage, especially in wartime? Does it protect the heritage of cultures in a balanced way? Above all, how do you define 'culture' and 'international law'? These important questions were asked at the Fourth Conference of the Hague Academic Coalition (HAC) (entitled 'From Peace to Justice') in April 2007. Valuable views, from different angles and perceptions, were presented and discussed. This book, in which questions, views and suggestions are brought together, intends to trigger an international debate and a search for clarity on these issues in the near future and is valuable for academics, international lawyers, judges, solicitors, political scientists, historians, diplomats and all those with an interest in cultures and international law.

Preface	p. V
The Hague Academic Coalition	p. IX
List of Abbreviations	p. XVII
Culture and International Law	p. 1
La culture et l'esprit des lois	p. 3
Culture et Droit - L'influence de la culture sur le droit international et ses developpements	p. 23
La diversite comme valeur du droit international	p. 28
Le droit international public au service de la diversite culturelle	p. 31
Le conflit de lois norme respectueuse des cultures par excellence	p. 33
L'uniformite comme vecteur de domination?	p. 36
Des valeurs universelles sources de normes uniformes	p. 37
Les cultures dominantes et le droit	p. 39
Conclusion	p. 41
The Triple Helix of Culture, International Law, and the Development of International Law	p. 43
Introduction	p. 43
International law is changing	p. 44
Culture is changing	p. 47
International law and culture	p. 50
International Law: Culture and Context	p. 53
Cultural Diversity and Freedom of Expression	p. 55
Freedom of expression	p. 55
Cultural diversity	p. 56
Diversity of identities	p. 58
Freedom of expression and incitement of cultural hatred	p. 60
Cultural censorship	p. 60
Conclusion	p. 61
Accommodating Diversity in International Human Rights: Legal Techniques	p. 63
Human rights and contextual diversity: Towards inclusive universality	p. 63
The margin of appreciation as a tool to accommodate contextual diversity	p. 66
Progressive realisation as a tool to accommodate contextual diversity	p. 70
The relation between progressive realisation and margin of appreciation	p. 78
Conclusion	p. 80
L'enjeu de la culture dans son contexte economique international - A l'exemple de la Convention UNESCO sur la protection et la promotion de la diversite des expressions culturelles	p. 83
Les dispositions de la Convention UNESCO sur la protection et la promotion de la diversite des expressions culturelles	p. 85
L'approche de la notion de culture	p. 85
La culture: element compensateur et complementaire de l'economie	p. 85
Problemes d'application dus a l'absence de definition de la notion de "culture"	p. 86
La determination de la norme applicable a la culture	p. 86
Conflit de normes entre les dispositions de l'UNESCO et l'OMC	p. 87
Clause de collision de la Convention UNESCO	p. 88
L'inapplicabilite des principes de l'OMC au secteur culturel	p. 88
L'OMC et l'UNESCO, deux institutions aux finalites et approches differentes	p. 89
L'integration critiquable de la culture aux negociations de liberalisation des marches	p. 89
Les principes de l'OMC a l'encontre de la protection des valeurs culturelles	p. 90
Des problemes structurels de l'OMC necessitant de nouveaux concepts	p. 91
L'inadequation de la classification de l'OMC en bien et service pour le secteur de la culture	p. 91
L'inapplicabilite de la politique favorisant le pays fournissant un avantage concurrentiel	p. 94
Conclusion	p. 94
La Chine et la culture du droit	p. 97
Le droit dans la culture Chinoise	p. 98
L'evolution contemporaine	p. 100
Les problemes en suspend	p. 101
La pratique avec les etrangers	p. 102
L'avenir	p. 104
Islamic Views on International Law	p. 105
Introduction	p. 106
Islamic international law	p. 107
Islamic and Muslim countries	p. 109
International law in the contemporary Muslim world	p. 110
International law	p. 111
Human rights	p. 112
Islamic law	p. 112
The use of Islam in international law	p. 113
Conclusions	p. 116
International Law: Culture and Conflict	p. 119
The Control System under the 1954 Hague Convention and its 1999 Second Protocol	p. 121
The first signs of a control system concerning cultural property	p. 124
Preliminary Draft of an International Convention for the Protection of Historic Buildings and Works of Art in Time of War (1938)	p. 126
The control system under the 1954 Hague Convention and its 1999 Second Protocol	p. 127
Components of the control system according to the 1954 Convention	p. 129
Protecting powers (Art. 21 of the Convention)	p. 131
Representative for cultural property	p. 135
Commissioner-general for cultural property (Arts. 1, 2, 4, 6)	p. 136
Reporting system	p. 141
Committee for the protection of cultural property in the event of armed conflict	p. 145
Meeting of the States Parties to the Convention and to the Protocol	p. 147
The role of UNESCO and its right of initiative (Art. 23 of the Convention)	p. 149
The Main Activities of the UNESCO Secretariat Related to the Implementation of the Second Protocol to the Hague Convention of 1954	p. 155
Report on the Implementation of the 1954 Hague Convention and its 1954 and 1999 Protocols - Report on the Activities from 1995 to 2004 ('the 1995-2004 report')	p. 156
Meetings under the Hague Convention and the Second Protocol	p. 158
The twelve-Member Committee for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict	p. 161
Conclusion	p. 165
Second Protocol to the 1954 Hague Convention - Dutch Involvement	p. 167
General	p. 169
The need to conclude a Second Protocol to the 1954 Hague Convention	p. 169
History of the negotiations on the Second Protocol	p. 170
Dutch obligations and implementation	p. 171
Article 5 - The safeguarding of cultural property	p. 172
Article 30 - Dissemination	p. 173
Chapter 4 - Criminal responsibility and jurisdiction	p. 174
Article 15 - Serious violations of this Protocol	p. 174
Article 16 - Jurisdiction	p. 176
Article 18 - Extradition	p. 177
Article 20 - Grounds for refusal	p. 178
Article 21 - Measures regarding other violations	p. 180
Membership of the Committee under the Second Protocol	p. 181
Final observations	p. 181
Utilizing Military Cultural Experts in Times of War and Peace: An introduction - Cultural Property Protection within the Military, Experiences in Theatre, Different Perceptions of Culture and Practical Problems	p. 183
Introduction	p. 185
Basic problems and prejudices	p. 189
Field experiences and related problems	p. 191
A case study: Saving Uruk from looting utilizing Dutch military experts and local civilians is an example of good practice	p. 192
In support of the mission or making a wrong decision according to the Hague Convention?	p. 200
A case study	p. 202
In support of the military mission	p. 206
The (ill-defined) principle of military necessity versus the protection of cultural heritage according to the HC	p. 208
A case study: An example of (unintended) violation of the Hague Convention and how to prevent this	p. 210
Cultural emergency response and assessment units	p. 214
Some general ethical guidelines (as used by the Dutch CIMIC)	p. 214
Why should NATO deal with culture?	p. 215
Opportunities following the NATO CIMIC AJP-9 Doctrine	p. 217
In theatre	p. 218
Cultural capital	p. 219
Perception of culture, examples for training the military	p. 221
Interagency coordination and emergency response	p. 224
Recommendations	p. 224
Rules and Risks	p. 231
The game	p. 233
Simulation: how conflicts can arise	p. 234
The experience of cultural encounters	p. 234
Towards solutions	p. 235
Lessons learned	p. 236
About the Authors	p. 243
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Culture and International Law

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